The Vela Incident occurred southeast of this country and may have been caused by one of its scientific programs.

This nation benefitted from the U.S. policy of "constructive engagement" as it was led by a politician called the "Big Crocodile".

Mahatma Gandhi began his career as an activist in this country, fighting for the civil rights of Indian immigrants.

The Cape of Good Hope lies at the tip of this African nation whose capitals include Bloemfontein, Pretoria, and Cape Town.

The Second Boer war was largely fought in this modern-day country, where the Afrikaans-speaking Boers mainly settled from the Netherlands.

Lesotho is completely surrounded by this country, which was governed by an "apartheid" regime before it elected Nelson Mandela president in 1994.

The Boer Wars took place in what would become this country, which imprisoned Nelson Mandela for 20 years at Robben Island, and later elected him president.

The British drove Dutch settlers out of this country over the course of two Boer Wars.

Riots against the pass laws led to this Sharpeville Massacre in this nation, where Desmond Tutu led the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.

The song “Sun City” protested this country, where Paul Simon broke a cultural boycott to record Graceland in its townships.

Many Indian laborers came on 25-­‐year fixed contracts to this country’s city of Durban.

This country suppressed a 1906 anti-British rebellion by the Zulu people. name this country that fully gained its independence from Britain in 1931 and splits its government between three capitals, including Cape Town.

An Afrikaans-speaking white minority created the policy of apartheid that Nelson Mandela opposed in this country on the tip of Africa.

Nelson Mandela fought racial oppression in this country that practiced Apartheid.

A writer from this nation told of the struggles of pastor Stephan Kumalo and of black-white relations in Cry, the Beloved Country. name this home nation of anti-Apartheid activist Alan Paton.

In this country, churches were built into the rock near Lalibela in the 1100s.

The easternmost portion of this country was invaded in the 1977 Ogaden War.

According to legend, many churches in this modern-day country were burned down during a revolt by a Jewish princess named Judith.

One ruler of this modern day country married Taytu Betul after succeeding Yohannes IV.

When one of its rulers took hostages, Robert Napier led an expedition that won the battle of Magdala, during which that ruler killed himself.

One ruler of this modern-day country imported electric chairs; upon learning that this country had no electricity, he used one as his throne.

A ruler of this country fulfilled a prophecy saying he would be king by eating the head of a rooster; that man, Yekuno Amlak, restored a ruling family whose last ruler was Dil Na’od.

This country is home to churches cut into the rock near the town of Lalibela.

Hamid Idris Awate led a struggle for independence against this country, where Mengistu Haile Mariam led the communist Derg military junta.

This country, which was once controlled by the communist Derg regime, fought a 17-year civil war that ended in 1991 with it losing its access to the Red Sea.

This country was ruled from Gondar in the Solomonic Dynasty, whose members included Tewodros II.

Country led by Emperor Haile Selassie, who defended it against Italy.

The Solomonic Dynasty lasted into the 20th century as rulers of this African country with capital Addis Ababa.

Haile [”highly”] Selassie once led this east African country with capital Addis Ababa.

This empire defeated Italian invaders in the Battle of Adowa under its Emperor Menelik II. name this Christian African empire which governed a country whose capital is Addis Ababa.

Island just north of Cape Town where Nelson Mandela was imprisoned for 18 years.

Nelson Mandela’s “I am Prepared to Die” speech was given at the Rivonia Trial, after which he was sentenced to life imprisonment at this penal facility.

Mandela spent much of his incarceration on this island, at a facility that also imprisoned Jacob Zuma and Govan Mbeki.

During apartheid, this island held prisoners such as the poet Dennis Brutus and Nelson Mandela.

Many political dissidents in South Africa were sent to this island prison. Nelson Mandela spent almost 20 years here, and many of those charged in the Rivonia Trial were also sent here.

The ANC gained power in 1994 with the election of Nelson Mandela, following his release after 27 years of imprisonment, with most of that time spent on this island.

Mandela, along with many other political prisoners, served time on this island. Other prisoners who served here include Kgalema Motlanthe and current president Jacob Zuma.

A mine in this country, the Shinkolobwe, provided much of the uranium for the Manhattan Project.

This country was the site of Operation Dragon Rouge, where foreign special forces had to be deployed to rescue hostages during the Simba Uprising.

The European Union deployed peacekeeping troops to the eastern portion of this country in the Ituri War.

Mines in this modern country supplied most of the uranium for the Manhattan Project; that mining industry was centered on this country’s city of Elisabethville, now known as Lubumbashi, the capital of its Katanga Province.

Mark Twain wrote a satirical “soliloquy” skewering the ruler of a colony in this modern-day nation.

Evening newscasts of a leader of this country opened with him descending through clouds like a god.

One conflict in this nation led to the death of Dag Hammarskjold.

Peace negotiations in this country were thwarted when Dag Hammarskjold, the UN Secretary-General, died in a plane crash.

After the outbreak of the Katanga Civil War in this country, its prime minister Patrice Lumumba was captured and executed by Belgian officers.

Katanga is a region in the south of this country, which saw the brutal rule of Mobutu Sese Seko until 1997. Mobutu was succeded by Laurent Kabila in this African nation.

Baudouin oversaw the independence of this country and former Belgian colony, which was renamed Zaire temporarily while ruled by Mobutu Sese Soko.

An Adam Hochschild book titled for a king’s ghost documents crimes in this country’s colonial predecessor, which was also the subject of the Casement Report.

The CIA assisted in the overthrow of Patrice Lumumba in this country, where Mobutu Sese Seko served as a dictator.

Joseph Kasa-Vubu and Patrice Lumumba led this country that was known as Zaire under Mobutu Sese Seko.

The Force Publique severed the hands of people in this modern-day country during Belgian colonization. name this African country governed from Kinshasa.

The government that started this war was re-elected when Lord Salisbury triumphed in the Khaki Election.

During this war, Australian folk-hero “Breaker” Morant was executed for murdering civilians and POWs on two occasions.

Following this conflict’s Battle of Colenso and the Black Week, General Butler was replaced as commander of one side by Lord Roberts.

An 1886 gold rush may have precipitated this conflict, as large numbers of British citizens, known as Uitlanders, rushed to the area in search of fortune.

Liverpool’s Anfield is one of many English stadiums to have a grandstand named Spion Kop, in reference to a 1900 battle in this war.

“Remember Majuba” became a rallying cry in this war, whose popularity in Europe allowed Lord Salisbury to win the first khaki election.

In this war, Lord Dundonald lifted the siege of Ladysmith.

Emily Hobhouse exposed, and the Fawcett Commission confirmed, the use of concentration camps under Lord Kitchener in this war.

Robert Baden-Powell would go on to found the Boy Scouts, after relieving the Siege of Mafeking during this conflict.

Redvers Bullers was disgraced during the Black Week in this war, in which his three attempts to relieve Colenso, Kimberley, and Mafeking all failed.

The all-women Fawcett Commission investigated the British use of concentration camps in this war, which was incited by Leander Starr Jameson’s raid. name this turn of the 20th-century war between Britain and Dutch Afrikaners.

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle volunteered as a doctor in this war, in which Robert Baden Powell outlasted a 217-day siege at Mafeking.

The Treaty of Vereeniging ended this war, which was partially caused by the Jameson raid. name this war between the British and Dutch settlers in South Africa.

This war was ended by the Treaty of Vereeniging, which provided for colonial control of the Transvaal and the Orange Free State. name this war at the turn of the 20th century between Great Britain and Dutch-speaking settlers of South Africa.

The British established control over the Orange Free State and the Transvaal in this South African war named for the defeated Dutch settlers.

This archaeologist and Egyptologist discovered the tomb of King Tut, and spent several years cataloguing its contents.

Tutankhamun's tomb was discovered in the Valley of the Kings by this archaeologist.

One notable archaeologist was this man who famously excavated the pristine tomb of King Tut. He also served as Chief Inspector for the Egyptian Antiquities Service.

King Tut's tomb was discovered by this man who lost many comrades, including expedition leader Lord Carnarvon, after an alleged “mummy’s curse”.

This famous Egyptologist explored the Valley of the Kings, and is credited with discovering the tomb of Tutankhamun, whose wishing cup provides the inscription on his headstone.

This person’s career was tanked by a decision to side with local authorities over a noisy group of French tourists in the Saqqara affair.

Flinders Petrie taught this other archaeologist, who was hired by Lord Carnavon to excavate the Valley of the Kings.

Starting at age 17, this person worked for Gaston Maspero, who provided a recommendation for a later employer.

An exhibition of the “treasures” found under the direction of this person was directed by Lady Evelyn Herbert.

This British archaeologist discovered KV62 on an expedition funded by Lord Carnavon.

Waves of speculation by the press accompanied the death of Richard Bethell, the secretary of this person’s patron Lord Carnarvon, who had died from a mosquito bite infection two years earlier.

This Englishman, an understudy of Flinders Petrie, led excavation at el Amarna, where he discovered the tomb of King Tutankhamun in 1922.

This English archaeologist excavated KV62 in the Valley of the Kings, discovering the previously unexcavated tomb of King Tutankhamen.

This British archaeologist led the 1922 excavation of King Tut’s tomb in the Valley of the Kings, with funding from Lord Carnavon.

This man outlined his criticisms of the Catholic Church in the 95 Theses, which he nailed to a Wittenberg church door. name this German priest who began the Reformation.

Churchill replaced what fellow Conservative this person who promised “peace for our time” after signing the Munich Agreement, as Prime Minister.

The National Health Service was created during the tenure of this Labour Prime Minister who lost a 1951 election to a man he had stunned in 1945, Winston Churchill.

This empire was targeted by the Unilateral Declaration of Independence, which removed a colony from this empire to protest its plans for racial integration.

Peter Clarke's book about the “last thousand days of” this wondered if it had ended in a “scuttle.” Argentina was informally incorporated into this polity until the rise of Juan Manuel de Rosas, according to the “free trade” interpretation of it proposed by Cambridge historians John Gallagher and Ronald Robinson.

David Armitage rooted this historical state’s “ideological origins” in “composite monarchy.” Linda Colley’s book on “forging the nation” argues that this state tied together peoples like the targets of the “Blue Books” and the “tobacco lords.” This state “made the modern world” according to a controversial book by Niall Ferguson.

Harold Macmillan’s “wind of change” speech foresaw the end of this empire, and during the 19th century, it was often said that the Sun never set on this empire. :Name this empire that sued for peace in the 1783 Treaty of Paris and lost colonies like Hong Kong and India during the 20th century.

The posited hegemony of “gentlemanly capitalism” within this political entity declined after World War I. For covering up a scheme that aided the expansion of this political entity, a politician earned the nickname “screenmaster-general.” The expansion of this political entity was linked by Alfred Thayer Mahan to having command of the seas.

Seymour Drescher's Econocide challenged the "decline thesis" that this empire's plantations became unprofitable, as proposed by Eric Williams's revisionist history Capitalism and Slavery.

Although it’s not the Spanish Empire, this empire was so vast it was often referred to as the “empire on which the sun never sets”. :Name this empire, whose East India Company mainly traded with China and India.

In an attempt to expand this empire’s colonial territories, and in retribution for a number of raids on its South African colonies, this empire’s Sir Bartle Frere sent an ultimatum to the Zulu, culminating in an 1879 war.

Madhusree Mukerjee blamed a 1943 famine on a politician from this empire who won the 1953 Literature Nobel for books like A History of the English-Speaking Peoples.

Nigeria’s borders are a colonial creation, drawn by this empire which ruled Nigeria from Lagos. Its other African colonies included modern-day Ghana and Kenya.

A Muslim leader in this empire named Ahmadu Bello distrusted mercantile southern Christian ethnicities so much that he called them Jews.

Its 1902 alliance with Japan ended years of so-called “splendid isolation”, and its communication system was known as the “All Red Line”.

This empire's leader gave the Winds of Change speech as it began to give up control of Ghana, Nigeria, and Rhodesia. name this empire which, along with France, was the largest colonizer of Africa.

J.R. Seeley famously wrote that it had been acquired “in a fit of absence of mind.” Historians often divide this entity into a “first” one based on Atlantic commerce and the slave trade, and a “second” one that resulted in direct rule over India and much of Africa, a process sometimes called “painting the map red.” FTP, name this colonial structure on which “the sun never set.”

This empire let the Sokoto sultan and local emirs govern cities like Kano, but also appointed District Commissioners to govern native peoples such as the Yoruba and Igbo. name this empire which controlled Nigeria before independence.

French troops attempted to introduce a safe zone for this event during Operation Turquoise.

Romeo Dallaire led a response to this event and received French assistance in Operation Turquoise.

Jacques-Roger Booh Booh was criticized for limiting the actions of one force during this event, which was documented in the book Shake Hands With the Devil.

Accusations of the French military being complicit in this event stemmed from reports of soldiers neglecting their duties during Operation Turquoise.

The Batwa people are often called the “forgotten victims” of this event, which was spurred by propaganda from the RTLM radio station.

Many perpetrators of this event were tried in Gacaca courts due to a backlog in the traditional justice system.

A year before this event, the Arusha Accords were signed in a neighboring country, although they were voided following the assassination of Juvenal Habyarimana [[HOO-veh-nall hob-yah-ree-MAH-nah]].

The order to “cut down the tall trees” was given during this event, which was perpetrated by the Interahamwe.

This event was immediately prompted by a plane crash that killed president Juvenal Habyarimana.

This event was spurred in part due to the assassination of president Juvenal Habyarimana, during which his plane was shot down by missiles.

A Patriotic Front led by Paul Kagame took Kigali to end this 1994 event in which the Hutus slaughtered the Tutsis.

This event is the subject of the memoir Shake Hands with the Devil by Canadian general Roméo Dallaire, who lamented his inability to stop it.

This event ended when Paul Kagame [kah-gah-may] took control of Kigali.

A 2004 film about this event depicts a man sheltering refugees in a namesake hotel. name this 1994 event in which Hutus killed Tutsis en masse in an African nation.

The French Military carried out Operation Turquoise in response to this event, which started after President Juvenal Habyarimana was killed in a plane crash.

The militant group Umkhonto we Sizwe, or Spear of the Nation, was created in response to this 1960 massacre of protesters at a police station.

1960 incident in which police killed 69 anti-passbook protestors?

Panicked police officers fired their weapons during this event, probably because of an earlier incident in which nine constables died at Cato Manor.

Umkhonto we Sizwe, the military wing of the ANC, was founded in the wake of this event, which occurred after Hendrik Verwoerd expanded apartheid policies.

UN Resolution 134 was passed after this event, which constituted “gross human rights violations” according to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.

As a result of this event, several leaders met in the Rivonia farm, which was eventually raided and saw some of its members put on trial on Robben Island. :Name this March 21, 1860 shooting which saw the death of 69 people with 180 others injured in the Gauteng province.

This massacre led to the outlawing of the African National Congress, :Name this 1960 massacre of blacks at the namesake township, which saw Police Commander G. D. Pienaar order police to indiscriminately fire into a crowd of 20,000.

Robert Subukwe organized the meeting that became this event, which D.H. Pienaar labeled a case of "learning their lesson the hard way." The site of this event was where the new constitution was formally ratified in 1996.

Apartheid regulation intensified after this 1960 massacre, in which white police officers shot and killed over 60 black people during a protest against the pass laws.

1960 massacre in South Africa against restrictive "pass laws" which led to the creation of Spear of the Nation.

Nelson Mandela founded the group Umkhonto we Sizwe after this March 1960 massacre where 249 people protesting pass laws were shot at a police station.

This 1960 event, in which police opened fire on peaceful Pan Africanist Congress protesters in its namesake town, was a turning point in the history of apartheid because South Africa found itself increasing isolated from the international community in its aftermath. Since 1994, its anniversary was commemorated as Human Rights Day.

Almost 70 anti-apartheid protestors were killed after police fired on demonstrators opposing the pass laws in the namesake Johannesburg suburb during this 1960 event.

The ANC developed an armed wing called the “Spear of the Nation” following this March 1960 massacre by South African police.

250 people were killed in this 1960 incident during a Pan-Africanist Congress protest of apartheid. Nelson Mandela chose the site of this event to sign the 1996 South African constitution.

Though officially called the Revolutionary Nuns, a "Guard" nicknamed for this legendary culture served under Muammar Gaddafi of Libya.

Strabo [[STRAY-boh]] claimed that these people lived along the Thermodon [[THER-moh-don]] River though they had retreated beyond the realm of the Gargareans [[gar-GAR-ee-ans]] with whom these people reproduced children.

name these following about a race described in Greek myth.Supposed to live in Scythia or northern Asia Minor, this race of female warriors cut off their right breasts in order to better utilize a bow and arrow.

War between King Tofa and the French began after a military unit with this name executed a village chieftain while wrapping his head in the tricolour.

Dahomey was famed for its regiment of all-female warriors, who were given this name in reference to a race of warrior women from Greek mythology.

Legendarily led by Penthesilea [[pen-theh-sih-LAY-uh]] during the Attic War this was this culture of warrior women who may have lived in Scythia [[SIH-thee-ah]].

Once a year, these people visited the Gargareans, a tribe of all males. —give the term for these warrior women whose name Francisco de Orellana applied to a South American river.

Comparisons between Piraha woman warriors and a Greek mythological force gave a body of water this present-day name. give this name of the largest rainforest in the world.

Athens was attacked by them in the Attic War, an attempt to rescue their queen Hippolyta.

He commissioned Henry Stanley to lay claims to colonial territory in Africa; that territory later became the Congo Free State. name this Belgian monarch.

Belgium was led at its zenith by the second king of what name? Popular historian Adam Hochschild titled a book about [This man’s] Ghost which details the atrocities committed by the Force Publique.

A Mark Twain pamphlet titled for this man’s soliloquy publicized the practice of severing human hands that was carried out by this leader’s military force, the Force Publique.

This monarch married his mistress Caroline Lacroix five days before his death, and survived an assassination attempt by Genaro Rubio.

This man formed the Force Publique to enforce his rule in a certain area, but was criticized in the Casement Report, which detailed atrocities inflicted upon rubber harvesters. name this Belgian monarch best known for his exploitation of the Congo Free State.

The Casement Report revealed the atrocities in colonies under the ruler of this man.

During this man’s reign, he sent Henry Morton Stanley to explore Africa’s present-day Democratic Republic of the Congo.

This ruler used the Force Publique to enforce strict rubber quotas in his “Free State” in Central Africa. The Congo was the personal colony of this King of Belgium.

The Casement Report detailed the horrors inflicted on workers who failed to meet rubber quotas for this ruler, who sent Henry Morton Stanley to Africa. name this King of Belgium from 1865 to 1909 and ruler of the Congo Free State.

Ben Bella was one of the original members of this revolutionary party, which was formed in 1954 to win Algerian independence.

Ahmed Ben Bella, the first president of Algeria, was a member of this independence party, a radical socialist offshoot of the MTLD and rival of the MNA that became the sole party after Ben Bella gained power.

Early English-language historiographical treatments such as Herb Greer’s A Scattering of Dust have been seen as interpreting this party’s development in a comparative lens with other global nationalist movements. :Name this party which had sole rule over its country until the legalisation of others in 1989. Insurgents from this party carried out the Philippeville massacre against pieds-noirs (p’yed nwahr”).

In response to the establishment of this party on All Saints’ Day, one Minister of the Interior remarked that “the only negotiation [was] war.” The military unit of this party was led by a man, who would later nationalize his country’s oil industry, Houari Boumediene.

Ben Bella was a leader of this revolutionary group that signed the Evian Accords with France in 1962, successfully concluding their war of independence.

Despite seizing on the propaganda value of women fighters in its publication El Moudjahid, no woman ever served in the governing bodies of this political party that led the Algerian War of Independence.

De Gaulle’s negotiations involved Ahmed Ben Bella, the leader of this Algerian party that led the independence movement. It was the country’s only legal party until 1989.

The crowning achievement of this party was the signing of a cease-fire known as the Evian Accords, which effectively granted its country independence from France.

This socialist party in Algeria sought independence from France, and they were the perpetrators of the Oran massacre of 1962.

During a military campaign in the Wankie Game Reserve, this group joined forces with ZIPRA.

This group targeted Amanzitomi and Church Street in a series of bombings, actions that were found to be excessive by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.

Militant anti-apartheid group, the armed wing of Mandela’s political party, that formed in 1961.

This group’s Robert McBride was sentenced to death after detonating an explosive at the Magoo Bar.

This group was officially formed in protest of the Day of the Vow, a holiday that commemorated an 1838 victory by Andries Pretorius.

Nelson Mandela was a member of this armed paramilitary branch of the ANC. Due to its acts of sabotage and bombing, it was classified as a terrorist group by both South Africa and the United States.

Mandela and Sisulu were jailed after the Rivonia trials for leading this guerilla group which supplanted the banned ANC in 1960.

Much of the leadership of this group was imprisoned after the Rivonia Trial, and its members were given amnesty by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.

Many of the defendants in the Rivonia Trial were members of this group, the armed wing of the African National Congress, that formed in the wake of the Sharpeville Massacre.

Leopold hired this explorer to establish his Congo colony. As a journalist, this man had found Livingstone in Africa.

After serving as a Confederate soldier at the Battle of Shiloh, this man joined the Union Army at the behest of James Mulligan.

This man's capture at the Battle of Shiloh led to his "conversion" by Camp Douglas commander James A. Mulligan into a "Galvanized Yankee." Prototypes of the Maxim Gun proved vital in this leader's attempt to relieve the besieged forces of Emin Pasha from the Mahdists in an 1886 relief expedition.

When this man heard that an officer in his “Rear Guard” handed over a girl to be eaten by cannibals, he attempted to place the blame on trader Tippu Tip; that incident occurred while he led an expedition to relieve Emin Pasha.

The phrase "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" was uttered by this Welsh-American explorer.

In 1869, this man was sent to relieve a Scottish missionary who was searching for the source of the Nile. name this explorer who legendarily asked “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?”

He is better-known for finding Dr. Livingstone.

This British explorer was hired by Leopold to help map the Congo Free State. Supposedly, when meeting another explorer, this man said “Dr. Livingstone, I presume.”

In a more famous adventure, this man was hired by the New York Herald to locate a disappeared missionary at Lake Tanganyika. name this explorer who asked, “Dr. Livingston, I presume?”

During this conflict, one side committed the Chuka and Hola massacres and was led by commander- in-chief George Erskine.

Members of this Kikuyu- dominated political movement were targeted in the Hola massacre after being clubbed to death by British guards.

In the early stages of this effort, the assassination of Waruhiu allowed Evelyn Baring to declare a State of Emergency, which included mass arrests in Operation Jock Scott.

An Askari soldier shot leader Dedan Kimathi in the leg and captured him, leading to his execution and the effective end of this revolt.

Dedan Kimathi led Kikuyu rebels during this 20th century uprising against British rule in Kenya.

Evelyn Baring declared a state of emergency in response to this revolt and helped oversee Operation Anvil, which forcibly relocated people from Nairobi.

The Swynnerton Plan attempted to implement land reform during this conflict.

This effort essentially ended after Dedan Kimathi was captured and killed. name this 1950s-era, Kikuyu-led revolt against the British in Kenya.

Kenyatta had earlier launched this failed rebellion to free Kenya from the British. After this event, the Kapenguria Six were put on trials for leading it.

Under King Cetshwayo, these people fought the battles of Rorkes’ Drift and Isandlwana.

One ruler of this empire ordered the slaughter of cows so that their calves would empathize with him after the death of his mother, Nandi.

In the 1990s, these people formed the Inkatha Freedom Party.

Shaka brought the kingdom of this South African people to prominence. It won the Battle of Isandlwana against the British in 1879, but was eventually defeated.

This ethnic group was defeated at the Battle of Blood River, and this ethnic group’s king, Cetshwayo, was defeated at the Battle of Rorke’s Drift.

The British fought what southern African empire in an 1879 war that included the Battle of Rorke’s Drift?

Conquests by these people led to the Mfecane [[MM-feh-KAH-nee]], or “the Crushing,” a period of mass migration of Nguni [[nn- GOO-nee]] people.

These people, who used the buffalo horns formation, wielded spears called assegai. name this South African ethnic group whose kingdom was led by Shaka.

The British conquered this South African empire that was united by Shaka.

Laurent-Désiré ["lohr-ahn day-zee-ray"] Kabila led a force primarily composed of this ethnic group against Mobutu Sese Seko during the First Congo War.

The M23 militia is largely composed of members of this ethnic group in the DRC and is supposedly supported by Paul Kagame .

Rulers of this ethnicity utilized the ubuhake system of cattle patronage.

Ethnicity targeted during the genocide.

The Interahamwe militia targeted this group. name these people who were the target of the 1994 Rwandan Genocide by members of the Hutu majority.

The Congo Wars were catalyzed in part by this ethnic group, which fled to the DRC from a neighboring country to escape Hutu persecution.

RTLM, a radio station which encouraged violence against members of this ethnicity, was controversially allowed to operate in the Zone Turquoise.

Paul Kagame, the current President of Rwanda, is a member of this ethnic group, who were murdered en masse during the Rwandan Genocide.

A radio broadcast to “cut down the tall trees” began an event in which this ethnic group was targeted by the Interhamwe.

At what 1896 battle did forces under Menelik II defeat the Italian army, allowing Ethiopia to ratify French Somaliland?

This battle led to the signing of a treaty that nullified the earlier Treaty of Wuchale.

During the first invasion of Ethiopia, Italy was decisively defeated at this battle, in which Menelik II was victorious over Oreste Baratieri.

The victors in it were assisted by a shipment of Russian arms organized by Nikolay Leontiev.

Soldiers captured in this battle allegedly had their right hands and left feet cut off, and at the start of this battle, troops were inadvertently led into enemy lines by a poor map.

Ending in the defeat of Oreste Baratieri and resulting in the Treaty of Addis Ababa, identify this clash in Eritrea, a victory over the Italians for Ethiopian emperor Menilek II.

This battle was the final engagement in a conflict stemming from the repudiation of the Treaty of Wuchale [wu-CHAH-lay].

An 1896 victory for Menelik the Second this ended the First Italo-Ethiopian War, what is this battle in the Tigray region of Ethiopia.

Oreste Baratieri led an unsuccessful assault in this battle, days before his troops would have run out of supplies while defending the Tigray province.

With Oliver Tambo, this man created the only black law firm in his country before being forced to move due to the Group Areas Act.

First black president of that country, being elected after years in prison fighting apartheid.

This leader was critical of the “unspeakable atrocities” of the U.S. and called for the Lockerbie bomber’s sentence to be served in Libya.

This man called off the CODESA negotiations after the Boipatong massacre, carried out by members of the Inkatha Freedom Party.

In one famous speech, this co-founder of the “Spear of the Nation” declared that he was “prepared to die” during the Rivonia trial.

This African National Congress leader and former prisoner at Robben Island became South Africa’s first black President in 1994.

This author of Long Walk to Freedom gave the “I Am Prepared to Die” speech during the Rivonia trial, where he was sentenced to life in prison, most of which was spent on Robben Island.

After the Rivonia Trial, this opponent of apartheid was imprisoned for years on Robben Island. name the first black President of South Africa.

This leader of the African National Congress was sent to Robben Island after being convicted of treason. name this anti-Apartheid activist, the first black President of South Africa.

He was targeted by a failed coup led by the Neway brothers, and sent the Kagnew Battalion to fight in the Korean War.

In a speech before the League of Nations, he warned that “It is us today.

This man was a close friend of British scholar Edward Ullendorff who wrote several biographies of him.

After this leader’s death, the Derg military junta took power.

This first chairman of the Organization of African Unity was deposed in a coup by the Derg and was succeeded by his son Amha.

Eritrea was annexed under the leadership of this man, whose 1966 arrival in Jamaica is celebrated on Grounation Day. name this long-reigning Emperor of Ethiopia and messiah of the Rastafari movement.

This man’s realm was invaded after being blamed for a crisis at Welwel.

One constitution issued by this man, whose dominion was targeted by the Hoare []–Laval Pact, replaced the Fetha Negest. name this last reigning emperor from the Solomonic Dynasty of Ethiopia, who is highly revered in the Rastafarian faith.

What emperor of Ethiopia from 1930-1974 is revered by Rastafarians as the reincarnation of God?

This man established a torture center at the Nile Mansions and created paramilitary police forces called the Public Safety Unit and State Research Bureau.

Brutal Ugandan dictator and successor of Milton Obote who was overthrown in 1979.

This leader supported the killings of the Acholi and Lango ethnic groups at the Jinja barracks.

This man became the subject of the expose “The State of Blood” after his health minister, Henry Kyemba, fled to the UK.

In 1972, this man ordered the expulsion of all Asians from his country.

Earlier, this successor of Milton Obote and suspected cannibal expelled all Asians from his country. name this dictator of Uganda from 1971 to 1979.

This man was finally overthrown after a failed attempt to annex the Kagera province from Tanzania.

This Uganadan dictator declared himself Lord of all the Beasts of the Earth and Fishes of the Sea, as well as King of Scotland.

This man had seized power from Milton Obote in 1971. name this dictator of Uganda.

This dictator refused to hand over the perpetrators of the Lockerbie bombing, and outlined his “Third International Theory” in The Green Book.

He seized power in a military coup in 1969, overthrowing King Idris. :Name this Leader and Guide of the Revolution, who is currently battling a large scale pro-democracy revolution.

This leader’s adopted daughter Hana may have died during Operation El Dorado Canyon, which Ronald Reagan ordered in response to his 1986 bombing of a West Berlin discotheque.

This leader’s Jamahirya political system implemented the “Third International Theory,” the “social basis” of which is outlined in The Green Book.

This leader held the position of “Brother Leader and Guide of the Revolution.” In 2003, this leader accepted responsibility for the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103.

This leader, who was protected by the all-female Amazonian Guard, claimed responsibility for the 1988 Lockerbie bombings.

This leader outlined a system of direct democracy overseen by a General People’s Committee in his Third International Theory.

Libyan dictator killed in 2011 at the Battle of Tripoli.

This author of The Green Book died in 2011 after his regime was overthrown during the Arab Spring. name this longtime dictator of Libya.

This man’s Popular Movement of the Revolution party established its slogan, “Neither left nor right,” in the Manifesto of N’Sele.

This man’s image descended from the clouds at the beginning of every national television broadcast in his country.

The Safari club defended this man’s nation in the Shaba I conflict.

This leader resided in a city known as the "Versailles of the Jungle," Gbadolite.

This man sponsored a fight between Joe Frazier and Muhammad Ali and changed his name from Joseph to a Swahili phrase meaning "the invincible warrior who goes from conquest to conquest leaving fire in his wake".

This man, who built accommodations for Concorde jets at Gbadolite, his “Versailles of the Jungle,” killed Simba rebel leader Pierre Mulele and was overthrown by Laurent Kabila.

Dictator of Congo who renamed his country Zaire and ruled until 1997, when he was overthrown by Laurent-Désiré Kabila.

This leader seized power from Joseph Kasa-Vubu in a coup and arranged the assassination of Patrice Lumumba. name this former president who renamed the Democratic Republic of the Congo to Zaire.

During the Congo Crisis, this man deposed the government of Patrice Lumumba. name this long time dictator of Zaire.

A party founded by this man adopted the motto “self-government now” and launched the “Positive Action” campaign.

The Convention People’s Party was founded by this leader, whose attempted price controls on cocoa culminated in his overthrow by Joseph Ankrah and the National Liberation Council.

This man left the UGCC to form the Convention People Party, whose logo was a red chicken with the slogan “forward ever, backwards never.” This man addressed the House of Commons in the 1953 “Motion of Destiny” speech to ask for greater autonomy.

Shortly after this man’s Convention People’s Party won a rigged election, he was deposed by Joseph Ankrah in a coup.

While on a state visit to meet Ho Chi Minh, this man was overthrown by the National Liberation Council led by Joseph Arthur Ankrah.

This man, who gave the “Motion of Destiny” speech in support of independence, joined Nasser as an African founder of the Non-Aligned Movement.

The final member of the group responsible for the NAM’s “Initiative of Five” was this socialist advocate of Pan-Africanism, the first leader of an independent Ghana.

This man's government hosted W.E.B. DuBois in the last years of his life, during which this man took the title "Osagyefo," or "Redeemer." Large public works based on cocoa exports were a key pillar of this man's regime after he led the former Gold Coast to independence. name this first president of Ghana.

This advocate of Pan-Africanism helped create the Organisation of African Unity and led the Convention People’s Party. name this first prime minister and president of Ghana.

President who brokered the end of apartheid and shared the Nobel Peace Prize with Mandela.

Last apartheid-era President, a white politician who also ended his country’s nuclear weapons program.

This last white President of South Africa released Nelson Mandela from prison and worked with him to end apartheid before Mandela won the election to succeed him.

This man’s successor accused him of complicity in the Boipatong Massacre during negotiations that led to a power-sharing plan.

became the last Afrikaner President of South Africa to rule during Apartheid?

Mandela was released from prison by this former South African President who co-shared the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize with Mandela for ending apartheid.

This South African president, who freed Nelson Mandela from his imprisonment, also lifted a ban on the ANC. With Mandela, he shared the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize.

This South African President legalized the ANC in 1990 and released Mandela from prison, sparking the end of Apartheid.

This Vice President under Nelson Mandela effectively turned South Africa into a multiracial democracy and pardoned most victims of the Rivonia Trial.

The Russian explorer Alexander Bulatovich wrote a couple of memoirs detailing his time as a military aide to this ruler.

This ruler supposedly ordered three electric chairs for his kingdom, but had no means of producing electricity, and so used one as a throne.

He came to power after overthrowing Bezebeh and declared himself the negus of Shewa.

A European visitor in this man’s court once said of his wife that “[she] perhaps in another milieu would have been a Christina of Sweden or a Catherine the Great.” This ruler approached the predecessor in his most famous position with a rock on his neck in a traditional gesture of submission and that predecessor recognized him as the leader of Shewa.

His most important victory was crushing Oreste Baratieri’s forces in 1896. name this Ethiopian emperor whose forces won the Battle of Adwa over Italy.

This ruler came to power after Yohannes IV died at the battle of Gallabat.

This husband of Taytu Betul was supported by England, France, and Russia in a war sparked by a translation discrepancy in the Treaty of Wuchale. who was this Emperor of Ethiopia who defeated Italy at the Battle of Adwa?

This king's forces defeated Oreste Baratieri at Adowa. name this man who repelled an Italian invasion and founded Addis Ababa as emperor of Ethiopia at the turn of the 20th century.

This son of Haile Malakot took the name of the legendary son of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba.

This ZANLA leader compromised in a cease-fire with Christopher Soames known as the Lancaster House Agreement.

This man was ousted after a power struggle between his wife Grace and vice-president Emmerson Mnangagwa.

After land mines and missiles were found at Ascot House, this man dismissed another leader as “a cobra in the house.” The Gukhurahundi massacres, whose name means “the early rain that washes away the chaff,” were carried out by this leader’s army.

Ian Smith fought the Rhodesian Bush War against this man’s ZANU-PF party. name this autocratic longtime President of Zimbabwe.

This leader transitioned into using the US dollar after his country’s own currency inflated by 79 billion percent in November 2008. name this leader of the ZANU-PF Party and President of Zimbabwe.

Many Ndebele [[nn-deh-BEH-leh]] were killed in this man's Gukurahundi, and he led the North Korea-trained 5th Brigade.

Dictator of Zimbabwe who ruled from 1980 to 2017.

This self-identified Marxist, who was replaced in a 2017 coup by Emmerson Mnangagwa [[mah-nahn-GAW-gwah]], signed the Lancaster House Agreement, toppling whites-onlyruleinRhodesia.Forthepoint,namethis leader of the ZANU-Patriotic Front and long-time president of Zimbabwe.

This man was opposed by the MDC party which was led by Morgan Tsvangirai.

This leader’s second rise to power ended in a conflict sometimes called the Luwero War.

This man’s government displaced thousands of people in Operation Bonanza during a war against the National Resistance Army, a group led by Yoweri Museveni. :Name this man whose troops committed the Ombaci Massacre during a Bush War in the 1980s. This originator of the Move to the Left policy was overthrown in 1971 but regained power eight years later.

This man announced a plan to nationalize various industries at a soccer stadium in his Navikubo Pronouncement, part of his political philosophy known as the “Move to the Left” Although this man was of the Lango ethnic group, he relied on Acholi allies to purge his opponents, as they did during Operation Bonanza, part of the larger Bush War of the 1980s.

He came to power in 1962 after forming an alliance with Mutesa II, the King of Buganda. :Name this leader of the Uganda People's Congress whose periods of rule in Uganda bookended the regime of Idi Amin, and who was himself overthrown for good by Tito Okello.

Paulo Muwanga preceded him in another position, and this man outlined a plan for his country in his The Common Man’s Charter.

Kagame’s military career started fighting in a non-Rhodesian Bush War against this other African leader. This leader’s forces killed thousands of people during that war in Operation Bonanza and the Luwero massacres.

He earlier came to power after ousting Mutesa II, and was able to reclaim his office after his rival was accused of cannibalism. name this man who both preceded and succeeded Idi Amin as president of Uganda.

Idi Amin took power by overthrowing this socialist President of Uganda. He later gained power again in 1980 in a term that featured numerous deaths in the Ugandan Bush War.

Amin came to power after a coup against this president of Uganda. After Nyrere deposed Amin, this man was restored to the presidency.

Though this man stepped down as president in 1985, he served as president of his political party, the Chama Cha Mapinduzi, for five additional years.

After an invasion of his country’s Kagera region, this man overthrew a neighboring dictator.

This man was often referred to by the honorific Mwalimu, meaning “teacher.” :Name this African leader whose 1967 Arusha Declaration promulgated the concept of ujamaa.

He founded the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU). :Name this first president of Tanganyika and eventual first leader of the United Republic of Tanzania.

This leader’s policy of ujamaa was outlined in his Arusha Declaration, a manifesto of African socialism.

First President of Tanzania, whose policy of ujamaa promoted a one-party system.

The Chama Cha Mapinduzi party was founded by this leader, who was succeeded by Ali Hassan Mwinyi.

This man advocated socialism and Pan-Africanism in his Arusha Declaration and oversaw the union of Zanzibar and Tanganyika. name this first president of an independent Tanzania.

This man issued the Arusha Declaration outlining his ujaama platform of socialism, and this man’s invasion of Uganda toppled Idi Amin’s regime. name this first Tanzanian President.

First prime minister after independence, an MNC leader executed by Katangan forces.

This leader was captured in an attempt to meet up with partisans like Antoine Gizenga. :Name this African leader who fought against, among other enemies, a separatist movement led by Moise Tshombe.

In 1960, this leader gave an impromptu speech which described the struggles of his people as “filled with tears, fire and blood.” This man was captured while trying to escape his own country by separatists led by Moïse Tshombe who exerted control of the Katanga Province.

During his country’s independence day celebrations, this leader called a former colonial power a “friendly country with whom we deal as equal to equal;” that 1961 speech was in the presence of King Badouin.

Later, he was deposed by a coup led by Joseph Mobutu. name this first Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, murdered in 1961.

This man’s former political ally, Joseph Kasavubu, publicly dismissed him from office shortly before his own deposition by the general Mobutu Sese-Seko. name this first Prime Minister of the independent Democratic Republic of the Congo who was assassinated in 1961.

This man ruled the DRC for all of a few months before being brutally assassinated upon the orders of President Eisenhower. This Pan-African martyr was refused help from the US and UN when combating the Belgium-backed Katangan secessionists, yet was still killed by the CIA when he tried appealing to the Soviets for help.

Four years after his death, this man’s country was ruled by Mobutu Sese Seko. name this first prime minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Mobutu gained power after he overthrew this man, the first Prime Minister of the DRC, in a coup. The secession of Katanga occurred while he was in power.

A person of this ethnic group named "Nanny" led the first of the Maroon Wars, which secured land for escaped slaves in Jamaica. Governor Charles McCarthy fell during the Battle of Nsamankow against these people, and his skull was used as a ceremonial cup by their king, Osei Bonsu.

This kingdom’s first rose to power when it defeated the neighboring state of Denkyira. :Name this West African civilization established by Osei Tutu.

Frederick Hodgson attempted to sit on the Golden Stool throne of this empire, prompting a fifth war with Great Britain that led to this empire’s integration into the Gold Coast colony.

Osei Tutu ruled from Kumasi over this gold-trading empire, which fought a series of wars with the British.

Great Britain fought the War of the Golden Stool against this empire. name this African empire centered in modern-day Ghana.

Osei Tutu expanded this empire of the Akan people, based in modern-day Ghana.

Royal Dutch Shell was sued by people from this country after Ogoniland protesters, including Ken Saro-Wiwa and the Ogoni 9, were killed.

This modern-day country’s borders were set by Frederick Lugard, who consolidated a “northern” and “southern” protectorate.

One author from this country led the MOSOP movement and was executed by this country’s government for protesting its relationship to Royal Dutch Shell.

Sani Abacha, whose government ordered the hanging of activist Ken Saro-Wiwa.

In 1991, this country moved its capital from the port city of Lagos. name this most populous country in Africa, with capital Abuja.

That civil war in this country led Bernard Kouchner and others to establish Doctors Without Borders.

This country subsidized possibly non-existent gold in the Goldenberg Scandal.

An activist from this country founded the Billion Tree Campaign and led the Green Belt Movement.

The neighborhood of Kasarani is home to a stadium named for this country’s second president, Daniel arap Moi [moh-ee].

The Mau Mau Rebellion challenged British rule of this East African country with capital Nairobi.

The KANU party was founded in this country by a prominent leader of the Mau Mau Uprising. name this African country whose first president was Jomo Kenyatta.

This country that was the site of the Mau Mau Rebellion became independent in 1963 and elected Jomo Kenyatta as its first president a year later.

A group of ethnically European individuals born in what is now this country was given a name translating to “black foot.” A paramilitary organization affiliated with this country called the OAS attempted to assassinate another country’s leader, Charles de Gaulle.

This country was divided into a grid by Raoul Salan’s quadrillage system during its war of independence.

African country where Ahmed Ben Bella fought for independence from the French.

North African country whose war for independence led to the collapse of the French Fourth Republic.

In 1963, Ahmed Ben Bella was elected as the first president of this country following an eight-year war for independence from France.

This country’s FLN won its independence in the Evian Accords. name this North African former French colony.