The 1648 Codex · study package

Modern Countries — North America

13 terms drawn from across the corpus, in study-list order. Art and cross-links point back to the home category cards.

#38 · Modern Countries · Level 1

United States of America

North American nation · 1776–present · North America

The United States of America is a country that gained independence in 1776 and became a global power through territorial expansion and military victories.

The kit

Expansion — United States of America conquered the Philippines in 1898 after a war with Spain and controlled it until 1946.
Conflicts — United States of America occupied Japan after World War II and signed the Convention of Kanagawa with Japan in the 1850s.
Culture — United States of America developed folklore about Paul Bunyan and his blue ox Babe and the steel-driver John Henry.
Legacy — United States of America was home to the Harlem Renaissance, including poet Langston Hughes who wrote for The Crisis periodical.

Runs with

John

folklore includes John Henry open card →

Japan

occupied after WWII, signed Convention of Kanagawa open card →

World War II

occupied Japan afterward open card →

Philippines

conquered 1898, controlled until 1946 open card →

The ladder · 15 clues

H

Country that conquered the islands in 1898 after a war with Spain.

H

A composer from this nation was inspired by a Henry A. Wallace speech to create Fanfare for the Common Man.

H

Country that occupied Japan after World War II.

H

Modern-day Belzoni in this country is near the former center of the "Poverty Point" culture, while the Hopewell Exchange system arose here during the Middle Woodland period.

H

Japan signed the Convention of Kanagawa with this country, a leader from which would later win the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 for brokering the Treaty of Portsmouth.

H

A standoff between this nation and Germany ended when a cyclone wrecked all the warships in Apia harbor.

H

This nation’s 1871 military expedition to Korea called Shinmiyangyo [“SHEEN-mee-yang-yo”] was a diplomatic failure.

M

During a visit to this country, one psychologist stated that his only goal was to “catch sight of a porcupine;” that trip led Sigmund Freud to conclude that this country “was a mistake.” A psychologist from this country developed the ideas of habit, will, and stream of consciousness in his book Principles of Psychology; that man also wrote the book Pragmatism. name this home country of William James, who was a professor at Harvard.

M

Non-European country that gained the Philippines from that country and controlled it until 1946.

M

Non-European power which aimed to protect the autonomy of Liberia.

M

Country that held power over the Philippines until after World War II.

M

This modern-day country contains Monks Mound, the largest earthen structure found in the prehistoric city of Cahokia.

E

In a story from this country, a companion of Sourdough Sam bestows the name “Babe” on a massive blue ox that he finds and adopts. name this country that developed folklore about John Henry and Paul Bunyan.

E

Nixon in China is from this country where many musicians were inspired by the 9/11 terrorist attacks.

E

The requiem On the Transmigration of Souls was created to honor those killed during an event in this country.

10 more clues from the record

H

A general from this country pretended to be a captive of the Macabebe Scouts to capture an enemy leader.

H

The writer of one 1935 poem echoes the refrain that this country “never was” [this country] “to me.” In a different poem, published in 1926 at the height of a "renaissance" in this country, the same writer tells his oppressors, “They’ll see how beautiful I am / And be ashamed," and concludes, "I, too, am [this country]." That author from this country first gained notice in The Crisis, a periodical written by an organization dedicated to helping people of color in this country to overcome adversity. what country was home to Langston Hughes and the Harlem Renaissance?

H

Friedrich List praised this country’s namesake System consisting of tariffs, infrastructure subsidies, and a national bank; that system was based on the work of an author from this country who wrote a Report on Manufactures.

H

In a ballad, a worker from this country tells his captain that “a man is nothing but a man.” That worker from this country supposedly died with a hammer in his hand shortly after beating a machine in a rock-drilling contest.

H

Slue-Foot Sue rode a catfish down a river in this country, and a man in this country dies after beating a steam powered hammer in a steel-driving contest.

H

In a legend from this country, a woman who tries to ride her newlywed husband’s horse is thrown off and bounces on her skirt all the way to the moon.

H

This country's intelligence agency carried out mind control experiments as part of Project MK-Ultra. name this country in which the unethical Tuskegee Studies were carried out in Alabama.

H

Herman Ernst shot down a buzz bomb while serving this country in a Black Widow warplane, the first to use radar.

H

A religious movement founded in this country publishes a magazine called The Watchtower, and another religious movement in this country believes that all matter is illusory.

H

This nation's native composer John Adams created the piece On the Transmigration of Souls in the wake of the 9/11 terrorist attacks here.

Watch out: Students may confuse which country controlled the Philippines before vs. after Spanish rule (Spain held it before 1898, USA after)

#58 · Modern Countries · Level 1

Cuba

Caribbean island nation · Spanish colony until 1898; independent 1902 · Caribbean Sea, south of Florida

Cuba is a Caribbean island that fought the Ten Years' War for independence, endured Batista's dictatorship, and became communist under Fidel Castro.

The kit

Independence struggles — Cuba fought the Ten Years' War starting in 1868 after Carlos Manuel de Céspedes freed his slaves and proclaimed independence.
Revolution — Cuba's 26th of July Movement attacked the Moncada Barracks in 1953, leading to Castro's "History Will Absolve Me" speech and eventual 1959 revolution.
Cold War conflicts — Cuba survived the Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961 and deployed troops to Angola in Operation Carlota against South African forces.
Economic crises — Cuba's Special Period began in 1989 after losing Soviet backing, causing severe deprivation including laws protecting cattle over people.

Runs with

Fidel Castro

led Cuba's revolution, delivered "History Will Absolve Me," ruled from Havana open card →

Ostend Manifesto

outlined U.S. rationale for purchasing Cuba from Spain open card →

Bay of Pigs Invasion

failed 1961 attempt to overthrow Castro's Cuban government open card →

Spanish-American War

began after USS Maine exploded in Havana harbor in 1898 open card →

The ladder · 15 clues

H

A future leader of this country led the 26th of July Movement and gave the “History Will Absolve Me” speech after his attack on the Moncada Barracks.

H

During an economic depression in this country, killing a cow merited a longer prison term than murdering a person.

H

This country’s anthem ”La Bayamesa” was composed during the Ten Years War.

H

This country’s Special Period of deprivation and economic depression began in 1989, after the loss of Eastern Bloc backing.

H

Edward Lansdale directed Operation Mongoose against this country, which was also the focus of the Helms-Burton Act.

H

An American ship seeking to aid a rebellion in this modern-day country was detained in the Virginius affair.

H

The Ten Years’ War was fought in this country, in which General Valeriano Weyler ran concentration camps.

M

A leader of this country attacked the Moncada Barracks in 1953, delivered the "History Will Absolve Me" speech, and led the 26 of July Movement.

M

The U.S. invasion of Grenada was more successful than the U.S.-supported Bay of Pigs invasion, which failed to topple Fidel Castro’s government on this island.

M

The 10th of October Manifesto was created by Carlos Manuel de Cespedes during this country’s war for independence.

M

The “wet foot, dry foot” policy applied to immigrants from this country, who emigrated to the U.S. in the Mariel Boatlift.

M

The Sergeants’ Revolt of 1933 propelled Fulgencio Batista to power.

E

John F. Kennedy ordered the unsuccessful invasion of this country’s Bay of Pigs. name this country that was led by Fidel Castro from Havana.

E

The Maleconazo uprising took place in this country, where the collapse of the USSR necessitated a “Special Period in a Time of Peace.” Carlos Pr´ıo Socarr´as helped a future leader of this country buy a yacht called Granma for a journey from Mexico to this country, where a revolution against Fulgencio Batista succeeded in 1959. name this Caribbean country once ruled by Fidel Castro.

E

Frederic Remington painted a charge up Kettle Hill in this modern-day country, as carried out by the Rough Riders in the Battle of San Juan Hill. name this Caribbean island where the USS Maine blew up in 1898, shortly before the Spanish-American War began.

10 more clues from the record

H

This country, which led Operation Carlota, won the Battle of Quifangondo with the MPLA while fighting South African Defense Forces in Angola.

H

In Operation Northwoods, the Department of Defense proposed intentionally killing immigrants and blaming it on this nation as a false flag.

H

Valeriano Weyler was called “the Butcher” after his brutal suppression of rebels in this modern-day country.

H

The Knights of the Golden Circle would have had their headquarters on this island, and the Ostend Manifesto described the US rationale for purchasing this island from Spain.

H

This country’s Sierra Maestra mountains have been the site of many guerilla wars, including against the American-supported Fulgencio Batista who fled to the Dominican Republic after he was deposed.

H

The Independent Party of Color was dissolved in this country following the 1912 Little Race War.

H

An independence movement in this modern-day country started when Carlos Cespedes freed all his slaves and proclaimed the October 10th Manifesto.

H

This country is of primary interest to the activist group Brothers to the Rescue, which had planes shot down in 1996.

H

A 1946 Conference in this nation’s capital was coordinated by "Lucky" Luciano to coordinate mob policies and discuss collective business interests.

H

The Caribbean island, with capital Havana, that gained independence from Spain after the war?

Watch out: Grenada (also site of U.S. invasion, but Bay of Pigs was in Cuba)

#66 · Modern Countries · Level 1

Mexico

North American country · 1821–present · south of United States

Mexico is a North American country that gained independence from Spain and fought the United States in an 1846–1848 war.

The kit

Revolution & instability — Mexico experienced the Ten Tragic Days coup in 1913 when U.S. ambassador Henry Lane Wilson arranged President Francisco Madero's murder.
Conflicts — Mexico lost California to the United States in a war ended by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848.
Modern governance — Mexico's Lázaro Cárdenas nationalized the oil industry in the 1930s, creating state company Pemex and introducing communal ejido farms.
Legacy — Mexico's PRI party has dominated politics, with Andrés Manuel López Obrador succeeding Enrique Peña Nieto as president in 2018.

Runs with

Nanda Empire Leon Trotsky Benito Juárez

Tenochtitlan

Tenochtitlan was Aztec capital in Mexico open card →

The ladder · 15 clues

H

This country was once led by Pedro Lascurain, who ruled for less than an hour before resigning in the Ten Tragic Days.

H

This country’s Cristero War was initiated by Plutarco Calles. name this country, where Lazaro Cardenas established state oil company Pemex.

H

Modern-day country where the Aztec empire flourished.

H

Henry Lane Wilson, a U.S. ambassador to this country, is believed to have arranged the murder of its president as part of a 1913 coup known as the Ten Tragic Days.

H

The Liberation Army of the South was a paramilitary group in this country, where the US occupied a port city for seven months after the Tampico Affair.

H

The Cristero War was a pro-Catholic revolt in response to this country’s Constitution of 1917.

H

A war between the United States and this country was the subject of Abraham Lincoln’s Spot Resolutions.

M

Francisco Madero called for an armed rebellion after Porfirio Díaz was named president of this country for the sixth time in a fraudulent 1910 election.

M

Communal farms known as ejidos were introduced by a president of this country who also nationalized its oil industry in the 1930s.

M

Another artist from this country created a double self-portrait in which two versions of herself are linked by exposed veins.

M

Graham Greene’s The Power and the Glory takes place entirely within this country.

M

Another work by that artist from this country was ordered destroyed by Nelson Rockefeller.

E

The U.S. obtained California following a war with this neighboring country to its south.

E

This country was defeated in an 1846 to 1848 war that was ended by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. name this country that fought a war with the United States, its northern neighbor.

E

Porfirio Diaz was a dictator of this North American country where rebels were led by Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa.

10 more clues from the record

H

Argentina, Brazil, and Chile organized a peace conference to prevent a conflict in this country from being subsumed into World War I at Niagara Falls.

H

The US ambassador Dwight Morrow helped end a conflict in this country that began after an attempt to enforce the anti-clerical elements of this country’s Constitution of 1917.

H

A composer from this country called for instruments like deer hooves and butterfly cocoons in his Sinfonia India.

H

In 1864, Maximilian I [the first] became emperor of this country after accepting an offer from Napoleon III [the third].

H

The book Merchants of Labor chronicles the abuses of workers hired from this country.

H

Immigrants from this country were targeted in the Zoot Suit Riots.

H

Emperor Maximilian was executed after failing to conquer this country where Cinco de Mayo commemorates a victory over France.

H

One group in this country had a city at Tollan and claimed to have migrated from Aztlan.

H

The PRI [spell it] currently leads this country where Enrique Pena Nieto was succeeded in 2018 by Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador.

H

This country's first president, Guadalupe Victoria, was among only a few of its early leaders to complete a full term.

Watch out: Cinco de Mayo commemorates a victory over France, not independence day

#67 · Modern Countries · Level 1

Canada

North American country · 1867–present · North America, north of United States

Canada is a North American country formed in 1867, led by Prime Ministers including John A. Macdonald, Mackenzie King, and Pierre Trudeau.

The kit

Formation & governance — Canada's first Prime Minister was John A. Macdonald, involved in the Pacific Scandal regarding railroad terminus in British Columbia.
Indigenous conflicts — Canada faced the Red River Rebellion led by Métis Louis Riel, who established a provisional government over Hudson's Bay Company land.
World War One — Canada's Expeditionary Force captured Vimy Ridge under Julian Byng, while Robert Borden's conscription caused the 1917 crisis opposed by Henri Bourassa.
Modern crises — Canada experienced Pierre Trudeau's October Crisis response and multiple Quebec independence referendums during the Quiet Revolution era.

Runs with

Pacific

Pacific Scandal involved railroad terminus location open card →

Quebec

Quebec held multiple independence referendums open card →

American Railway Union

Durham Report urged union of two parts open card →

Common

clues show no connection open card →

The ladder · 15 clues

H

During the Conscription Crisis of 1917, Henri Bourassa led an opposition group in this country.

H

A prime minister of this country won a Nobel Prize for resolving the Suez Crisis.

H

This country’s longest serving Prime Minister was Mackenzie King. :Name this North American country whose current Prime Minister is Stephen Harper.

H

During a war in which its troops captured Vimy Ridge, a conscription crisis was prompted by Robert Borden’s introduction of mandatory military service in this country.

H

The Avro Arrow was a planned supersonic fighter jet for this country’s air force.

H

A simulated invasion of this country called “If Day” was organized in order to sell war bonds.

H

Confederate sympathizers from this nation led by Vernon Guyon Locke captured and commandeered a Union steamer in the Chesapeake Affair.

M

In this country, the Métis Louis Riel established a provisional government in the Red River Rebellion.

M

A leader of this country responded “Just watch me” when asked how far he was willing to go to end the October Crisis.

M

The death of Alexis Helmer inspired John McCrae, a soldier from this country, to write the poem D“In Flanders Fields.” Four divisions of this country’s Expeditionary Force under Julian Byng defeated the German 6th Army in World War One’s Battle of Vimy Ridge during this nation’s “Hundred Days.” name this country led by Robert Borden in World War One.

M

William Lyon Mackenzie King dealt with a 1944 conscription crisis in this country, which hosted the signing of the Atlantic Charter.

M

One man from this country won a Nobel Peace Prize for resolving the Suez Crisis, and another's man's 1960 election victory led to the Quiet Revolution.

E

John Macdonald was the first Prime Minister of this North American country where First Nations people fought for sovereignty in Manitoba.

E

Pierre Trudeau led this country where multiple independence referendums have been held in Québec.

E

Riel had earlier led the Red River Rebellion in this country regarding land owned by the Hudson’s Bay Company.

10 more clues from the record

H

This country’s government used eleven Numbered Treaties to take land and resources from its indigenous people.

H

The Third Battle of Ypres was ended when Arthur Currie led forces from this country to capture Passchendaele.

H

The book Lines Drawn Upon the Water discusses how the indigenous people of this country struggled with the psychology of imposed European-style borders.

H

One regiment from this country was annihilated during an offensive at Beaumont-Hamel.

H

This country denied entry to refugees on the Komagata Maru, resulting in a riot when the ship returned to Calcutta.

H

This country was the target of five failed raids by the Fenian Brotherhood.

H

After the Red River Rebellion, Louis Riel negotiated with this country’s prime minister John A. Macdonald.

H

Trudeau is the leader of this country whose provinces include Alberta and Saskatchewan.

H

The Pacific Scandal occurred in this country, where the terminus of the railroad would be in British Columbia.

H

The Durham Report urged for the union of this modern-day country’s two parts.

#1422 · Modern Countries · Level 3

Haiti

Caribbean nation · independence 1804 · western Hispaniola

Haiti became the only nation in history to gain independence through a successful slave revolt in 1804.

The kit

Revolution — Haiti's revolution was led by Toussaint L'Ouverture and Jean-Jacques Dessalines against French colonial rule.
Independence — Haiti achieved independence after Charles Leclerc's reconquest attempt was thwarted by a massive yellow fever outbreak.
U.S. occupation — Haiti was occupied by American troops after a revolt threatened President Vilburn Guillaume Sam's regime.
Geography — Haiti shares the island of Hispaniola with the Dominican Republic and was ruled by Papa Doc Duvalier.

Runs with

Jean-Jacques Dessalines

became Jacques I after leading Haiti to independence open card →

Hispaniola

Haiti occupies the western portion of this island open card →

Dominican Republic

shares Hispaniola with Haiti on the eastern side open card →

Toussaint Louverture

led Haiti's slave revolt alongside Dessalines open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

A massive yellow fever outbreak prevented Charles Leclerc from reconquering this country.

H

La Navidad, the settlement established by Columbus's men on Hispaniola, was built from the remains of the Santa Maria.

M

Only nation to gain independence via a slave revolt, led by Toussaint L'Overture [[too-SAHNT loh-vehr-TYOOR]] and Jean-Jacques Dessalines [[deh-sah-LEEN]].

M

Papa Doc Duvalier led this country which shares Hispaniola with the Dominican Republic.

E

Jean-Jacques Dessalines became Jacques I of this country after leading the only slave revolt which led to the successful creation of a country.

E

Charles Leclerc deported a rebel in this country, which was the subject of the book The Black Jacobins. 1804 brought an end to a revolution in this country led by Toussaint L’Ouverture. name this island nation, the only state in history established by a successful slave revolt.

10 more clues from the record

H

In this country, Cécile Fatiman and Dutty Boukman presided over a ceremony which may have involved sacrificing a black pig.

H

A king of this non-Prussian country built the Sans-Souci [“Sahns Soo-see”] Palace and committed suicide with a silver bullet.

H

Jean-Jacques Dessalines ruled this Caribbean country, which successfully revolted against France under the leadership of Toussaint L'Overture.

H

American troops occupied this country after a revolt threatened the regime of its president Vilburn Guillaume Sam.

H

Country where Adams supported Toussaint L’Ouverture’s revolution.

H

This country's occupation was opposed by Stenio Vincent.

H

The constitution of this nation that was in place until 1987 was written by U.S. Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Franklin D. Roosevelt.

H

A civil war in this country called the War of the Knives ended with the exile of André Rigaud.

H

Woodrow Wilson sent troops to this country to quell the Cacos.

H

Benjamin Harrison appointed and then fired Frederick Douglas to the position of minister to this country.

Watch out: Dominican Republic also occupies Hispaniola but gained independence from Spain, not through slave revolt

#1469 · Modern Countries · Level 3

Nicaragua

Central American country · independence 1821 · Central America, capital Managua

Nicaragua is a Central American country governed from Managua that experienced U.S. interventions and the Sandinista-Contra civil war.

The kit

U.S. interventions — Nicaragua requested U.S. Marine intervention in 1912 during a rebellion, leading to American occupation from 1912 to 1933.
Somoza dynasty — Nicaragua was ruled by the Somoza family presidential dynasty until Anastasio Somoza was overthrown by revolutionaries.
Civil war — Nicaragua saw fighting between the Sandinistas and the Contras, with the U.S. mining commercial harbors in 1986.
Modern governance — Nicaragua has been led by Daniel Ortega and saw destruction of expensive "trees of life" public sculptures.

Runs with

Iran-Contra Affair

arms sales to Iran funded Contra opposition to Sandinistas open card →

Sandinista National Liberation Front

Sandinista forces fought Contras in civil war open card →

William

filibuster William Walker became president in 1854 open card →

Ronald Reagan

The ladder · 6 clues

H

This country gave up the Great and Little Corn Islands to the U.S. in the Bryan-Chamorro Treaty.

H

One government in this country killed ABC journalist Bill Stewart, which inspired outrage in the United States.

M

American filibuster William Walker became president of this country in 1854.

M

The Somoza family was a presidential dynasty in this Central American country governed from Managua.

E

Anastasio Somoza was overthrown in this country, where arms sales to Iran were used to fund opposition to the Sandinistas. name this Central American country led by Daniel Ortega from Managua.

E

Country where China is planning to build an alternate canal through Punta Gorda.

10 more clues from the record

H

The Boland Amendment prevented the US from assisting rebels in this country.

H

President Adolfo Diaz asked U.S. Marines to intervene during a rebellion in this country, leading to an American occupation from 1912 to 1933.

H

In 1986, the U.S. was censured by the International Court of Justice for mining this country’s commercial harbors.

H

The Pact of Espino Negro ended one civil war in this country.

H

The founder of modernismo hailed from, this Central American country with its capital at Managua.

H

Highly expensive public sculptures known as “trees of life” have been destroyed in this country to rapturous applause.

H

Leonard Grace and Leroy Cannon were executed in this country for attempting to blow up the ship Diamante.

H

A newspaper here, La Prensa, was destroyed in a 1972 earthquake in its capital, although many relief funds were misappropriated by the right-wing government.

H

The U.S. supported the overthrow of Jose Zelaya in this country to protect its financial interests. Three years later, in 1912, marines were sent to support the provisional president Adolfo Diaz.

H

Name this country which saw fighting between the Sandinistas and the Contras in its capital of Managua.

Watch out: William Walker became president in 1854, not 1856

#1480 · Modern Countries · Level 3

Guatemala

Central American country · independence 1821 · south of Mexico, bordering Chiapas

Guatemala is a Central American country that experienced a CIA-backed 1954 coup and Latin America's longest civil war.

The kit

1954 coup — Guatemala's president Jacobo Árbenz was overthrown in Operation PBSUCCESS after Decree 900 seized United Fruit Company holdings.
Civil war — Guatemala endured Latin America's longest civil war, during which Efraín Ríos Montt implemented the 'guns and beans' campaign against guerrilla fighters.
Mayan persecution — Guatemala saw 36 Committee for Peasant Unity members killed at a Spanish embassy and attacks on Mayan people under Ríos Montt.
Indigenous activism — Guatemala's Rigoberta Menchú won the Nobel Peace Prize for activism on behalf of the country's native Mayan population.

Runs with

United Fruit Company

Decree 900 seized United Fruit holdings, prompting the company to lobby for the 1954 coup open card →

Tikal

Mexico

Guatemala borders Mexico's southernmost state Chiapas open card →

Jacobo Árbenz

Árbenz was Guatemala's president overthrown in 1954 after instituting land reform open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

Che supported Jacobo Arbenz in this Central American country.

H

A leader of this country nicknamed “Number 5” was overthrown in a revolution called the Ten Years of Spring.

M

Guerilla fighters were opposed in the “guns and beans” campaign implemented by its former president Efrain Rios Montt.

M

Another leader of this nation passed Decree 900, which seized much of the holdings of the United Fruit Company.

E

Nobel Peace Prize winner Rigoberta Menchu is an activist for the native Mayan people of what Central American country where Jacobo Arbenz was overthrown in 1954?

E

In 1954, the CIA-led Operation PBSuccess, lobbied for by the United Fruit Company, overthrew another of its revolutionary opponents, Jacobo Árbenz. name this Central American country where Efraín Ríos carried out attacks on the Mayan people.

10 more clues from the record

H

In this country, 36 members of the Committee for Peasant Unity were killed by police while occupying a Spanish embassy.

H

The William Wrigley Jr. Company stopped doing business with this country after it instituted land reform under Decree 900.

H

Operation PBSUCCESS installed US-backed dictator Carlos Castillo Armas in this country in 1954, toppling Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán.

H

In 1954, radical land reform under president Jacobo Arbenz ceased in this country following a coup backed by the United States to sustain plantations belonging to United Fruit.

H

Like Panama City and Mexico City, this country’s capital city shares the name of the country.

H

An indigenous Nobel Peace Prize winner from this country may have fabricated parts of her autobiography.

H

A U.S. Ambassador to this country named John Gordon Mein was shot by rebels of this country’s Rebel Armed Forces.

H

A 20th century president of this country was described as “crazier than a half dozen opium smoking frogs” for dressing his troops in 18th century French uniforms.

H

Chiapas, the southernmost Mexican state, borders this Central American country, which along with Belize, is on Mexico's southeast border.

H

The Operations Kufire and Kugown affected this country, which had the longest civil war in Latin American history.

Watch out: Belize also borders Mexico's southeast alongside Guatemala

#1486 · Modern Countries · Level 3

Jamaica

Caribbean island nation · British colony 1655–1962 · Caribbean Sea, south of Cuba

Jamaica is a Caribbean island that was a British colony from 1655 to 1962, with capitals at Spanish Town, Port Royal, and Kingston.

The kit

Maroon resistance — Jamaica's Cockpit Country and Blue Mountains sheltered maroons led by Cudjoe and Queen Nanny during the Maroon Wars against British colonial forces.
Baptist War — Jamaica experienced the 1831 Baptist War led by Samuel Sharpe, a Christmas Day slave rebellion that contributed to the abolition of slavery on the island.
Morant Bay Rebellion — Jamaica's colonial governor Edward Eyre brutally suppressed the 1865 Morant Bay Rebellion led by Paul Bogle, prompting a British investigation by J.S. Mill.
Port Royal — Jamaica's Port Royal served as a base for privateer Henry Morgan and other pirates until a 1692 earthquake sank the city.

Runs with

Simón Bolívar

Bolívar wrote to Henry Cullen from Jamaica describing his vision for a free Latin America open card →

Henry

Henry Morgan used Jamaica's Port Royal as his privateer base open card →

the Caribbean

Edward

Edward Eyre governed Jamaica during the Morant Bay Rebellion open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

In this colony, Samuel Sharpe led a slave rebellion on Christmas Day sometimes called the Baptist War.

H

Former Australian explorer Edward Eyre was the colonial governor of this country during the Morant Bay Rebellion.

M

An activist born in this country founded the Black Star Line as part of his Back to Africa movement.

M

British island where he wrote a letter to Henry Cullen, describing his vision for a free Latin America.

E

This island’s largest port city served as a base for privateer Henry Morgan and other pirates. name this Caribbean island, a former English colony with colonial capitals at Spanish Town, Port Royal, and Kingston.

E

The Maroon Wars occurred in this Caribbean island nation.

10 more clues from the record

H

On this island, Edward Eyre’s brutal suppression of a rebellion led by Paul Bogle was investigated by a committee led by J.S. Mill.

H

Island in that sea where pirates docked at Port Royal. It’s now a country with capital Kingston.

H

This country’s Cockpit Country was the home of the first of the Maroon Wars.

H

A nurse born on this island ran the “British Hotel” during the Crimean War.

H

British colony where the Maroon Wars involving escaped slaves took place?

H

Quao [] led this island's Crawford's Town uprising, and Charles Lyttelton signed treaties on this island with Juan de Bolas.

H

A neighborhood in this country controlled by Christopher Coke’s Shower Posse was developed by a future Prime Minister, Edward Seaga.

H

Slavery was abolished after Samuel Sharpe waged the 1831 Baptist War on this island, where Cudjoe and Queen Nanny led maroons in the Cockpit Country and Blue Mountains.

H

A 1692 earthquake sank this country's city of Port Royal, where pirates like Henry Morgan took refuge.

H

On Good Friday, this country's prime minister ordered the round-up of a religious minority during the 1963 Coral Gardens incident.

Watch out: Port Royal is often confused with other Caribbean pirate havens or mistakenly thought to be in the Bahamas

#1500 · Modern Countries · Level 3

Panama

Central American country · independence 1903 · Central America, between Pacific and Caribbean

Panama is a Central American country that gained independence from Colombia in 1903 with U.S. support to facilitate canal construction.

The kit

Rise — Panama declared independence from Colombia in 1903 with U.S. backing, later ceding sovereign canal rights in the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty.
Conflicts — Panama's 1964 Martyrs' Day Riots erupted when students attempted to raise their flag at a high school flying the U.S. flag.
Achievements — Panama regained control of the Canal Zone through a 1977 treaty signed by dictator Omar Torrijos and Jimmy Carter.
Legacy — Panama was invaded in Operation Just Cause in 1989, when U.S. forces deposed dictator Manuel Noriega for violating canal neutrality.

Runs with

Pacific

Panama connects Pacific and Caribbean via its canal open card →

Colombia

Panama broke from Colombia in 1903 with U.S. support open card →

Manuel Noriega

Noriega ruled Panama until deposed in 1989 invasion open card →

Scotland

Scotland's Darién colony in Panama bankrupted the nation open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

This home of the Dignity Battalions was where the Vatican embassy was targeted by loud rock music in Operation Nifty Package.

H

A controversy over the U.S. flag and this country’s flag sparked the Martyrs’ Day Riots.

M

This country's dictator Omar Torrijos (toh-REE-hoce) signed a treaty with Jimmy Carter that gave this country control over a formerly extraterritorial "zone." name this country which the U.S. encouraged to declare independence from Colombia in order to build a canal.

M

This country’s Paitilla airfield was destroyed as part of Operation Nifty Package.

E

Operation Just Cause was an invasion of this Central American country where US forces deposed Manuel Noriega.

E

Manuel Noriega was removed from power in this Central American country where he had violated the neutrality of a namesake canal.

10 more clues from the record

H

William Paterson's disastrous attempt to establish the colony of Caledonia in this country helped spur the 1707 Act of Union by bankrupting Scotland.

H

This country declared its independence in the Grito de La Villa de Los Santos at Azuero, which was led by José de Fábrega.

H

This country broke off from Colombia with support from the US, and later gave sovereign rights to the US in the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty. :Name this Central American country where a major canal is located.

H

The 1964 “Flag Riots” in this country began when students tried to hoist a national flag over their high school, which had a US flag flying above it.

H

Noriega was a dictator of this Central American nation that gained independence from Colombia in 1903.

H

This country elected the first Jewish president in the Western Hemisphere, Eric Arturo Delvalle.

H

Eric Delvalle (del-va-yay) attempted to overthrow a leader of this country whose paramilitary beat up Billy Ford and were known as the Dignity Battalions.

H

A photograph of a 1964 riot in this country commemorated on Martyrs’ Day depicts a line of students climbing a pole to raise its flag.

H

Mireya Moscoso ran for this country's presidency, often using the phrase "Vox populi, vox dei," and her countrymen in this nation called the election a race between "two corpses." Three times, Arnulfo Arias was removed by coup after being elected this country's president.

H

Drake died while raiding Portobelo in what modern-day country, where the bulk of Scotland's disastrous Darién colony was later located?

Watch out: Scotland's failed Darién colony (1698) was located in Panama, not a separate Central American territory

#1630 · Modern Countries · Level 3

El Salvador

Central American nation · 1980s civil war; 1969 Football War · Central America, smallest country

El Salvador is Central America's smallest country, site of a devastating 1980s civil war between ARENA and FMLN parties.

The kit

Civil War — El Salvador endured a twelve-year civil war ending with the Chapultepec Peace Accords in the early 1990s.
Violence & repression — El Salvador saw the El Mozote massacre by the Atlacatl Battalion, killing roughly 800 villagers in the 1980s.
Archbishop Romero — El Salvador's Archbishop Óscar Romero was assassinated in 1980, possibly ordered by ARENA founder Roberto D'Aubuisson.
Football War — El Salvador fought the Soccer War with Honduras in 1969, a hundred-hour conflict targeting Ilopango airbase.

Runs with

Coffee Guatemala

Bishop

Óscar Romero held this office open card →

assassination

Romero and Rutilio Grande killed open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

An activist in this country named Farabundo Martí lends his name to its FMLN party.

H

The Chapultepec Peace Accords ended a twelve- year civil war in this country, which contains the ARENA and FMLN parties.

M

The Football War was fought between this country and its northeastern neighbor, Honduras. name this Central American country which fought a 13-year Civil War.

M

In this country, Roberto D'Aubuisson [[doh-bwee-SOHN]], who founded the ARENA party, may have ordered the killing of Bishop Óscar Romero.

E

This country’s ARENA party murdered its Archbishop Óscar Romero. name this Central American country that invaded Honduras in the Soccer War.

E

Romero hailed from this smallest country in Central America, which fought a devastating civil war throughout the 1980s. Earlier it fought the Soccer War with its neighbor Honduras.

10 more clues from the record

H

In this country, one leader gave the Apopa sermon following the deportation of Mario Londono. A U.N. Truth Commission held the Atlacatl [[aht-lah-KAH-tul]] Battalion responsible for a massacre that killed roughly 800 inhabitants in this county’s village of El Mozote.

H

In this country, a march on Sonsonate [[sohn-soh-NAH-teh]] was organized by Feliciano Ama.

H

This country was home to the city of Cuscatlán, built by the Pipil people.

H

This country, which receives major law enforcement funding from the U.S. under the Territorial Control Plan, attempted to depose its Attorney General and five supreme court justices in May 2021.

H

Rufina Amaya witnessed a massacre in this country that Raymond Bonner reported on while another incident in this country was the rape and killings of four American Maryknoll missionaries.

H

The killing of Rutilio Grande in this country prompted liberation theologian, Archbishop Óscar Romero, to refuse to attend state occasions.

H

In 2021 this country pardoned three women who received 30-year sentences after undergoing medically necessary abortions.

H

A soldier who founded a major party in this country gained the nickname “Blowtorch Bob” for his use of blowtorches in interrogations.

H

A death squad in this country was named for an occultist politician who believed that colored lights could cure small pox.

H

A neighbor targeted this country’s Ilopango airbase during a war named for its hundred hour length.

Watch out: Students confuse El Salvador with Guatemala, another Central American country with civil conflict

#1654 · Modern Countries · Level 3

Dominican Republic

Caribbean nation · independence 1844 · eastern Hispaniola

Dominican Republic is a Caribbean nation that gained independence from Haiti in 1844 after the Trinitaria movement led by Juan Pablo Duarte.

The kit

Independence — Dominican Republic's independence was advocated by La Trinitaria, a group led by Juan Pablo Duarte fighting against western neighbor Haiti.
Trujillo dictatorship — Dominican Republic was ruled by Rafael Trujillo from 1930 to 1961, who ordered the Parsley massacre and assassinated the Mirabal sisters.
U.S. occupation — Dominican Republic faced American occupation from 1916 to 1924 led by Harry Knapp and Sumner Welles, opposed by gavilleros rebels.
Legacy — Dominican Republic built a massive cross-shaped monument to Christopher Columbus for the 500th anniversary of his landing in the Americas.

Runs with

Rafael Trujillo

dictator 1930-1961, ordered Parsley massacre open card →

Haiti

western neighbor from which independence was won open card →

dictator

ruled by Trujillo 1930-1961 open card →

Hispaniola

occupies eastern side of island open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

A group known as “La Trinitaria” advocated for the independence of this nation, which was governed by Jean-Pierre Boyer’s Code Rural.

H

This country’s city of Pico Duarte was renamed after the dictator who ordered the Parsley massacre.

M

In what is now this country, the Juan Pablo Duarte-led Trinitaria fought for independence from its western neighbor.

M

Name this Carribean country that the Mirabel Sisters were from, which Trujillo was the dictator of. This country is ruled from Santo Domingo.

E

Another leader of this country had three sisters of the Mirabal family assassinated in 1960 and notoriously executed people who pronounced the word “parsley” a certain way. name this country once ruled by Rafael Trujillo that borders Haiti.

E

That ruler, who led this country from 1930 to 1961, was succeeded briefly by his son, Ramfis, and was named Rafael Trujillo [[troo-HEE-yoh]].

10 more clues from the record

H

Rafael Trujillo began his tenure as dictator in this country after overthrowing Horacio Vazquez.

H

Trujillo led this Caribbean country that occupies the eastern side of the island of Hispaniola.

H

That man organized a crackdown on illegal loggers and established his country's largest national park at Yaque del Sur.

H

One leader of this country attempted several times to have it annexed, and was opposed by the poet Salome Urena.

H

One leader of this country was the originator of the maxim "theconstitution is just a piece of paper".

H

A dictator of this country negotiated the end of U.S. financial oversight with Cordell Hull and organized a racially integrated baseball league that attracted many American stars in the 1930s.

H

During one massacre in this country, the fate of the victims was determined by how they pronounced the term "perejil'' [[peh-reh-HEEL]] when soldiers held up a certain herb.

H

This country renamed its capital after its then-dictator in the 1930s and built a massive cross-shaped monument to Christopher Columbus for the 500th anniversary of his landing in the Americas.

H

This country's gavilleros [[gah-vee-YEH-rohss]] opposed Harry Knapp and Sumner Welles's American occupation of this country, which lasted from 1916 to 1924.

H

A revolt among tobacco planters in this country led to the assassination of its president, Ulises Heureaux [you-lee-zays ay-oh-rokes], in 1899.

Watch out: Pico Duarte was a city renamed after dictator Trujillo, not the independence leader Juan Pablo Duarte

#1709 · Modern Countries · Level 3

Grenada

Caribbean island nation · 1983 invasion · Lesser Antilles

Grenada is a Caribbean island nation invaded by the United States in Operation Urgent Fury in 1983.

The kit

Pre-invasion politics — Grenada saw Eric Gairy overthrown by Maurice Bishop's New Jewel Movement in 1979, establishing the People's Revolutionary Government.
Coup and execution — Grenada's Prime Minister Maurice Bishop was executed at Fort Rupert by rebel troops known as the Grenada Seventeen.
Operation Urgent Fury — Grenada was invaded by U.S. forces in 1983, with targets including Port Salines Airport and St. George's University's True Blue Campus.
Aftermath — Grenada returned to rule by Governor-General Paul Scoon, who was freed from house arrest during the invasion.

Runs with

Bishop

Maurice Bishop led Grenada's New Jewel Movement before his execution open card →

Ronald Reagan

Reagan ordered the 1983 U.S. invasion of Grenada open card →

the Caribbean

Grenada is an island nation in the Caribbean open card →

George

St. George's is Grenada's capital city open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

Island where Maurice Bishop's execution led to the American Operation Urgent Fury in 1983?

H

The New Jewel Movement seized power on this island, but when its leader Maurice Bishop was killed, Ronald Reagan ordered an invasion. 1983’s Operation Urgent Fury targeted this Caribbean island.

M

Eric Gairy was deposed by the New Jewel Movement in this country.

M

Maurice Bishop was executed in this nation, where concern over the safety of medical students at St. George’s University were grounds for a military campaign.

E

This country’s Port Salines Airport was taken over during Operation Urgent Fury. name this Caribbean island nation that the U.S. invaded upon Ronald Reagan’s orders in 1983.

E

Eric Gairy was overthrown by the New Jewel Movement of Maurice Bishop in this country, but Bishop was himself soon executed by rebel troops, prompting a foreign intervention in Operation Urgent Fury. what Caribbean island country was invaded by the United States in 1983?

10 more clues from the record

H

Answer the following about a conflict in Latin America, :Students were held hostage at a university on this island in the Caribbean, prompting a United States invasion with Marines.

H

The grandfather of Lord Byron, John Byron, lost a battle off the coast of this country to Charles Hector, comte d'Estaing.

H

A 1951 general strike in this country became known as the “red sky days” on account of the number of buildings set on fire.

H

After a military action on this island, suggestions from the Packard Commission were implemented to change the Joint Chiefs of Staff under the Goldwater-Nichols Act.

H

A premier of this nation maintained the Mongoose Gang, a private army, and was accused of rigging the 1970 Miss World beauty pageant.

H

Paul Scoon was freed from house arrest on this island, where Jacqueline Creft and its Prime Minister were executed at Fort Rupert.

H

This country’s Pearls Airport and True Blue Campus at St. Georges University were targeted in one invasion.

H

This country’s namesake seventeen were responsible for overthrowing and executing one of its leaders at Fort Rupert.

H

Ralph Abercromby put down Fedon’s Rebellion in this modern day country.

H

Eric Matthew Gairy was overthrown by this country's New Jewel Movement, which installed the People's Revolutionary Government in 1979. Then there was a military coup, and America invaded a week later.Name this state with capital at St. George's, which, by the end of 1983, was back under the rule of a governor-general.

Watch out: St. George's is Grenada's capital, not a separate Caribbean nation

#1977 · Modern Countries · Level 3

Barbados

Caribbean island nation · British colony 1625–1966; independent 1966–present · easternmost Lesser Antilles

Barbados is a Caribbean island whose sugar wealth exceeded the Thirteen Colonies' combined exports and whose planters shaped South Carolina's early settlement.

The kit

Economy — Barbados exported sugar that was supposedly worth more than all Thirteen Colonies exports combined during the colonial period.
Migration & influence — Barbados planters called the Goose Creek Men immigrated to South Carolina in the 1670s, bringing slave codes and influencing Gullah language development.
Resistance — Barbados experienced Bussa's Revolt beginning Easter Sunday 1816 at Bailey's Plantation, following an earlier 1675 conspiracy betrayed by a slave named Fortuna.
Modern politics — Barbados became a republic in 2021 under PM Mia Mottley, with Sandra Mason as first president, removing Elizabeth II as head of state.

Runs with

sugar

primary export worth more than Thirteen Colonies combined open card →

South Carolina

Goose Creek Men emigrated from Barbados bringing slave codes and cultural influence open card →

the Caribbean

easternmost island in Lesser Antilles open card →

Jamaica

both negotiated individual CARICOM Shiprider Agreements separately open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

Thor Heyerdahl travelled from Morocco to this nation in a two month journey on the papyrus boat Ra II to prove Egyptians could have reached the New World.

H

Planters from this country called the Goose Creek Men immigrated to South Carolina.

M

This non-U.S. nation has a Creole language which mixes the pidgin of Gullah with British English.

M

The Quakers Ann Austin and Mary Fisher were deported to this country after being imprisoned in Boston for five weeks.

E

Sugar exports from this nation in the Windward Islands were supposedly worth more money than all the exports of the Thirteen Colonies combined.

E

The City of Bridgetown serves as the capital of this Caribbean island.

10 more clues from the record

H

Caribbean island on which Bussa's Revolt began on Easter Sunday at Bailey's Plantation.

H

Answer the following about people associated with interwar pan-Africanist organizations, like the International African Service Bureau in London, .The IASB’s organizing secretary Chris Brathwaite emigrated from this then-colony with the British merchant navy. Sandra Mason served as the first president of this Caribbean country when it became a republic in 2021.

H

This island was hit hard by the Great Hurricane of 1780, with one account claiming that it felled and stripped every tree of its bark. Many small landholders forced off their land by large sugar plantations moved from this British island to the Carolinas in the 1670s.

H

Richard Stoffle traced the origin of this country’s game of Warri to an Asante variant of mancala and argued that it was used to organize resistance against colonialism. Under PM Mia Mottley, this country officially removed Elizabeth II as a head of state.

H

The "Act for the Better Ordering of Slaves" was based on slave codes in this Caribbean colony, the easternmost island in the Lesser Antilles, from which many Goose Creek Men had emigrated and from which the "provision ground" system was adopted.

H

Historians like Richard Stockton link Charleston’s single houses to this modern-day country where Stede Bonnet was born. The Goose Creek Men were early settlers of the Carolina Colony from this country.

H

Answer the following about the early history of South Carolina .Much of South Carolina's early gentry originated from this Caribbean island. This island's Bajan creole likely influenced the development of South Carolina's Gullah language.

H

A 1675 slave revolt at this colony ended with the execution of over half of its conspirators after they were betrayed by a female slave named Fortuna. :Name this colony, where a slave ranger known as "Bussa" and his collaborators staged the "Easter Rebellion" revolt of 1816.

H

CARICOM negotiated “Shiprider Agreements” for its members, with the exceptions of Jamaica and this country, who both negotiated individually. In 2021, Sandra Mason was elected as the first president of this country with support from Mia Mottley.

H

One song from this country attacks tourism minister Jack Deer for closing off some beaches to the public; another song by that artist attacks the US invasion of Grenada with the chant “government boots, government boots”.

Watch out: Jamaica also negotiated individual CARICOM Shiprider Agreements and is a nearby Caribbean island