Judas Maccabeus captured this city from the Seleucids, and it was renamed Aelia Capitolina by Hadrian.

Holy Middle Eastern city where the predecessor of Hamas set up branches.

holy city to Christians, Muslims, and Jews captured at its climax in 1099.

The Haute Cour served as the main council of this city during the medieval era.

Holy city whose capture led to the call for the Third Crusade.

Holy city that Israel claims as its capital, recognized by Donald Trump in 2017.

Roman forces put down a Jewish revolt when they destroyed the Temple in what city?

Godfrey of Bouillon died before becoming the Lord of this city.

The holy city defended by Saladin in that conflict.

The Stern Gang assassinated Folke Bernadotte in this city.

A king of this city, Guy of Lusignan, was captured at the Battle of the Horns of Hattin.

Factions led by Simon ben Giora and John of Giscala split this city, which was captured by the future emperor Titus. name this city that was sacked by the Romans in 70 AD, leading to the destruction of the Second Temple.

This city contains the Dome of the Rock, as well as the West Wall of the Second Temple. identify this “Holy City” that was the target of the Crusades.

Solomon’s Temple and the Dome of the Rock in Israel?

This city’s King David Hotel was bombed by the Irgun to protest British rule.

The retired Algerian nationalist hero ‘Abd al-Qadir intervened to save Christians in this city during an 1860 riot.

This city was the capital of the Umayyad Caliphate. It contains a namesake Great Mosque that was built atop a basilica named for John the Baptist.

In this city, eight Roman columns were used in the Dome of the Treasury, in a Great Mosque decorated with Byzantine mosaics.

Mawdud ibn Altuntash was assassinated in this city as a guest of its Burid dynasty.

This city was defended in the Battle of Marj al-Saffar, which was won by Toghtekin.

In an 1840 affair named for this city, the disappearance of the monk Father Thomas led to accusations of blood libel against Jews.

Seized in 1104 by Toghtekin, who established the Burid Dynasty there, it was subsequently retaken by Nur ad-Din of the Zengid Dynasty.

Saladin spent most of his life and died in this city, the Ayyubid capital at the turn of the 13th century and one of the oldest cities in the world.

Nur ad-Din’s key reinforcements ended an 1148 siege of this city, marking the end of the Second Crusade.

The capital of the Umayyad caliphate was this city, which also serves as the modern-day capital of Syria. Paul the Apostle converted to Christianity on the road to this city.

Somehow, an ancient material named for this city includes carbon nanotubes that make it super-strong.

The Umayyad caliphate had its capital in this Middle Eastern city, currently home to Bashar al-Assad.

A type of high-quality steel named for this city had its method of production lost to modern smiths. The assassination of Uthman during the First Fitna and the rise of the Umayyads led to this city becoming the Caliphate's capital until the Abbasids moved it to Baghdad. Name this modern capital of Syria.

This city reached its peak after the Muslim conquest, when it was made the capital of the Umayyad Caliphate. what city is the capital of modern-day Syria?

The 1148 siege of this city was broken by Nur ad-Din and ended the Second Crusade. name this capital of the Umayyad Caliphate and modern Syria.

A forest near this city is named for Bulgarians deported from Belgrade after a 1521 siege.

That landmark was completed in 1348 by Genoese colonists and is a conical-topped stone tower located in this city’s Galata district.

Dozens of ethnic Uyghurs were arrested in this city’s district of Zeytinburnu for alleged connections to Abdulkadir Masharipov’s shooting attack of the Reina night club on New Year’s Day 2017.

This city was the site of a controversial election recount after the opposing Republican People’s Party defeated the AK Party. the Faith Mosque was built in this city of Mehmed the Conqueror who captured it in 1453.

In 2016, a leader gave a speech in this city blaming “those in Pennsylvania” for threatening his power. 45 people were killed after an ISIS attack on this city’s airport in June 2016.

In another film, a man travels to this city to accept the defection of Tatiana Romanova, who plans to steal a Soviet Lektor machine.

In this city, the characters Duman, Pskiopat, and Bengü are among the seven cats depicted in the 2016 documentary Kedi.

This city’s Fatih Sultan Mehmet and Bosphorus Bridges were closed during a July 2016 coup attempt against President Recep Tayyip Erdogan [AIRD-oh-wan]. name this largest city in Turkey.

Home of Topkapi Palace and the Hagia Sophia, identify this city lying on both sides of the Bosphorus Strait, the largest city in Turkey.

The film Fetih 1453 depicts Mehmet II's conquest of, what Turkish city, formerly the capital of the Byzantine Empire? name this city whose conquest from the Byzantine Empire is the subject of the film

The 19th-century “Straits Question” concerned the passage of warships at this city, where a reforming ruler mandated that civil servants wear the fez. the Sublime Porte governed the “sick man of Europe” from what Ottoman capital?

It’s not Rome, but its seven hills house such buildings as a palace which has a highest structure known as the Tower of Justice as well as a Byzantine church dedicated to Logos capped with a pendative-supported dome.

Also known as the Seraglio, this city’s Topkapi Palace was constructed six years after its fall to Mehmed. name this Turkish city once known as Constantinople.

The Sipahis cavalry assisted in putting down a revolt in this capital during the Auspicious Incident.

This city was renamed after the fall of the Eastern Roman Empire. name this city, formerly known as Constantinople, the most populous city in Turkey.

This city was the hub of the nahda cultural renaissance.

This city’s Al-Azhar Mosque is a leading world center of Sunni Islam, and its Ben Ezra Synagogue was found to hold over 300,000 Jewish manuscript fragments in the 19th century.

This city was the capital of a sultanate that, after losing the Battle of Marj Dabiq, was conquered in 1517 by Selim I. Muhammad Ali Pasha westernized this former capital of the Mamluk sultanate and current capital of the Arab League.

A conference codenamed Sextant in this city included the Allied offer to Chiang Kai- Shek of full control of French Indochina at war's end, which he declined.

This city's Circassian Burji dynasty was succeeded by the Turkic Bahri dynasty.

A 1943 conference in this city added China to the "Big Four" powers and involved Chiang Kai-Shek, Winston Churchill, and Franklin Roosevelt.

A Sicilian ghulam named Jawhar was tasked with founding this city, which is home to a mosque dedicated to Ahmad ibn Tulun.

The Fatimid dynasty had its capital in this city, where it built the Al-Azhar Mosque. The Mamluk Sultanate also had its capital in this city.

The Mamluks were a dynasty ruled from this Egyptian city. This city was also the capital for most of the Fatimid Caliphate, who built its area of Fustat.

Soldiers under Saladin made soles for their shoes out of books confiscated from the library of this city’s still-existing university at Al-Azhar.

The Ayyubid dynasty was founded in this city by Saladin after the fall of the Fatimid Caliphate. name this capital city of modern Egypt.

Louis IX was captured at Fariskur while attempting to conquer this capital city during the Seventh Crusade.

The “Friday of departure” rocked this city’s central Tahrir Square with protests against Hosni Mubarak. name this most populous city in Africa, the capital of Egypt.

Founded by the Fatimid Caliph Al-Mu’izz, name this city, the seat of Ayyubid power under Saladin, whose citadel overlooked the Nile.

An Albanian dynasty that ruled this city for the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century took the title “Khedive.” Muhammad Ali Pasha ruled from what capital of modern-day Egypt?

The murder of domesticated pigeons in this country by British officers caused the Denshawai incident.

The Urabi Revolt was an attempt to liberate this country from European interests.

This country was known as a khedivate after it was taken over by an Albanian ruler named Muhammad Ali.

One archaeological site in this country was known as KV62, and that site was contained within this country's Valley of the Kings.

A ruler of this modern-day country won the Battle of Raphia against Antiochus III.

An object from this country is the subject of the Lettre à Monsieur Dacier.

Country where he established the most famous city named Alexandria.

In this country, Farouk I was overthrown by the Free Officers Movement led by Muhammad Naguib.

A leader of this country shared the 1978 Nobel Peace Price with Menachem Begin for agreeing to the Camp David Accords.

Sadat was the head of this country which fought the Yom Kippur War to regain the Sinai Peninsula from Israel.

Nasser led this country after overthrowing King Farouk. Nasser also nationalized the Suez Canal Company in this country.

Alexander founded and names numerous cities in his conquered lands, including Alexandria on the Nile River delta in what is now this country.

The Free Officers Movement triggered a republican revolution in this north African country where Gamal Abdel Nasser ruled from Cairo.

Protests in this country's Tahrir Square in 2011 led to the ousting of long-time president Hosni Mubarak.

Country that underwent the overthrows of Hosni Mubarak and Mohamed Morsi.

The Army of Knowledge was established in this country to improve literacy during the White Revolution, which was supported by the repression of the SAVAK police.

Terrorists killed 422 people in the Cinema Rex fire, which was blamed on SAVAK, this country’s secret police.

By nationalizing a predecessor to British Petroleum, one leader of this country prompted the CIA to overthrow him in Operation Ajax.

In 1988, the U.S.S. Vincennes accidentally shot down a passenger plane from this country.

A Russian-trained Cossack Brigade assisted Mozaffer ad-Din, a shah of this country's Qajar dynasty.

The CIA’s Operation Ajax supported a 1953 coup in this country after Mohammad Mossadegh nationalized its oil industry.

This modern-day country held the capital of Hulagu Khan’s Ilkhanate.

Reza Pahlavi , the Shah of this country, was deposed in a 1979 uprising. name this country whose revolution brought Ayatollah Khomeini to power in Tehran.

The White Revolution brought land reform and modernization to this country, but ended in 1979 in an Islamic revolution.

In this Asian country, Kermit Roosevelt oversaw the CIA’s Operation Ajax, which orchestrated the overthrow of prime minister Mohammad Mosaddegh.

This country was the site of Operation Ajax, where CIA operatives toppled Mohammad Mossadegh for nationalizing the oil industry.

Operation Eagle Claw was a disastrous attempt at rescuing several Americans trapped in this country.

The American embassy in this country was held hostage for 444 days during a 1979 revolution. identify this country that was once led by the Ayatollah Khomeini from Tehran.

Modern country where the Safavid Empire was centered.

Allan Dulles planned Operation Ajax to remove Mohammed Mossadegh from power in this country, from where Reza Pahlavi was exiled. name this country where a 1979 revolution brought Ayatollah Khomeini to power in Tehran.

Menachem Begin served as Prime Minister of this country, whose other PMs have included David Ben-Gurion, Golda Meir, and Yitzhak Rabin.

During one conflict in this country, the USS Liberty was attacked by jets and torpedo boats confusing the vessel for the El Quseir [[el "queue"-ZEER]].

This country’s armored force was established after sympathetic foreign troops stole and donated two Cromwell tanks.

Commandos from this nation freed hostages in Uganda after conducting a raid on Entebbe Airport.

Ascalon was named for a city that was captured by the crusaders at the last battle of the First Crusade in 1099.

Country that Egypt fought in a 1948 war, shortly after it declared its independence.

Attacked the Hamas-ruled Gaza Strip to its west in 2014?

UN mediator Folke Bernadotte was assassinated by members of this country’s Lehi, a terrorist group.

Eleven of its athletes were killed at the 1972 Munich Olympics. name this country which gained independence in 1948 in modern-day Palestine.

This country carried out Operation Opera which destroyed a nuclear reactor called Osirak.

This country engaged in peace talks shortly after a 1977 electoral victory for Likud. name this country, whose Prime Minister Menachem Begin signed the Camp David Accords with Egypt.

The Law of Return applies to Jewish people returning to this country, the only majority Jewish country in the world. It is located in the Middle East.

During the Six-Day War, this country seized the Golan Heights from the Syria. name this country that has defended Tel Aviv and Jerusalem during conflicts with its Arabic neighbors.

In 1949, this country’s borders were set at the Green Line, which was established after it was invaded following an expired British mandate. name this country that formed the IDF under its first prime minister, David Ben-Gurion.

One side of that conflict in this country was led by Defense Minister Moshe Dayan. name this historically contested country in which the Six-Day War was fought after the occupation of the West Bank, Golan Heights, and Gaza Strip.

Members of the Alawite [[AH-lah-wite]] sect of Islam have dominated political leadership in this country, despite making up only eleven percent of the population.

In recent history, this country’s government has been dominated by the Alawites.

In this modern-day country, numerous clay tablets and the palace of king Zimri-Lim were found at the ancient site of Mari.

Country where protests in Damascus turned into an ongoing civil war.

Michel Aflaq [[ah-FLAHK]] created the first Ba’ath [[bah-AHTH] party in this country.

answer these questions about cities in the Middle East that saw major protests in 2011.This country’s protests started in earnest in Dar’a, but it has been its city of Homs that has really born the brunt of fighting between government forces and armed protestors.

Assad is the dictator of this Middle Eastern country, where protests began in the capital city, Damascus.

Embroiled in a civil war since 2011, what is this Middle Eastern country whose former leader, Bashar al-Assad, recently fled Damascus?

Hafez al-Assad this person who established a Ba’athist government in 1963 that is now led by his son, Bashar.

Country that allied with Egypt to invade Israel during that conflict, led by the al-Assad family since 2000 A

Palmyra is in this country, now site of a rebellion and civil war against the government of Bashar al-Assad in which ISIS has taken part.

This country has the oldest capital city in the world, which gives its name to swords made of wootz steel. name this country whose ancient cities include Aleppo and Damascus.

Barack Obama set a “red line” for chemical weapons during this country’s ongoing Civil War which has seen fighting in cities like Aleppo.

A civil war in this country destroyed about thirty percent of Aleppo, as well as the city of Palmyra. name this country ruled by the al-Assad [[al-ah-SAHD]] family from Damascus.

Barrel bombs were allegedly used to quell unrest in this country by Bashar al-Assad. name this country with capital at Damascus.

Despite losing its coastline on this body of water after a 1993 war of independence, Ethiopia still has use of its ports of Asseb and Massawa on this sea. name this body of water at the southern end of the Suez Canal that empties into the Indian Ocean through the Gulf of Aden and was legendarily parted by Moses.

An early text describing the ports and navigation routes of this body of water was titled the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea.

Saudi Arabia lies to its east, while Sudan and Egypt are to its west. :Name this body of water south of the Sinai Peninsula, the namesake of Eritrea.

The Blue Hole of Dahab is located on the coast of this body of water, and topaz comes from the Greek name for St. John’s Island in this body of water’s Foul Bay.

Earthquakes under this body of water in 2007 revealed a 4,000-year-old fault line, on which a much stronger earthquake may have created a temporary land bridge.

A country lost its coastline along this sea when Hamid Awate’s forces won a 1991 war of independence.

Purported cave dwellers on this body of water's western side were the first people called "Troglodytes." A port called "Mussel Harbor" abutted this body near Berenice according to an anonymous 1st-century text about its peoples.

The port city of Jeddah lies on this body of water, as does the city of Port Sudan.

This sea comprises the entire east coast of Eritrea. what colorfully named sea separates Saudi Arabia from Egypt and Sudan?

Djibouti sits on the Gulf of Aden, which is the southern entrance to this large sea, which separates Africa from Asia.

Diodorus rehashed many observations made by Agatharchides of Cnidus in the latter’s five-volume history on this body of water. An unknown first-century Greek merchant discusses trade secrets around the Horn of Africa in a work titled for this body of water, which is associated with the modern-day Red Sea.

A group of people stated to have come from this particular region are given as the cause of the Greco-Persian Wars at the beginning of Herodotus’ Histories , which describes the arrival of the “Phoenicians”.

The Mediterranean Sea is linked by the Suez Canal to this colorfully named sea that was legendarily parted by Moses.

This body of water, which is linked to the Gulf of Aqaba by the Straits of Tiran, forms the coast of Eritrea.

Its Gulf of Suez separates the Sinai Peninsula from the rest of Egypt. name this sea between the Arabian Peninsula and Africa.

The United Nations Emergency Force was stationed in this region after it was invaded by Britain, France, and Israel following Gamal Abdel Nasser's nationalization of the Suez Canal.

The Great and Small Bitter Lakes lie to the west of this region, and Lake Bardawil lies on its northern coast.

This geographical location contains St. Catherine’s Monastery, which claims to be the oldest working Christian monastery in the world.

A 1979 treaty marked the start of one country’s withdrawal from this peninsula, which contains the tourist city of Sharm el Sheikh.

Along this peninsula, an attack on the Moevenpick Hotel was one of several 2005 bombings conducted on one country’s Revolution Day.

A maneuver known as “The Crossing” was an early part of a plan to take over this peninsula called Operation Badr.

Israelis commonly refer to the Suez Crisis as a war for this continent-connecting peninsula located in eastern Egypt.

Egyptian peninsula on the Red Sea captured by Israel along with Gaza.

This region was invaded in Operation Badr, which used water cannons to break through the Bar Lev line.

It is home to St. Catherine’s Monastery and on its southern tip is the city of Sharm el-Sheikh. :Name this peninsula, west of which lies the Gulf of Suez.

Anwar Sadat allowed another nation to traverse this peninsula navally through a canal after signing its namesake “Disengagement Act.” name this peninsula that acts as a land bridge between Africa and Asia in the nation of Egypt.

Saudi Arabia claims Sanafir and another island separated from this region by the Straits of Tiran. name this peninsula owned by Egypt, which shares its name with a biblical mountain.

The Suez Canal divides mainland Africa from this Egyptian peninsula, which Israel captured during the Six Day War.

This Egyptian-owned peninsula connects Asia and Africa. This peninsula is bordered to the east by the Gulf of Aqaba, while to its west is the Gulf of Suez.

Along with the Gaza Strip, this peninsula was captured by Israel from Egypt during the Six-Day War.

Jordan lost the West Bank in this 1967 war. It is named for the short amount of time that it lasted.

The Khartoum Resolution was passed following this conflict, with one league putting forth the "Three No's" which refused to trade, recognize, or declare peace with an adversarial neighbor.

Prior to this war, one country demanded the withdrawal of U.N. forces so that they could blockade the Straits of Tiran.

In 1967, Israel fought against Egypt, Jordan and Syria in a war that saw numerous territorial changes. :Name that war, so named for its extremely brief duration.

After this war, the belligerents of the losing side issued a resolution declaring “Three No’s.” One side in this war accidentally attacked the U.S.S. Liberty.

During this war, William McGonagle was wounded by aircraft fire and more than two dozen sailors were killed in a torpedo attack against a research ship, the USS Liberty.

One side in this war benefited from trees planted as target markers years prior by a spy in the Ministry of Defense.

This war resulted in the annexation of the Sinai Peninsula, which was returned, as well as the Golan Heights, Gaza Strip, and West Bank. identify this 1967 war between Israel and a pan-Arab coalition, which was named for its unusually short duration.

The defeated side of this conflict affirmed a commitment to “no peace, no negotiations, and no recognition” in the Khartoum Resolution.

The USS Liberty was attacked during this brief war, which began with the destruction of Egypt’s air force in a preemptive strike called Operation Focus.

U.N. Security Council Resolution 242 and the Khartoum Resolutions were passed in the wake of this conflict.

Abandoned ships known as the Yellow Fleet were trapped as a result of this war, during which one side mistakenly attacked the USS Liberty.

The Golan Heights, Gaza Strip, West Bank, and Sinai Peninsula were all captured by Israel in this June 1967 war.

This war began with Operation Focus, a preemptive strike that destroyed much of one side’s air force.

This conflict included the occupation of the Golan Heights, Gaza Strip, and Sinai Peninsula. name this war, which resulted in Israel defeating an Arab alliance in less than one week.

the Hungarian cannon designer who helped the Ottomans capture Contantinople.

Another monarch of this name employed the Hungarian engineer Orban to build a siege cannon that inspired the later Dardanelles Gun, toppling the Theodosian Walls.

A Hungarian engineer named Orban casted the Basilica canon to destroy the Theodosian Walls of this city.

This institution was supported by the "Sons of Moses," who produced the Book of Ingenious Devices.

Structure in the Abbasid capital which kept great works of literature from the personal collection of Harun Al-Rashid.

This institution was established after its founder dreamed of having a discussion with Aristotle.

Many graduates from the then declining Academy of Gondishapur were hired to work at this institution. :Name this institution of learning which was greatly expanded by al-Ma'mun. Much of our knowledge regarding this Baghdad-based institution comes from al-Tabari.

After the Siege of Baghdad, the Tigris River legendarily ran black with the ink of libraries like this large center of Islamic learning where the mathematician al-Khwarizmi worked.

Dimitri Gutas hypothesized that this place was fictional since its name was derived from a mistranslation of a word for "storage," and most current scholarship about this place comes from the Fihrist.

A leader of this place wrote a treatise in praise of avarice and collected stories for evening entertainment; that director was Sahl.

Tusi supposedly rescued 400,000 objects from this center of the Translation Movement.

Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid founded this library in Baghdad, which became a center of learning for science and the humanities.

It was destroyed in the 1258 sack of Baghdad.

Books that survived the burning of this building in Baghdad were thrown into the Tigris River, causing it to supposedly turn black from ink. This building served as the intellectual center of the Abbasid Caliphate.

One movement of this institution was supported by Hunayn, the "Sheikh of the Translators," and this institution flourished from the eighth to the thirteenth century until its destruction in a siege by Hulagu Khan. identify this Abbasid center of education and learning, an emblem of the Islamic Golden Age in Baghdad.

Sinan designed an octagonal one of these for Selim II in Edirne.

One of these buildings contains a “Phoenix Pavilion” and “Examining-the-Heart Tower” and is located in Xī’ān.

The “Mother” one of these buildings in Cedar Rapids, Iowa is the oldest one of these structures still used in the United States, and one of these in Yuba City, California was destroyed by arson in 1994.

A “Great” one of these structures at Djenne was built using mudbricks, while another at Cordoba includes an orange orchard and red and white horseshoe arches.

The four-iwan layout of these structures includes a central courtyard.

These structures include a mihrab niche in their qibla wall.

In the 8th century, one of the world’s oldest universities was established at one of these buildings named for nearby olive groves. :Name these buildings that include the Uqba patronized by the Aghlabids in Kairouan . Many early madrasas developed around these buildings, like a “resplendent” one in the former city of Fusṭāṭ .

When the Turks conquered Constantinople in 1453, they converted the Hagia {HIYA} Sophia into one of these types of religious buildings.

The planned “Cordoba House” was one of these locations that led to protests against its developer, Sharif El-Gamel, in 2010. name these religious locations, such as the planned Park51 near Ground Zero, which usually contain niches pointed towards Mecca.

Minarets are used for calling worshipers to prayer at this Islamic places of worship.

The Tarikh al-Sudan records how Sultan Kunburu tore down his palace and replaced it with one of these things, a ‘Great’ adobe version overlooking the marketplace of Djenné, while Mansa Musa supposedly built a new one of these every Friday during his hajj. name these sites of Islamic worship that in West Africa usually featured one or more pyramidal minarets.

During his visit to the island of Kilwa, Ibn Battuta described a “Great” one of these buildings that was made from coral. The Mali Empire constructed one of these buildings made of mud brick named Djinguereber.

In 1453, Mehmed II transformed a church into one of these buildings by adding minarets. the Ottomans turned the Hagia Sophia into what Islamic place of worship?

The largest of these structures houses a cube-shaped structure covered in black silk. what buildings feature mihrabs and minarets?

One project commissioned by the Sultanate of Women was an imperial one of these buildings sometimes named for the Valide Sultan. The Hagia Sophia became one of these buildings after the conquest of Constantinople.

Many present locals have suggested that the city at the centre of Sungbo’s Eredo was ruled by a queen called Bilkiso Sungbo, whose name has led her to be associated with this legendary queen, who most modern historians suggest ruled the Arabian kingdom of Saba’ from Ma’rib.

The Solomonic dynasty, which claimed descent from the biblical Queen of Sheba, used to rule this nation. name this African nation with capital at Addis Ababa.

This leader reprimanded the Queen of Sheba for lifting her skirt and revealing her hairy legs, and this man took on foreign idols due to marrying more than 300 wives from many lands. name this son of David, known for building the First Temple in Jerusalem and considered the wisest man in the Old Testament.

Empire that Turkey was a part of until its dissolution after World War One F

A primary source about life in this empire is provided by the letters of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu.

The Tanzimat (tahn-zee-MAHT) reforms took place in this empire, which earlier conscripted Christian children in the devshirme (dev-SHER-may) system.

This empire was forced to cede Bessarabia at the Treaty of Bucharest, while the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji eliminated this empire’s control over the Crimean Khanate.

This empire fought the Small War with Venice, gaining back an area known as Morea.

This empire allowed local courts called millet for non-dominant religions under its secular kanun laws.

Empire led by Selim the Grim that the Safavids fought against.

It was known as the Sick Man of Europe leading up to World War I. name this empire which centered on Turkey.

A revolt in this empire was caused by the Auspicious Incident, which modernized this empire’s military.

This empire’s Edict of Gulhane began its Tanzimat reforms, while its devshirme recruited young boys to be trained for civil and military service.

In 1535, this empire captured Baghdad under Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. name this empire ruled by the House of Osman from Constantinople.

The Janissaries were troops from this empire which near its end was called the "sick man of Europe." This empire captured Constantinople in 1453.

During its Tanzimat period, this empire was known as the "Sick Man of Europe." Lawrence of Arabia served as a British advisor to rebels in this empire that was once led by Suleiman the Magnificent. identify this empire in the heartland of Anatolia that suffered a defeat in World War One before becoming the Republic of Turkey.

Mehmed II’s capture of Constantinople precipitated the rise of this Islamic empire which expanded into Europe under leaders like Suleiman the Magnificent.

Empire known as the Sick Man of Europe whose treatment of Christians was the immediate spark for F the war

This dynasty won an early victory at the Battle of the Zab.

This dynasty was established in a revolution led by the Persian general Abu Muslim.

The House of Wisdom was established during the rule of this caliphate, which overthrew the Umayyads in 750 CE.

Along with its Tibetan and Karluk allies, this dynasty suppressed expansion of the Tang dynasty at the Battle of Talas.

This dynasty faced a Zanj rebellion by 500,000 African slaves led by Ali bin Muhammad.

This dynasty established an army of military slaves known as Mamluks under al- Mu'tasim [[al MOO-tah-SEEM]].

A ruler of this empire gifted Charlemagne both an elephant and a water clock that perplexed his court.

This dynasty took power after their general Abu Muslim won the Battle of the Zab . name this caliphate based in Baghdad that overthrew the Umayyads .

One ruler of this dynasty sent a chess set and water clock to Charlemagne and built a House of Wisdom that was destroyed in Hulagu Khan’s 1258 siege of its capital, Baghdad.

This empire secured power after defeating Marwan II at the river Zab.

This empire faced the Alid revolt of Mohammed the Pure Soul, and a century later, the slaves of Basra rose up against this empire in the Zanj rebellion.

While contesting power over Silk Road cities in the Fergana Valley, this empire defeated the Tang Dynasty at the River Talas.

Harun al-Rashid was a ruler of this Islamic caliphate, the successors to the Umayyads, that ruled until Hulagu Khan sacked its capital, Baghdad.

This empire defeated the Tang Dynasty at the Battle of Talas River, although its last ruler al-Musta’sim, was rolled up in a carpet and trampled to death during Hulagu Khan’s 1258 siege of its capital. name this Baghdad-based caliphate that succeeded the Umayyad.

Harun al-Rashid ruled over this caliphate that succeeded the Umayyad dynasty.

Succeeded which Islamic caliphate based in Damascus?

This first caliphate after the Rashidun caliphate fell at the Battle of the Zab River. After being kicked out of the Middle East, its leaders migrated to Cordoba.

He had risen to power at the expensive of Ali, the last of the Rightly Guided Caliphs. name this first Muslim dynasty.

Its founder won the Battle of Siffin and later founded this dynasty with the help of the Kharijites.

The first ruler of this dynasty legendarily ordered his soldiers to raise copies of the Quran on their lances, in declaring a truce at the Battle of Siffin; that ruler later came to power after the Kharijites caused the downfall of his main rival.

This empire was founded in the aftermath of the First Fitna and was dissolved after Abdallah ibn Ali defeated Marwan II in the Battle of the Zab.

This dynasty’s founder won the Battle of Siffin against the Kharijites.

Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr opposed this empire, as did the General Abu Muslim.

The Sufyanid leader Muawiyah I founded this dynasty, and Husayn was defeated at the Battle of Karbala by Muawiyah’s successor Yazid I. Under Abd al-Rahman, this dynasty founded the Emirate of Córdoba.

This dynasty’s commander Tariq ibn Ziyad initiated its conquest of the Visigothic kingdom.

Mawalis, or people who had recently converted to Islam, were required to pay the same tax as the dhimmi, or “people of the book” under this dynasty.

This empire was decisively defeated at the Battle of Akroinon, and its ruler kept six boards to assist with civil administration, known as the Diwans.

Charles Martel defeated this empire at Tours. name this Islamic caliphate founded by Muawiyah, a dynasty led from Damascus that succeeded the Abbasids.

This dynasty fell from power after a defeat at the Battle of the Zab and the subsequent death of Marwan II.

This early Muslim dynasty had its capital at ; after it was overthrown by the Abbasids, its descendents established the caliphate of in .

Although the Shirley brothers helped modernize this empire’s army, its troops suffered a defeat against the Hotaki Empire at the Battle of Gulnabad.

Tahmasp I was a ruler of this dynasty, which was defeated at Chaldiran by Selim the Grim.

This dynasty captured Hormuz from the Portuguese and converted it into a trading port for the English East India Company.

answer the following about the Battle of Chaldiran:This Shi’a Islamic dynasty from Iran lost the Battle of Chaldiran under the rule of its founder, Ismail I.

This empire was defeated by the Hotaki dynasty at the Battle of Gulnabad.

Humayun managed to recapture the Mughal empire with the help of Tahmasp I, a ruler of this empire and the son of its founder Ismail I .

This dynasty came to power by defeating the Ak Koyunlu, or White Sheep, and, after it won the Battle of Merv, this dynasty's founder used Shaibani's skull as a goblet.

Selim the Grim greatly outnumbered the Qizilbash forces of this dynasty at the Battle of Chaldiran.

Ismail I founded this empire and led it to be Twelver Shia. name this Persian empire that repeatedly fought the Ottomans.

They’re not Bulgars, but after this dynasty won the Battle of Merv, its first ruler had his enemy’s skull fashioned into a drinking goblet.

That man’s son, Tahmasp I, signed the Peace of Amasya with a rival empire that won the Battle of Chaldiran under the leadership of Selim the Grim.

Another ruler from this dynasty, Tahmasp, signed the Peace of Amasya in 1555.

Ismail I founded this Iranian dynasty that practiced Shia Islam.

This country’s capital was moved to Isfahan by Abbas the Great, the fifth Shah of a dynasty that installed Twelver Shia Islam as this country’s official religion.

This empire retained control of Tabriz in the Peace of Amasya.

This position was disestablished following the Treaty of Lausanne as part of the secularization campaign of Ataturk.

A general who worked for two people with this position won the Battle of Yarmouk against the army of Emperor Heraclius and fought the Ridda Wars.

Title claimed by their ruler which translates to "successor" in Arabic.

Two claimants to this title fought at Karbala.

The “silk letter” movement operated alongside a movement named for this title, whose followers declared a kingdom in Ernad during a rebellion that ended after prisoners were suffocated in the “Wagon tragedy.” In hopes of transferring this title, Marmaduke Pickthall went to Nice, France, to get a former holder’s consent for his daughter to marry the Nizam of Hyderabad’s son.

Held by Abu Bakr, Umar, and Mu'awiyah among others, this title literally means “successor”. 10 points each:Name this post held by Islamic rulers who succeeded the Prophet Muhammad after his death.

Caliphs generally took this title to reflect the idea that their legitimacy came from a broader Muslim community. The Moroccan constitution gives its king this title, which is often translated as “Commander of the Faithful.”

Their number includes Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali. give this title, held by four “Rightly Guided” individuals known as the Rashidun.

The death of one holder of this position prompted the First Fitna.

A research center called the House of Wisdom was built under a holder of this title named Harun al-Rashid, who ruled from Baghdad. name this Islamic title used by the Umayyads and Abbasids, which means "successor to the Prophet."

One egalitarian idea of the Kharijites was that even a black slave could rise to this title. Ali ibn Muhammad claimed to be descended from Ali, the fourth one of these according to Sunnis and first according to Shi'ites.

Sharif Hussein bin Ali briefly took this title, which was held by the Ottoman Sultan for 500 years from Selim I until its abolition by Atatürk. name this title alternately called “Commander of the Faithful.”

The Rashidun, or "Rightly Guided" holders of this office included Abu Bakr and Umar. name this highest temporal position in the early Islamic world which was also held by rulers of the Umayyad dynasty.

The assassination of a holder of this office sparked the First Fitna, during which his successor won the Battle of the Camel against Aisha.

The first four holders of this title were called "rightly-guided", or rashidun.

This leader advanced his country’s nuclear program by building the Osirak reactor, only to see it destroyed in Operation Opera.

This man was targeted by Dawa Party members in a 1982 assassination attempt; in its aftermath, he ordered hundreds of thousands of acres of date palm orchards razed and signed execution orders for 148 people.

Israel launched Operation Opera to destroy the Osirak nuclear reactor this ruler had bought from France.

This leader made a copy of the Quran written in his own blood, and he allegedly was in possession of a shredder into which he threw his political opponents.

Diplomat April Glaspie was criticized for apparently giving the green light for one of this man’s military ventures.

In the middle of the crisis, a war broke out between Iran and neighboring Iraq, which at the time was led by this expansionist Arab nationalist politician who later invaded Kuwait, sparking the Persian Gulf War.

This leader ordered the genocidal Operation Anfal, carried out by Ali Hassan al-Majid; that operation included an attack on Halabja, where thousands of Kurdish people were killed by poison gas.

This leader was captured in Tikrit in 2003 and hanged for crimes against humanity in 2006. name this cousin of “Chemical Ali” and former dictator of Iraq.

This ruler was captured while hiding in a “spider hole” during Operation Red Dawn.

This dictator's 1991 invasion of Kuwait sparked the first Gulf War, and he was deposed by US forces in the second Gulf War. name this former leader of Iraq.

He was a leader in the Ba’ath party’s rise to power in Iraq, and served as Iraq’s fifth president until 2003.

This ruler’s first cousin was nicknamed “Chemical” Ali for his use of chemical weapons during the al-Anfal campaign against Kurds.

This man was captured near Tikrit in a “spider hole” nine months after the U.S. invaded his country in 2003. name this Ba’ath Party leader, the former dictator of Iraq.

Dictator who ruled Iraq during the Persian Gulf War and was overthrown in 2003.

Nine months after a “shock and awe” campaign began, this man was discovered in a “spider hole” on a farm near Tikrit in December 2003. name this Ba’ath Party leader who was hanged in December 2006 for crimes against humanity carried out as President of Iraq.

After the last Shah of Iran was deposed in 1979, an Islamic republic was declared in Iran with this man as its Supreme Leader

This man produced incendiary lectures on cassette tapes while living in exile in Neauphle le Chˆateau in Paris.

Rushdie’s Satanic Verses prompted this Supreme Leader of Iran to issue a fatwa against him in 1989.

This man's opposition to the White Revolution led the Shah to send troops to Qom [], and this man's house arrest led to the 15 Khordad Uprising.

This man claimed to feel “nothing” after returning from exile following the White Revolution.

This creator of the Basij fled to Najaf after being saved from execution by Hassan Pakravan, whom he nevertheless executed upon taking power for being a member of SAVAK.

The theory of velayat-e faqih (wah-LIE- et eh FAH-kee) says that people who hold this title are given absolute governance over men on Earth until the Hidden Imam returns.

This man regularly called the U.S. the "Great Satan" and published a fatwa calling for Salman Rushdie's murder.

This man replied that he felt “nothing” when asked what he felt at returning to his home country from exile in Paris, a period which is celebrated in the dahe-ye Fajr.

He deposed Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and replaced his country’s monarchy with an Islamic Theocracy.

This “Supreme Leader” of Iran took power in the 1979 Iranian Revolution on a platform of opposing Western Imperialism. He is famous for issuing a death fatwa against Salman Rushdie.

Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran, was chased out of Tehran in 1979 by followers of this Islamist cleric who became Iran’s de facto leader till his 1989 death.

Ayatollah who became the country’s first Supreme Leader in the 1979 revolution.

In one speech, he referred to the United States as the “wounded snake” and the “Great Satan.” This leader’s objections to the novel The Satanic Verses led him to issue a fatwa against author Salman Rushdie. name this Shia Islamic cleric who replaced Reza Pahlavi in the 1979 Iranian Revolution.

I appoint the government." That followed fourteen years of exile for this man, including time in cities like Najaf and Paris. name this leader of the Islamic Revolution of 1979, the first Supreme Leader of Iran.

The first president of modern Turkey was what man who implemented a namesake policy of strict westernization?

This man’s policy ran on the ideas of “peace at home, peace in the world,” though his troops almost prompted war with Great Britain in the Chanak crisis.

This leader, who invited John Dewey to reform his nation’s education system, extended voting rights to women and forced Greeks and Armenians to take on new last names.

As part of “Six Arrows” ideology, this leader banned the fez.

This developer of Sun Language Theory gave the Kastamonu Speech while wearing a Panama hat.

This man developed the Sun Language Theory which stated that all languages came from Central Asia.

John Dewey assisted this man’s educational reforms, including the introduction of a modified Latin alphabet to replace Arabic script.

Anger over the Treaty of Sevres prompted this man to lead a war of independence, leading his country to be recognized in the Treaty of Lausanne.

Founding father of Turkey, who became its first President of 1923.

This leader founded the CᐧHᐧP based on the principles of secularism and nationalism, two of the Six Arrows.

After his country became independent in 1923, he ordered rapid, Westernizing modernizations such as the banning of the fez. name this first President of the Republic of Turkey.

Secular founder of that country who fought in World War I.

The Ottoman Empire was formally ended by this reformer, the first president of the Republic of Turkey.

Years after he won at Gallipoli, this leader established a new capital at Ankara. name this founder of modern Turkey.

The Latin alphabet was adopted by this man who pushed westernization in his Six Arrows ideology.

A Literacy Corps was established as part of this man’s reformist White Revolution.

This man's country started a cultural exchange with France after André Malraux befriended this man's third wife, Farah Diba.

A lion and sun were used to symbolize holders of this title under the Qajar dynasty.

This man came to power during Operation Ajax, where CIA operatives deposed Mohammad Mossadegh to prevent the nationalization of the oil industry.

This man lost popularity after a fire at the Cinema Rex theatre was blamed on his SAVAK police.

Ebrahim Raisi earned the epithet of “butcher” for executing members of the Tudeh Party, the Fadaian, and the Marxist-Islamist group MEK after the overthrow of this leader. :Name this leader who was overthrown in the 1979 Iranian Revolution, leading to Ayatollah Khomeini taking power.

A holder of this title moved his capital to Qazvin and shunned poets like Fuzuli later in life as his faith deepened; that holder of this title was the devout Tahmasp I. The Hotak rebellion that deposed a holder of this title led to the rise of its first ruling Turkoman dynasty from the Afshar clan.

This man’s pro-Western ideology led Ayatollah Khomeini to depose him in 1979. name the last Shah of Iran.

The SAVAK police served under this office after Kermit Roosevelt and the CIA launched Operation Ajax to oust Mohammad Mosaddegh.

This ruler was forced to flee with his wife in his country’s 1979 revolution. :Name this title of the Iranian ruler who instituted a series of reforms known as the White Revolution in his country, Mohammed Reza Pahlavi.

The Qizilbash helped bring a holder of this title to power and install Twelver Shia Islam as the official religion. name this royal title held by the Safavid dynasty, which was later abolished after the Pahlavis were deposed by Ayatollah Khomeini.

This man reversed Mohammad Mosaddeq's nationalization of British petroleum interests and initiated the westernizing White Revolution. name this leader who was overthrown in the Islamic Revolution and replaced with the Ayatollah Khoemeni as the leader of Iran.

Leader overthrown in that revolution, the last Shah of Iran.

Mohammad Reza Pahlavi held this title before being overthrown by Ayatollah Khomeini during the Islamic Revolution. Its literal translation means “king”.

The West German student movement was galvanised by the shooting of Benno Ohnesorg while protesting the visit of this world leader. This husband of Farah Diba was protected by SAVAK.

Gaddafi outlined his political philosophy in this Mao Zedong-inspired book, which was supposed to be required reading for all Libyans.

The second volume of this work argued that “To an individual, the family is more important than the state” arguing that workers should be “partners, not wage earners” advocating an equal distribution of national resource wealth because “the house belongs to [those] who live in it.” This book spread popular slogans like “committees everywhere to ensure that “demoracy is the supervision of the people by the people.” This book’s first volume was promulgated after the failed coup of Revolutionary Command Council member Umar el-Muhayshi in 1975 and reiterated ideas from the Zuwara speech.

This work's last section prognosticates that “Grandstands will disappear because no one will be there to occupy them” and denounces the sports of boxing and wrestling as savage behaviors.

The author of this book recast some of its ideas into a short parable about an astronaut that commits suicide, which can be found in his collection Escape To Hell.

A section of this text about the “means of transportation” declares that “no person” has the “authority to own a means of transportation for the purpose of renting it,” since it means controlling the needs of others.

This book advocated the creation of a state based on consultation rather than representation, a Jamahriyya.

This book argues for the abolition of money, and the first of its three volumes, The Solution of the Problem of Democracy, appeared in 1975 and outlines its formulator's “Third International Theory.” The Great Socialist People's Jamahiriya state was partly based on this book, written by its author after deposing King Idris I. name this work of political thought by Muammar Qaddafi.

This work argues ironically that “imposing specific teaching materials is a dictatorial act” and was displaced on school curricula following a 2011 revolution. name this political primer of Muamar Gaddafi.

Sundown towns were among the hazards described in this guide written by a New York City mailman that advised Black drivers in annual editions from 1936 to 1966.

That pilgrimage takes place forty days after a holiday on which this denomination mourns the death of Husayn, the day of Ashura.

Members of this denomination practice the Arba’een pilgrimage, which is the largest religious gathering on earth, in the city of Karbala.

An epic written by someone of this faith known as The Ocean of Sorrow chronicles a religious leader's martyrdom at the Battle of Karbala.

The Safavid conversion to the Twelver sect of this branch of Islam is the major reason for its prevalence in Iran today. This smaller of the two major branches of Islam holds that Muhammad's rightful successor was Ali.

Trudeau was ruled to have violated the Conflict of Interest Act over a vacation with Aga Khan IV, the current leader of the Nizari Ismaili branch of this religion.

While at the court of Tahmasp I, Humayun was asked to convert to this branch of Islam, practiced by the Safavids. To keep himself alive, Humayun converted from Sunni to this branch of Islam.

Shariati’s most influential essay is titled for ‘black’ and ‘red’ factions of what branch of Islam, that a majority practice in Iran?

This denomination, which includes Sevener and Twelver schools, believes that Muhammad appointed his son-in-law Ali as successor. name this denomination dominant in Azerbaijan and Iran, the second-biggest denomination of Islam behind Sunni Islam.

The Deccan sultanates followed this branch of Islam. The Fatimid Caliphate and the Safavid dynasty also followed this branch of Islam.

ISIS forces committed the Camp Spiecher [[SPEE-kehr]] Massacre in 2014, killing nearly 2,000 recruits of this faith in Iraq.

Branch of Islam most common in Iran and Iraq, where its practitioners have fought with Sunnis.

One of the last rulers of the Ilkhanate, Öljeitü, furthered civil unrest through his repeated conversions from Christianity to Buddhism and eventually to this sect of Islam predominant in Iran today.

This denomination includes the Sevener and Twelver sub-sects. name this denomination of Islam, the majority in Iran and the second largest after Sunni.

Branch of Islam that the Safavids adhered to, which included the Twelver Sect.

Saladin’s invasion and incorporation of Egypt led to the collapse of this sect’s dynasty, the Fatimids. name this sect of Islam, often posed in opposition to Sunni Islam.

This event, which led Raphael Lemkin to coin a new term, started after the passage of the Tehcir Law.

Operation Nemesis sought to assassinate Djemal and Talaat for this event after the two pashas marched their victims to Deir ez-Zor.

The Special Organization carried out this event, which was authorized by passage of the Tehcir Law.

The Siege of Van protected some people from this event, which was ordered by the Committee of Union and Progress.

As a young man, the historian Arnold Toynbee was tasked by the British government with collecting evidence about this event.

This event was first mentioned in the House of Lords by Viscount Bryce, who worked with Arnold Toynbee to produce a “Blue Book” on this event.

Discussion of it is suppressed today by Article 301, which has led to the persecution of Hrant Dink and Orhan Pamuk.

Ambassador Henry Morgenthau Sr. attempted to warn the United States about this event, during which many victims were drowned at Trabzon.

Despite the eforts of ambassador Henry Morgenthau Sr., the United States declined to intervene in this event.

Many victims were killed near Lake Van during this event, which was organized by Enver Pasha.

Red Sunday marked the beginning of this event, which was condemned by a commission led by Henry Morgenthau.

This event was primarily organized by Enver Pasha and saw the forced march of hundreds of thousands through the Syrian desert. name this genocide in which the Turkish government deliberately killed up to 1,500,000 of a certain ethnic group.

A certain country’s Article 301 forbids any mention of this event.

The Ottomans perpetrated this genocide against a Christian Caucasian ethnic group.

Tragedies during this event include drownings at Trabzon and a forced march through Syria. name this event where the Ottoman Empire systematically killed a Christian minority from the Caucasus during World War I.

The Janissaries saw their end in this 1826 event after their rebellion against Sultan Mahmud’s reforms.

“Incident” that led to the dissolution of the Janissary corps in the 19th century.

Around one hundred people fled this event, only to drown to death in a cistern inaccurately named for its 1001 columns. :Identify this 1826 event that culminated with hundreds of beheadings at the so-called “Blood Tower” of Thessaloniki. Its victims were targeted by the well-trained sipahi cavalry.

In this 1826 event, Sultan Mahmud II had most of the elite Janissaries killed after they revolted at the institution of westernized troops.

The janissaries revolted for a final time in 1826, after which they were finally disbanded in this event that saw most janissary troops executed, exiled, or imprisoned.

1526 battle in which Suleiman's forces devastated the armies of Hungary, Bohemia, and Bavaria.

Answer the following about the political impact of a certain battle FTPE:First name the 1526 rout of Louis II by the Turks under Suleyman the Magnificent.

The result of this battle was overturned in a 1687 battle at the same site won by Charles V of Lorraine.

1526 battle which that ruler won to complete the Ottoman conquest of Hungary

Suleiman won this 1526 battle over Louis II, splitting Hungary between Ottoman and Habsburg rule.

Suleiman led the Ottomans against Louis II of Hungary in this battle, after which the Habsburgs claimed Bohemia and the Ottomans captured Buda.

Preceding this battle, two forts were taken by the Ottomans. :Name this 1526 victory for Suleiman I that resulted in the end of the Jagiellonian dynasty in Hungary.

Louis II of Hungary died while trying to retreat across a river after this battle, where he had been defeated by Suleiman the Magnificent.

This battle marked Suleiman’s conquest of Hungary, whose king Louis II died at this Ottoman victory.

This man appointed Gennadius Scholarius as head for Orthodox Christians in his empire. 800 people were supposedly martyred in Otranto after an invasion by this ruler’s forces, who also captured Albania after Skanderbeg died.

This Sultan of the Ottoman Empire became known as “the Conqueror” after sacking Constantinople.

This sultan and rumored lover of Radu the Handsome presided over the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453. His armies thereby ended the Byzantine empire.

This ruler once cut open a gardener to find a precious missing cucumber he had grown.

Son of Murad II, an Ottoman sultan who conquered the city in 1453.

Constantinople fell to this Ottoman sultan, a son of Murad II. He was succeeded in 1481by his son Bayezid II.

Succeeded by his son Bayezid II, name this sultan who sacked Constantinople in 1453.

In 1453, this man ended the Byzantine Empire by conquering Constantinople. name this Ottoman Sultan.

This Ottoman sultan, who claimed descent from the Komnenos dynasty, conquered Constantinople in 1453 with a little help from the Hungarian cannon-maker Orban.

This organization has been led since 2014 by Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. :Name this terrorist organization which was expelled from its capital of Raqqa by the Syrian Democratic Forces in October 2017.

al-Baghdadi is the leader of this radical group which claims to have established a caliphate in the Middle East.

Donald Trump recently claimed that this organization had opened a hotel and that he was “in competition with them.” This group was driven out of Tikrit after massacring unarmed Air Force cadets at Camp Speicher.

On October 27, 2019, the leader of this group committed suicide after being cornered in the Idlib province of Syria; he was replaced by Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi, whose precise identity is still unconfirmed.