Once defended by the Theodosian Walls, this city was conquered by Mehmed II in 1453. name this city, the capital of the Byzantine Empire.

A chain across the Golden Horn failed to stop Mehmed II from conquering this capital of the Eastern Roman Empire.

Enrico Dandolo died in this Byzantine capital after his troops infamously sacked it during the Fourth Crusade.

Enrico Dandolo redirected the Fourth Crusade to attack this city, the location where Belisarius slaughtered a mob in the Hippodrome during the Nika Riots.

Theodosius II used the help of fans who watched chariot racing in this city’s Hippodrome to build this city’s famous double walls.

In 1453, Mehmed II captured this capital of the Eastern Roman Empire that was renamed Istanbul.

Its capital city, originally known as Byzantium and now known as Istanbul?

This city was protected by the walls of the Golden Horn and defenders utilizing Greek Fire.

In 2004, then-Pope John Paul II apologized to the Orthodox Church for the 1204 sacking by Crusaders of this city that was once the capital of the Byzantine Empire.

Vladimir the Great converted to Christianity after a visit to this city’s Hagia Sophia. This capital of the Byzantine Empire is now called Istanbul.

An emperor legendarily turned into marble after the fall of this city, which was assaulted by the massive Dardanelles gun built by Orban.

A famed column moved to this city from Delphi is made up of three intertwined snakes and stands next to an obelisk built by ThuRtmose III.

This city was sacked in 1453 by Mehmet II, who stormed into the Hagia Sophia. name this capital of the Byzantine Empire.

Constantine XII [[the TWELFTH]] died in this city where Mehmed II led an Ottoman siege. name this capital of the Byzantine Empire whose name was later changed to Istanbul.

This city lost control of the Bosphorus prior to its fall to Mehmed II in 1453. what capital of the Byzantines fell to the Ottoman Empire?

A prince of this city defeated the Teutonic Knights on the frozen Lake Peipus in the 1242 Battle of the Ice. name this powerful medieval Russian city, the home of Alexander Nevsky.

Prince Oleg moved the capital of the Rus from this city, his home, to Kiev.

Among the thousands of birch bark manuscripts excavated in this city are homework assignments from a six-year-old named Onfim.

Major city in which that secret police force committed a massacre in 1570

This city’s Archbishop Gennadius was responsible for a belief that the Heresy of the Judaizers was solely an attempt to introduce Judaism to this city. :Name this city, ruled by Alexander Nevsky, whose name was often prefaced with Veliky.

This city was home to the easternmost kontor built by the Hanseatic League.

This home of Sadko held the easternmost outpost of the Hanseatic League and fought a series of wars against Sweden for control of the Gulf of Finland.

A Slavic Republic named for this city was the easternmost member of the Hanseatic League.

This city’s namesake republic was annexed by Muscovy under Ivan III.

Princely state of Kievan Rus’, the capital of its namesake republic and major rival of Muscovy.

This city defeated a Swedish invasion in the Battle of the Neva, and defeated the Teutonic Order at the [*] Battle on the Ice.

A coalition led by this city won a battle against the Livonian Order over the frozen Lake Peipus.

One leader from this city defeated the Swedish at the Battle of the Neva before defeating the Bishop of Dorpat and the Livonian Order on Lake Peipus at the Battle on the Ice. name this Russian city which was eventually eclipsed and conquered by its rival, Moscow, and which was the home of Alexander Nevsky.

As Prince, Yaroslav the Wise briefly united Kiev with this city.

The oprichniki killed hundreds of people and dumped them in the Volkhov River in a 1570 massacre in this city.

Oleg was the founder of a state based in this city according to the Primary Chronicle, a history traditionally attributed to the monk Nestor.

Boleslaw the Brave intervened in a succession crisis in this empire, during which he chipped his sword after striking its capital's Golden Gate.

Nestor chronicled the history of this city in his Primary Chronicle, and this city was founded at the intersection of the Desna and the Dnieper Rivers.

The Church of the Tithes replaced a pagan temple in this city after a mass conversion, according to a history attributed to the monk Nestor, the Primary Chronicle.

A state named for this city was defeated by the generals Jebe and Subutai at the Battle of the Kalka River.

Shostakovich's 13th symphony takes its name from a poem by Yevgeny Yevtushenko [[yehv-too-SHEHN-koh]] this itself is named for Babi Yar, the site of the Nazi massacre of over one hundred thousand Jews in what Ukrainian city.

This city was once attacked by Boleslaw the Brave, who chipped the Polish coronation sword on this city’s gate.

This Ukrainian city ruled by Vladimir the Great was the base of power of the greatest of the Rus’ states.

Harald Hardrada had previously served in the army of Yaroslav the Wise, a Grand Prince of Novgorod and this other city, which was also ruled by Vladimir the Great.

This state’s close relations with the Byzantine Empire were solidified when Emperor Basil II’s sister Princess Anna married the ruler of this state in 988.

Vladimir the Great Christianized this state, which moved its capital from Novgorod under Oleg, its first Grand Prince.

Boleslaw Chobry struck this city’s Golden Gate with his sword.

This city’s Prince Oleg greatly expanded its influence, and Christianity was brought to this city by Vladimir the Great. name this city where the medieval state of Rus was based and is now the capital of the Ukraine.

City where Vladimir the Great converted a namesake state to Christianity before it became the Ukrainian capital?

A large portion of the original Varangian Guard were recruited from this city’s Rus population. This city is the modern-day capital of Ukraine.

Edmund of Langley was first in line of a cadet branch of the House of Plantagenet named for this city, whose reign ended with the death of Richard III.

Jews in this city committed mass suicide rather than burn alive in Clifford’s Tower during an 1190 pogrom.

Royalist cathedral city stronghold in Northern England, besieged by the Covenanters for two months in 1644.

A bust of this explorer mysteriously appeared in Mt. Tabor Park in 2021. :Name this explorer whom that bust honored as “the first African-American to cross North America and reach the Pacific Coast.” At the conclusion of that expedition in 1806, this explorer’s master refused to free him.

The Danes captured this important Northumbrian city in 866, and Scandinavian leaders continued to rule Northumbria from here until 954. It would grow to be the second most populous city in England by the twelfth century.

British General George Cockburn, alluded to in the "hireling and slave" line, burned Washington, D.C. in part due to the Americans' burning of this city earlier in the war. Zebulon Pike was killed in the battle named for this city.

This walled city in northern England saw immense destruction during the “Harrowing,” including numerous castles torn down. This city is located at the confluence of the Ouse {OOZE} and Foss Rivers.

Septimius Severus died in this city when it was named Eboracum which is also where Constantine the Great was crowned as Emperor.

That man’s son, a member of the house named for this city, was victorious in the Battle of Barnet, in which he defeated Richard Neville, and in the Battles of Towton and Tewkesbury; that man’s brother, however, was eventually defeated in the 1485 Battle of Bosworth Field.

Native Americans were very taken with the appearance of this member of the Corps, Clark’s personal slave. No one really knows what happened to him, but he probably wound up escaping and living with the Crow Indians.

In the 1800s, fancy egg dishes came to The Shambles in this Northern English city, which became England’s center for confectionary brands. This city on the River Ouse was where Rowntree’s was established in 1862.

Eisner and Brown’s Medieval Murder Map of this other city includes a report of a battery committed by the skinner Robert Pancake. A scholar from this city led the Palace School of Aachen.

An early version of the Instructions was drafted by a man with this ducal title. A house of this name lost the English throne when Richard III was killed at the Battle of Bosworth Field.

Athelstan finally became king of all England after conquering a kingdom named for this northern city. Richard III was the last king of a house named for this city, which fought the Lancasters in the Wars of the Roses.

This man, William Clark’s slave, accompanied the expedition on its journey. Some Native Americans thought he was magical because of his black skin.

The Nasrid dynasty ruled a taifa in this region until the surrender of Boabdil .Abd al-Rahman I fled the Abbasid Revolution to continue the Umayyad dynasty in this region.

A knight from this region apocryphally chose a horse thought to be weak by his godfather, resulting in the horse being named Babieca, or “stupid.” The disintegration of a state in this region led to the formation of numerous smaller taifa kingdoms.

Before Waterloo, the Duke of Wellington’s English forces fought Napoleon in the Peninsular War on this European peninsula.

Taifas were independent kingdoms on this peninsula, where Muhammed XII of the Nasrid Dynasty ruled an emirate.

Peninsula called Hispania by the Romans, through which Hannibal initially invaded Italy.

Hisham II ruled a caliphate on this peninsula where the hajib Al-Mansur secured power.

Peninsula of Spain which Muslim armies conquered in the 8th century.

The knight El Cid fought on both sides of a series of military campaigns in this region, which concluded in 1492 with the fall of the Emirate of Granada.

The Almoravids crossed a sea to establish themselves in this region, where they were fought by a knight called “the Cid.” Arabic sources call this region al-Andalus. name this region where Muslims were expelled by Christian forces in the Reconquista.

A year before the Second Punic War was formally declared, Hannibal sieged this region’s city of Saguntum. name this region where Roman rule was ended by a Visigothic invasion.

The Umayyad Caliphate would later be expelled by the Abbasids, but it maintained its rule on this peninsula. Christians on this peninsula would later lead a campaign against the Muslims called the Reconquista.

Prior to the establishment of the Kingdom of Georgia, a region east of Colchis and north of Armenia was ruled by a kingdom, then a principality, of this name. It shares its name with a modern European airline.

In Jose Saramago’s novel The Stone Raft, this large peninsula containing Andorra breaks off and floats around the Atlantic Ocean.

Octavian quelled revolts on this peninsula, allowing it to be used as a mining base for Rome. Today, this peninsula consists of the countries of Spain and Portugal.

Cardinal Cisneros led a campaign against Muslims on this peninsula, which was home to the emirates of Cordoba and Granada. name this European peninsula that was the subject of the Reconquista by Christian forces fighting for Spain.

In 1945 in this sea, 9,000 people died in the sinking of the Wilhelm Gustlo↵.

Commerce flowing in and out of this body of water were subject to the Sound Dues, and the Skane market was an annual herring market on this body of water.

The Samogitian tribe was converted to Christianity while living around this body of water.

During the medieval era, this sea became the starting point of a trade route called the "Amber Road" due to its location near the world's largest amber deposits.

An organization based around this body of water set up kontor trading posts, including on river cities like Torun.

The RAF sank the prison ship SS Cap Arcona in this body of water, leading to the deaths of some 5,000 prisoners of war.

The Rybinsk Sea, a large, man-made reservoir, is the northernmost point of the Volga and connects to Lake Onega, Lake Ladoga, and this sea to form a namesake waterway.

Kronstadt guarded the approach from this body of water to St. Petersburg, and it is connected to the North Sea by the Kiel Canal.

The Hanseatic League dominated trade in this body of water, bordered by Germany, Sweden, and Denmark.

Sea on which the Hanseatic League conducted most of its trade. It is bounded by Scandinavia to the north and Russia to the east.

The Victual Brothers pirated commerce in this body of water, with safe ports at Rostock and Straslund, as well as the island of Gotland.

The MV Wilhelm Gustoff was sunk in this body of water, resulting in the largest maritime disaster in history.

The Gulfs of Bothnia and Finland are arms of this European sea northeast of Germany that names the set of three countries on its eastern shore: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.

Defeat to Sweden in the Ingrian War resulted in Russia losing direct access to this body of water. name this sea, whose trade was once dominated by the Hanseatic League during the late middle ages.

A northern edge of this sea is marked by the demilitarized Aland Islands, which separate it from the Gulf of Bothnia.

In 1066, a force from this region invaded England. name this region of north France that William the Conqueror came from.

French region where the Allies landed on D-Day.

During the Middle Ages it was ruled by Richard the Fearless, who was held captive as a child by Louis IV, but escaped and later introduced feudalism to it.

Men from this region led by the Hauteville family took over the dukedom of Sicily.

The region of France that contains all five invasion beaches?

Duchy, once led by William the Conqueror, that Louis the Sixth tried to recover from England.

A woman named Emma hailed from this region and married Ethelred the Unready.

Royal control over this region ended during the Treaty of Saint-Clair-Sur-Epte, which granted Rollo this region after the Vikings promised not to attack more villages.

Charles the Simple of France granted this region to the Viking Rollo to deter further incursions.

This region was ruled from Rouen. :Name this Duchy that became Christian under Rollo. It became part of northern France under Philip II Augustus.

Roger II, the nephew of Robert Guiscard who established the Kingdom of Sicily, came from this region of France, as did William the Conqueror.

William Iron-Arm and Drogo were half-brothers of an adventurer from this region who fathered Bohemond of Taranto.

Region of northern France where the D-Day landings occurred.

Viking-settled region of northern France ruled by William the Conqueror.

A duke of this region wed Matilda of Flanders and launched an invasion that culminated in the 1066 Battle of Hastings and conquest of Anglo-Saxon England. name this region of north France, the home of William the Conqueror.

The Bank of Saint George consolidated war debts incurred by this city following the War of Chioggia.

Enrico Dandolo hailed from Venice this fought the War of Chioggia with what rival Italian port city, the home of Andrea Dorea.

It’s not in the Latin Empire, but this city signed with Michael VIII Palaeologus the 1261 Treaty of Nymphaeum, and it won decisively at the Battle of Meloria.

The Fieschi family led a conspiracy against one military leader from this city that ended in the murder of thathat leader’s nephew.

A 1930 opera based on a man born in this city had a libretto written by Paul Claudel.

In 935, the Fatimid Caliphate’s navy sacked this city, whose leaders included a First Crusade member with the sobriquet “mallet head.” The Bank of Saint George was founded in this city, which helped France win the Barbary Crusade against Mahdia.

This city briefly captured the Tower of the Flies to gain control of Acre harbor during the War of Saint Sabas.

Italian republic given the city of Caffa by the Golden Horde.

Jani Beg instructed his army to launch infected corpses into Caffa, one of this city’s Black Sea colonies, introducing the Black Death to Europe.

Mercantile republic, the birthplace of Christopher Columbus.

That Verdi opera is named for the first doge of this city, Simon Boccanegra.

Benedetto Zaccaria helped this city defeat Pisa at the Battle of Meloria, but it later lost the War of Chioggia to a different rival.

This Ligurian city’s fleet was led at the Battle of Lepanto by Andrea Doria. name this city on the northwest coast of Italy, the birthplace of explorer Christopher Columbus.

Christopher Columbus hailed from this maritime Italian rival of Venice.

A consul of this city founded the current ruling family of Monaco, the House of Grimaldi. name this Ligurian city that was the birthplace of Christopher Columbus.

This kingdom’s “Iron and Golden King” lost this kingdom’s Adriatic coastline and his life in the Battle of Marchfeld.

A revolt in this region began after fears it would lose the toleration granted to it in the “Letter of Majesty” of Rudolf II; that revolt featured an early capture of Pilsen by the forces of Ernst von Mansfeld.

Agnes, a queen of this kingdom, founded the religious order Knights of the Red Cross with the Red Star.

This region’s Premyslid dynasty was replaced by the House of Luxembourg in 1306.

The House of Luxembourg ruled this kingdom under the Blind King John, who died at the Battle of Crecy.

The Golden Bull of Sicily recognized Ottokar I as king of this kingdom’s Premyslid Dynasty.

A “Treaty on the Establishment of Peace throughout Christendom” was penned by a ruler of this region named George of Poděbrady .

Two Austrian agents were tossed out a window in this kingdom in an event that began the Thirty Years’ War. name this kingdom in the modern-day Czech Republic.

A revolt by Protestants in this state started the Thirty Years War. name this monarchical Central European state whose capital was Prague.

Rebels in this kingdom were inspired by the teachings of Jan Hus.

The king of Hungary and Croatia, Sigismund, forced a ruler of this kingdom, Wenceslaus IV, to abdicate as Holy Roman Emperor to expand his own influence.

The Council of Constance condemned a heretic movement in this state led by Jan Hus.

Frederick V lost the Battle of White Mountain in this region, where a Second Defenestration in its capital sparked the Thirty Years War.

A ruler of this region, Frederick the Winter King, was defeated by Count Tilly at the Battle of White Mountain near its capital, which was earlier the site of an incident in which 2 Catholic ambassadors were tossed out of a window. name this Czech region whose capital is Prague.

The execution of a preacher at the Council of Constance led to the namesake Hussite Wars in this region. name this central European region that makes up most of the Czech Republic.

John the Blind of Bohemia fought in this war whose first naval engagement took place at Sluys [slois], and Edward the Black Prince’s reputation grew after his success at Najera in this conflict.

A sideshow to this conflict involved one party supporting Henry of Trastámara against Peter of Castille in the War of Two Peters.

Both sides in this war intervened in the War of the Two Peters, and Sir John Talbot was killed by cannon at the Battle of Castillon in this war.

Joan of Arc fought for the French in this war, which lasted from 1337 to 1453 and was fought between branches of the Valois and Plantagenet houses.

In a battle of this war, the blind King John of Bohemia was killed, leading the victor to adopt his crest of three ostrich feathers.

War between England and France, one of the causes of which was France's navy disrupting England's wool trade.

The War of the Breton Succession was a phase of this larger, very lengthy conflict that began when the British monarch Edward III instituted a claim to the French throne.

One side's navy was destroyed at the Battle of Sluys in this war, in which many chevauchées were led by Edward the Black Prince.

The Treaty of Bretigny briefly halted this conflict that was depicted in Auguste Rodin’s The Burghers of Calais.

The War of Breton Succession was an early side-act in this larger Anglo-French conflict, known for the Battles of Crecy and Agincourt.

Henry V’s victory at Agincourt was during this long conflict between England and France whose tide was later turned by the Maid of Orleans, Joan d’Arc.

This war, whose history is detailed in Jean Froissart’s Chronicles, began with a naval battle at Sluys.

Knights stuck in mud were slaughtered by longbowmen in a battle in this war, where a siege was broken by the "Maid of Orléans." The Battle of Agincourt was fought in this long war between France and England.

The battle of Crecy during this conflict demonstrated the power of the longbow, as did the battle of Agincourt. the siege of Orleans was lifted by Joan of Arc in what lengthy conflict between England andRFrance?

During this war, the siege of Orléans [“or-lay-ON”] was lifted by French forces led by the peasant girl Joan of Arc. name this war between England and France that lasted around a century.

Shortly after being exiled by her brother John II, this historian described the effects of the First Crusade upon the Byzantine Empire in an account of the reign of her father Alexios I, the Alexiad.

In one work, this author describes the Norman woman Sikelgaita as “like another Pallas, if not a second Athena,” in a text that also includes an account of the Battle of Dyrrhachium. :Name this historian, who was exiled to a monastery after a failed coup attempt against John II.

This historian’s most famous work begins with a quote from Sophocles’ play Ajax. :Name this historian who documented events like the death of Robert Guiscard and the war with the Pechenegs in that work. This historian wrote that work after being exiled to a monastery for plotting a failed coup with Irene Doukaina .

Niketas Choniates claimed that this person was “stimulated by ambition and revenge” to attempt a coup against their brother with the encouragement of Irene Doukaina, aiming to replace him with Nikephoros Bryennios.

Another important Byzantine woman was this historian who wrote about the reign of her father in the Alexiad. She entered a convent after her plot to depose her younger brother John was discovered.

This twelfth-century Byzantine princess became one of the first known women historians by penning the Alexiad, which narrates the dynasty-establishing reign of her father Alexios I.

This woman may have been inspired by the material laid out by her husband Nikephoros Bryennios the Younger to write a chronicle of her father’s rule named the Alexiad.

In a funeral oration to this person, George Tornikes asked “To whom shall I compare the one who is entirely unsurpassable?”, eventually resolving to compare them to a phoenix.

This woman wrote admiringly of the manly traits of Empress Irene in her influential Byzantine history, The Alexiad.

In mourning, this person lamented their misfortune by stating “now I live and have died a thousand deaths”.

Another king of this name was dominated during his minority by his uncle, John of Gaunt, and was the last of the Plantagenets.

The charges made against Hiss were readily pursued by this Republican Congressman from California, who would go on to win two presidential elections in 1968 and 1972 before resigning in the Watergate scandal.

Another king of this name was killed at a battle he lost a battle after the defection of the Stanleys.

This man co-discovered a method for using simulated random paths to solve partial differential equations, with Mark Kac. During a brief time working in biology, this man attempted to understand research on animal nerve voltages by asking for a "map of the cat." A 1974 graduation address by this man coined the term "cargo cult science." This man gave a brief demonstration using a cup of ice water and a Morton-Thiokol O-ring. name this physicist who investigated the Challenger disaster and invented namesake quantum "diagrams."

That same king of this name received many of the lands and titles of his brother George, duke of Clarence after the latter’s rebellion and later became known as “Lord of the North.” This regnal name was claimed by the rebel Perkin Warbeck.

Another king of this name married Anne Neville, leading to tensions with his brother George, and supposedly killed two of his nephews, the Princes in the Tower.

One king of this name told the men who captured his killer to let him go with one hundred shillings; after that king died, the killer was instead skinned alive.

That king’s skeleton was recently discovered under a parking lot.

The second king of this name was the last Plantagenet monarch and was deposed by Henry IV.

Chisholm hoped to defeat this incumbent president in 1972. This president resigned two years later in the wake of the Watergate scandal.

The raid on Hampton’s apartment was made possible by William O’Neal, a Black Panther-turned-FBI informant. Another major informant for the FBI was this Japanese-American Field Marshal and activist, who was posthumously found to have been leaking information from within the Black Panthers.

The first king of this name met his end while besieging a castle at Châlus after his victory at Arsuf over Saladin. give this common name of three British kings, one of whom was a humpbacked tyrant according to Shakespeare, another of whom was nicknamed “the Lionheart.”

The first king of this name crusaded alongside Philip II of France and was imprisoned by Heinrich VI before being succeeded by his younger brother John. give this name of three English kings, including one nicknamed the “Lionhearted.”

Frederick participated in the Third Crusade alongside Philip II and an English king by this name, who was nicknamed “Lionheart.”

John Lackland succeeded a king with this first name, who fought against Saladin during the Third Crusade. give this first name of an English king known as the “Lionheart.”

Built on the order of William the Conqueror, this building was where Edward V was kept after he was declared illegitimate.

William I built this fortress which saw later use as a prison that held Anne Boleyn.

A woman named Dorothy Householder was the lone fatality in a July 1974 bombing at this site.

London castle where Elizabeth was imprisoned during Wyatt’s Rebellion.

In 1952, the Kray twins were arrested after assaulting an officer at this location.

Prominent tower where Walpole was imprisoned by his political enemies.

This center of this complex, which incorporated part of London’s Roman wall, was the White Tower shortly after the Norman conquest. It is perhaps more famous for serving as a prison for illustrious men like Henry VI and Edward V.

Perkin Warbeck and Lambert Simnel claimed to be “princes” who disappeared from this location during the Wars of the Roses. name this fortress that employs the Yeoman Warders, or “beefeaters,” to guard the crown jewels.

Guy Fawkes was tortured in this location, leading to his signing of a full confession for the Gunpowder plot.

Sir Walter Raleigh was imprisoned in this building that also held Anne Boleyn. name this fortress and former prison that now houses Britain's Crown Jewels.

Days after his coronation on Christmas Day, William the Conqueror ordered the construction of this building. According to legend, if the ravens at this location are lost or fly away, the crown and Britain itself will fall.

Before being executed, many rebels including Robert Aske were taken to this location. Richard, Duke of Gloucester, imprisoned and may have murdered two princes at this castle.

Many Lollards were persecuted following the Oldcastle Revolt, which began after John Oldcastle escaped from this building. This fortress on the Thames was used both as a prison and as the home of the Crown Jewels.

William the Conqueror constructed this building to serve as his palace, though it is most famously known for its use as a prison and as the home for the British Crown Jewels.

This building held both Edward V and Richard of Shrewsbury on orders of their uncle Richard III, as well as both Lady Jane Grey and Anne Boleyn. name this London castle along the Thames which houses the Crown Jewels of England.

During this event, Erard Emangart and Nicolas Midi got into an argument over the possibility of fairies living in a tree near a fountain whose waters could supposedly cure any disease.

Heroine who was burned at the stake for witchcraft after leading forces against the English.

The former papal mercenary Claude des Armoises successfully impersonated a person with this first name until failing to recall a secret at a royal audience.

Pope Callixtus III ordered a trial which found this person innocent 25 years after death.

This event titles a 2005 book by Daniel Hobbins that argues its primary sources have both documentary and literary traits.

This leader attempted to escape from Beaurevoir Castle by jumping out of a seventy-foot tower into a dry moat.

At one point in this event, a figure described seeing a painting created by a Scotsman at Arras and also denied having a mandrake.

At another point, a speaker dismissed the claims of Catherine de la Rochelle as “folly and nothing more.” During this event, Pierre Cauchon, who was later labeled a heretic for his actions, was warned that an ill judgment would put himself “in great peril.” At the beginning of this event, one figure refused to take an oath to speak the truth, saying “perhaps you might ask such things that I would not tell.” It was reversed after a proceeding authorized by Callixtus III, who acted on the request of one figure’s mother, Isabelle Romee.

Two national heroes with this name respectively rallied defenders at Beauvais and at the Breton city of Hennebont, inspiring the nicknames “Hachette” and “La Flamme.” The Order of the Garter suspended the namesake of Falstaff, John Fastolf, for cowardly fleeing from the forces of a commander with this name.

Charles VII was crowned in Reims Cathedral by this figure.

Guillaume Manchon and Thomas de Courcelles produced a Latin translation of this event’s “French minute” record. 25 years after this event, its outcome was nullified following an investigation led by Jean Bréhal and authorized by Callixtus III .

This event’s central figure claimed not to know whether a horse had been returned to the Bishop of Senlis , nor whether that horse had previously been stolen.

This figure, who was sent by Charles VII [[the seventh]] to relieve a besieged city following a vision from Saint Catherine of Alexandria, was captured in 1430 by the Burgundian faction and burned at the stake by the English. name this "Maid of Orléans," [[ohr-LEH- ahn]] a French hero of the Hundred Years' War.

COO-shun) led the court which condemned her to be burned at the stake in 1431 following her relief of the siege of Orléans (pr.

This event took place in Rouen after Charles VII failed to ransom the central figure, and featured a woman vehemently affirming her belief that she had heard a voice from God. identify this 1431 legal proceeding, reversed in 1456, which resulted in the “Maid of Orleans” being burned at the stake.

This ruler was either crowned on Christmas or New Year’s Day with a crown from Pope Sylvester II.

Edward Aethling was brought up in the court of this man’s wife Gisela of Bavaria.

Through his wife, Giselle of Bavaria, this man was the brother in law of Holy Roman Emperor Henry II.

The doctrine of primogeniture was used to justify this man’s succession following the death of Geza rather than that of this man’s uncle, who ruled portions of Transdanubia.

Amerigo Vespucci may have been named after a son of this man who had died in a boar hunting accident in present day Romania.

To take power, this man killed the Magyar prince Koppány, who ruled the region near Lake Balaton.

This man’s right hand became part of a cult and was stolen by Mercurius.

Saintly first king of the Árpáds who shares his name with the first Christian martyr.

Coloman was part of the Árpád Dynasty, first ruled by this canonized king. This first king of Hungary was crowned on Christmas Day, 1000.

Every August 20th, a procession in this man’s country carries the Holy Dexter, his right hand.

This man was baptized at Esztergom [ess-ter-gohm], where he now serves as the patron saint. name this first King of Hungary.

Ladislaus I began the canonization campaign for this Arpad ruler and saint. name this first Christian king of Hungary.

This ruler's coronation by Pope Sylvester II was said to have occurred at the turn of the millennium. name this saint, the first king of Hungary.

He was a member of the Arpad Dynasty, named after a Grand Prince of the Magyars. name this canonized first king of Hungary.

This member of the Arpad Dynasty served as the first King of the Hungarians. This husband of Gisela of Bavaria would later be canonized by Pope Gregory VII.

French priest who led the People’s Crusade.

Raymond of Antioch wrote poems in honor of this religious figure whose preaching was essential in galvanizing the spirit of those involved with the First Crusade. He joined Godfrey of Bouillon’s army for morale until he was made leader of Jerusalem, then he retired to found a monastery at Neufmontier.

Alongside Count Emicho, this man led a series of massacres of Jewish people in Worms, Mainz, and the rest of the Rhineland. :Name this man who, alongside Walter the Penniless, led the People’s Crusade.

The vanguard of the First Crusade was the so-called People’s Crusade organized by this charismatic cleric from Amiens whose lieutenant was Walter the Penniless.

This figure was for some time believed to be the true instigator of the First Crusade based on a vision at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. He definitely accompanied it, and he gave a speech that inspired the defeat of the Muslim Siege of Antioch.

After massacring Jews in the Rhineland, the two commanders of the People’s Crusade cheerfully led their armies into Asia Minor, where many were killed in a Turkish ambush at Civetot. name either leader.

A member of this dynasty murdered Drevlians at a feast with flaming sparrows.

Kievan Rus’ and its successor state, the Grand Duchy of Moscow, were ruled by leaders from this dynasty, named after its Viking founder.

Another ruler of this dynasty converted to Christianity when he learned about the Islamic prohibition on alcohol and led a 988 mass baptism of his kingdom.

Rulers of this dynasty included Prince Oleg, who transferred his capital to Kiev, as well as Vladimir I, who converted the Slavs to Christianity. :Identify this dynasty, whose other rulers included Yaroslav the Wise, and its namesake, a Scandinavian chieftain who ruled Novgorod in the 9th century.

Oleg of Novgorod succeeded his kinsman, a Varangian prince who names this ruling dynasty Kievan Rus’, which included the first Tsars of Russia.

A member of this dynasty came to power after defeated his brother Sviatopolk and passed a law code called the Russkaya Pravda.

Orphans were protected in this dynasty by the Izgoi, while the "ladder," or rota, ranked princes.

Descended from a Viking chieftain this Russian dynasty preceded the Romanovs.

This dynasty's last ruler was called the "Bellringer," and its members included Saints Boris and Gleb.

Ivan the Terrible was one of the final rulers of what dynasty, named after a Varangian chieftain who founded Novgorod?

The founding of this dynasty was described in the Primary Chronicle.

The most famous ruler of this dynasty conquered the Kazan Khanate, personally killed his intended heir, and was the first man to call himself Tsar of Russia. name this dynasty supposedly founded by a Viking, which featured the kings Vladimir the Great and Ivan the Terrible.

Ivan the Terrible was a member of this dynasty that formerly ruled Kievan Rus and was founded by a Varangian prince. Other members of this dynasty included Yaroslav the Wise.

Ivan the Terrible was the second-to-last member of this Dynasty. It ended with the death of Ivan’s son Feodor, leading to the Time of Troubles.

Izyaslav [[EEZ-yah-slahf]], Svyatoslav [[svai-AHT-oh-slahf]], and Vsevolod [[vuh-SAY-vuh-lud]] were three heads of this dynasty after Yaroslav the Wise of Kiev died.

House opposed to the House of Lancaster during the Wars, represented by a white rose.

In an uprising against this house, the flooding of the River Severn allowed the king's troops to capture the primary conspirator, the Duke of Buckingham, and behead him.

The final ruler of this line was appointed by the act of Titulus Regius and, in addition to being likened to a hog in an infamous rhyme by William Collingbourne, was targeted by the propaganda campaign of John Morton.

This line was founded by Edmund of Langley, whose great-grandson became the first of its three kings, married the commoner Elizabeth Woodville, and was placed on the throne after the ouster of Henry VI.

Its first ruler, who was bribed into cancelling an invasion of France by the Treaty of Picquigny, faced rebellions led by his brother, the Duke of Clarence, and by the Neville family.

A ruler from this faction was mocked by a couplet claiming that “the Cat, the Rat, and Lovell the Dog” ruled his country “under the Hog,” a reference to heraldic signs.

The killing of some members of this family was blamed on Sir James Tyrrell in an uncorroborated history written by Thomas More.

This faction made William Herbert the Earl of Pembroke to reward his fighting for them in Wales.

This faction hanged judge John Fortescue for his legal rulings against their legitimacy.

A member of this family feuded with Edmund Beaufort, whom he imprisoned in the Tower of London.

Richard III was a member of this royal house, represented by a white rose, during the Wars of the Roses.

John de la Pole, Lambert Simnel, and the later Perkin Warbeck claimed or pretended to Henry VII’s throne through the line of this party, which opposed the Lancastrians in the Wars of the Roses.

A ruler from this family warred against Margaret of Anjou with the help of the Earl of Warwick; Warwick later deserted him after he married Elizabeth Woodville.

A king from this house stacked mad cash from Burgundian payouts after signing the Treaty of Picquigny.

This house's final king of England fell during the Battle of Bosworth Field.

The Treaty of Pressburg invalidated this office after the battle of Austerlitz in 1806, and it was selected by seven electors after the 1356 Golden Bull.

A riverine League in this empire was formed by cities to combat toll-charging “robber barons” during a period known as the Great Interregnum.

This empire’s free imperial cities avoided subordination to territorial princes and were represented directly in the Imperial Diet.

In 1500, this empire was reformed into a series of six Circles, including the Swabian Circle.

In this empire, people or land could be granted a form of quasi-sovereignty called immediacy.

Francis II dissolved this empire after Napoleon founded the Confederation of the Rhine.

Voltaire famously quipped that this empire held none of the qualities in its name.

Gregory VII excommunicated a ruler of this empire, Henry IV, during the Lay Investiture Controversy.

Destroyed what empire, led by Francis II, in the Treaty of Pressburg?

This empire’s rulers included Henry IV, who feuded with Gregory VII during the Investiture Controversy, and a ruler who defeated the Magyars at Lechfeld.

Charles V (the fifth) ruled this fragmented medieval empire that spanned present-day Germany.

Otto the Great, the victor at Lechfeld, was crowned by Pope John XII (twelfth) as the head of this confederation of mostly German states.

Historians dispute the first holder of this position between Otto the Great and a king who was crowned by Pope Leo III in 800.

Charles V once led this European empire whose ruler was crowned by the Pope, which ruled over Germany and Austria until it dissolved in 1806.

Charlemagne was is often claimed to be the first ruler of this European “empire” centered in Germany that claimed to be the successor of Rome.

Empire that Justinian ruled, which grew out of the Eastern Roman Empire.

Much of Harald’s early fighting experience came in service of this empire, who employed an elite group of largely Norse bodyguards called the Varangian Guard.

One ruler of this empire supposedly had her husband Romanos III killed while taking a bath.

Embellished or fake political scandals in this empire were detailed in Procopius’ Secret History.

Robert Guiscard ended this empire’s presence in Apulia by capturing Bari.

In the 7th century, this empire reorganized its military into districts called themes, which were eventually eclipsed by the tagmata.

The Hagia Sophia is one of the largest remaining examples of the architecture of this empire, ruled by Justinian.

This empire was ended in 1453 by the fall of Constantinople. :Name this empire that considered itself the rightful heir to Rome. It is also commonly known as the Eastern Roman Empire.

This empire’s rulers were depicted in the Secret History by the historian Procopius, who included salacious anecdotes about Theodora.

In 1453, the capital of this empire fell to Ottoman forces under Mehmed II. :Name this empire that split from the Western Roman Empire.

The Crusaders sought aid from Alexios I Komnenos, the leader of this empire.

This empire was chronicled in a book that attacks one of its commanders, Belisarius, and its Empress Theodora; that “secret history” of this empire was authored by Procopius.

The Fourth Crusade was diverted and instead sacked the capital of this empire that was once ruled by Justinian the Great from Constantinople.

A female historian born to of a powerful ruler of this empire wrote about her father’s reign in the Alexiad. name this empire written about by John Skylitzes, Anna Comnena, and Procopius, who wrote the Secret History about the reign of Justinian I.

Basil II the Bulgar Slayer ruled this empire, which was founded by Constantine I. name this empire, ruled by Justinian the Great from Constantinople, that fell in 1453.

The Stand on the Ugra River symbolically marked the end of this group’s power, though it had earlier lost the Battle of Kulikovo to Dmitri Donskoy.

Splinter khanate founded by Batu Khan that ruled the northwest region of the Mongol Empire.

The Zadonshchina recounts a defeat of this polity, earlier centralized by a unification of “Blue” and “White” branches by Tokhtamysh.

One ruler of this group defeated Mamai at the battle of Kalka River; that man, Tokhtamysh, united the White and Blue sections of this group into a single force.

Founded which colorful state that dominated Russia until the rise of Muscovy?

This entity symbolically disintegrated after a stand-off at the Ugra river.

This polity’s founder sent very threatening messages to Bela IV before invading and winning at the Battle of Mohi, followed by slaughtering a quarter of Hungary’s population.

In Russia, the Yam system survived the fall of this khanate, an offshoot of the Mongol Empire that was founded by Batu Khan in 1242.

Batu, a grandson of Genghis Khan, formed this khanate, known for its colorful tents, in a large area that included part of modern Russia.

This group once filled nine sacks with ears after defeating Henry the Pious at the Battle of Legnica [pr. leg-­‐neetz-­‐ah].

This entity was victorious against Grand Duke Vytautas at the battle of the Vorskla river, though it had prior lost to Lithuania at the battle of the Blue Waters.

This empire suffered a war of succession in the Great Troubles and fought the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in a defeat at the hands of Algirdas at the Battle of Blue Waters.

Muscovy served as a vassal of this Turkic state, with Ivan III declaring independence from it during the Great Stand on the Ugra. name this division of the Mongol Empire founded by Batu Khan, with a name inspired by the color of their tents, which controlled much of modern Russia.

This group was founded by Batu and forced Russia to pay tribute to the khan. name this Mongol horde named for the color of its troops’ tents.

This northwestern khanate was notably ruled by Batu Khan, and its “Blue” and “White” divisions were reunited by Tokhtamysh.

This was the highest position obtained by the man who defended the divine right of rulers in the tracts Basilikon Doron and The True Law of Free Monarchies.

Because Richard Lawrence believed that he held this position, he attempted to assassinate president Andrew Jackson and was thereafter confined to an insane asylum.

A coalition of Constantine II and Olaf III was defeated by a man who held this position at the Battle of Brunanburh.

John Dickinson was the primary author of a document addressed to the holder of this position, which urged him to reconsider tax provisions over the American colonies. the Olive Branch Petition was addressed to the holder of what position, George III?

Thomas Hobbes worked on De Cive [Kee-Way] while tutoring a future holder of this position in Paris.

FDR held a publicized hot dog dinner with the holder of this position in June, 1939.

John Milton wrote two tracts defending the execution of a holder of this position in 1649. name this position held by James I and Charles I, who ruled on an island east of Ireland.

The death of Edward the Confessor led to this position being assumed by Harold Godwinson, who supposedly was shot in the eye by an arrow at Hastings. name this regal position taken by William the Conqueror after his landing at Pevensey and subsequent march on London.

According to Catholic tradition, the first holder of this title in Jerusalem was Jesus’s brother, James the Just. :Name this ecclesiastical position that heads a diocese. The right to appoint individuals to this position was at the center of the investiture controversy.

In the Roman Catholic tradition, the mitre is the tall, peaked cap ceremonially worn by holders of this position, who are responsible for the oversight of a diocese. The Pope holds this title with regard to Rome.

The adjective "episcopal" refers to one of these high-powered priests, who oversee a whole diocese. An "arch-" one of these people runs the Church of England from Canterbury.

The Baglers were named after the crosiers of these clergy, who naturally supported them. The Popes are said to be successor of Peter who is often said to be the first one to hold this position in Rome.

Survey ordered by William the Conqueror that gives the closest pre-Black Death population of England.

Incomplete thanks to the Harrowing of the North, it is divided into the “Great” portion which excludes the area north of the river Tees, and the “Little” portion dealing with Essex, Norfolk, and Suffolk.

This work’s origin was described by Richard FitzNeal in Dialogue Concerning the Exchequer, a medieval treatise on the role of the treasurer.

Sections of this work begin by describing the King’s demesne [de-main].

This document records a survey that assessed “what or how much each … landholder here in England had in land or live-stock, and how much money it was worth.” :Name this book commissioned in 1086 by the victor of the Battle of Hastings. This book’s name refers to the Last Judgment.

Richard FitzNeal wrote that this document’s name was so-called because its decisions were unalterable, like those of the Last Judgement. :Name this document that was ordered by William the Conqueror in order to survey every shire in England and document all dues owed to him.

The name of this work is described in the Dialogus de Scaccario, and it is declared that this work “cannot be evaded by any skillful subterfuge.” It has nothing to do with Jewelry, but this work was held in Bodmin Prison during World War One.

name some stuff about England after the Norman conquest:William the Conqueror ordered the compilation of this book, a record of holdings of all Englishmen to be used for tax collecting purposes.

Its name refers to the Last Judgement because its property evaluations were considered final; those evaluations served in calculations of taxes owed during the reign of Edward the Confessor. name this “Great Survey” of England, compiled during the reign of William the Conqueror.

This mass survey of England and the Welsh Marches was ordered by William and completed in 1086. Its primary goal was to find out how much tax revenue William could earn.

The survey which gathered the information for it took place the following year. name this book which containsa detailed census of English land and people, comissioned by William the Conqueror.

Records from this book indicated that Sherwood Forest covered about a quarter of Nottinghamshire . This “Great Survey” was commissioned by William the Conqueror for tax purposes.

Perhaps the best known items in the National Archives are the two volumes of this 1086 survey of England and Wales commissioned by William the Conqueror.

Among William the Conquerors more famous acts was taking a census and survey of his kingdom for tax reasons, which was published in this tome.

As King in 1085-6, William the Conqueror took this survey of English land to determine taxation.

Religious group Ford railed against in The Dearborn Independent.

A war these people fought ended after a group of Zealots committed mass suicide at Masada, as chronicled by the historian Josephus.

Refugees of these people aboard the MS St. Louis were turned away by port authorities in three different countries.

A riot against these people broke out in Alexandria when some of them attended a public debate about an embassy to Nero.

Julius Severus defeated a revolt of these people that was led by Simon bar Kokhba.

One of these people, the author of Against Apion, survived a suicide pact in which every third person was executed.

These people were the subject of the Whitehall Conference called by Oliver Cromwell, who overturned Edward I’s Edict of Expulsion.

Under Antiochus IV, the Seleucid Empire persecuted these people, leading to the Maccabean Revolt. These people later rebelled against the Roman empire in the Bar Kokhba revolt.

Religious group accused of poisoning wells during the Black Death.

To win a battle against these people, government forces rolled a siege tower up a dirt ramp to avoid traversing the well-defended “snake road.” Shortly after he was victorious at the siege of Yodfat, Vespasian hired one of these people, Josephus, as his biographer.

A faction of these people committed mass suicide atop Masada fortress rather than surrender, leading them to be known as the Zealots. name this religious group that tried to expel the Romans from Jerusalem.

religious group was targeted by pogroms after false accusations of well-poisoning?

Isabella and Ferdinand issued the Alhambra Decree, which expelled members of this religion from Spain. Adherents to this faith of Spanish origin are known as Sephardim.

Maria Theresa taxed these people in Hungary with a tolerance tax, and in Imperial Russia, they were forced to live in the Pale of Settlement, where they resided in shtetls. name this religious group which often suffered pogroms and had to live in ghettoes.

Catherine the Great restricted these people to living within the Pale of Settlement. name these people who often lived in shtetls and spoke Yiddish.

Second-largest Christian church in the world, based in Constantinople, which broke with Rome in 1054.

The Seventh Ecumenical Council called by Empress Irene strengthened a heretical sect of this faith known as the iconoclasts.

A current Patriarch of this church, Cardinal Kirill, met with Pope Francis I in Havana, Cuba in May, 2016 …Name this Christian denomination that split from the Catholic Church in 1054 over various issues involving the authority of the Pope and religious doctrine.

Saint Athanasius established a monastery governed by this institution on the island of Mount Athos, which remains politically autonomous to this day.

This institution opposed the usage of the Filioque [“fee-lee-o-kay”] clause.

The Photian controversy concerned the appointment of leaders of this institution.

Nestor's Primary Chronicle states that Vladimir the Great converted the Kievan Rus to this religion after rejecting Muslim emissaries.

Olga's influence in the court and Islam's ban on drinking alcohol led to Vladimir the Great's conversion to this faith, eventually dominating much of the Russian population.

In protest of emperor Leo III’s decree that this institution begin the iconoclasm, its leader Germanos I resigned as Patriarch of Constantinople. name this church which during the Great Schism feuded with the Catholic papacy.

The establishment of Trebizond was ostensibly precipitated by the seizure of a donation from Tamar to a monastery of this religion at Mount Athos. Tamar is venerated as a saint in this religion’s Georgian church.

This institution attempted to compel the use of the Greek language in the liturgy under Michael I Cerularius.

The Great Schism of 1054 led to a split between Catholicism and this other Christian faith which dominated Eastern Europe.

One account of this conflict ends at the Battle of Ascalon, where Godfrey of Bouillon [[boo-YOHN]] drove off the army of the Fatimids.

During this movement, the Bishop of Worms tried to shelter Jews in his house and Ruthard of Mainz fought alongside his personal guard to defend Jews during the Rhineland massacres, which were perpetrated by men under Count Emicho, a leader of this movement.

Bohemond of Taranto won at this campaign's Battle of Dorylaeum.

During this conflict, Peter Bartholomew failed a trial by fire after claiming to have found the Holy Lance during a siege of Antioch.

Participants included Godfrey of Bouillon and Raymond of Toulouse, and Walter the Penniless and Peter the Hermit led peasants in this conflict.

Bohemond of Taranto defended Antioch during this conflict, which was preceded by Peter the Hermit’s fight against the Seljuk Turks.

This campaign led to the establishment of European kingdoms in Edessa, Tripoli, and Antioch.

“God wills it” was Pope Urban II’s cry for this military campaign called at the Council of Clermont in 1096 to capture the Holy Land.

Another French pope, Urban II, whipped up support for this military initiative by saying “God wills it!” at the Council of Clermont.

During this conflict, Isaac Komnenos was ousted as ruler of Cyprus.

Frederick Barbarossa’s death occurred as he was traveling to this conflict, in which Richard the Lionheart led forces against Saladin.

In this conflict, Conrad of Montferrat was assassinated shortly after a succession conflict with Guy of Lusignan.

Isaac II Angelus made a pact to impede the progress of one member of this campaign, who would later sack Iconium, the capital of the Sultanate of Rum.

Prior to this campaign, Guy of Lusignan was captured at the Battle of Hattin.

While traveling during this conflict, Frederick Barbarossa drowned in the Saleph River.

While crossing the Saleph River, Frederick Barbarossa died en route to this conflict after being thrown from his horse and drowned.

It ended with Richard the Lion Hearted imprisoned and Frederick Barbarossa drowned. name this crusade of the 1190s.

The Battle of Jaffa ended this crusade that ended in 1192 when Richard the Lionheart defeated Saladin.

This conflict was called for in the bull Post Miserabile.

Support for this campaign was raised by Fulk of Neuilly’s [noo-yee’s] preaching.

Because participants in this event were unable to pay their debts to Enrico Dandolo, they agreed to assist the Venetians by attacking Zara.

An entire army was excommunicated after this conflict’s Siege of Zara, which was orchestrated by Enrico Dandolo.

Crusade which descended into looting and sacked Constantinople?

Alexius IV was made emperor during this conflict, which was called for by Pope Innocent III.

Soldiers fighting in this campaign were forced to sack the city of Zara on the orders of Enrico Dandolo.

Baldwin of Flanders was established as the first Latin Emperor after this early 13th century crusade in which Constantinople was sacked.

In this other disastrous crusade, the crusaders desecrated Constantinople to pay off a debt to Venice and never reached the Holy Land.

This battle's losers had just finished a march from their defeat of Harold Hardrada at Stamford Bridge, and were led by a man who suffered an arrow to the eye at this battle, Harold Godwinson.

Retreating forces from this battle were trapped in a ditch called the Malfosse.

According to William of Poitiers, Pope Alexander II gave a papal banner to one leader prior to this battle.

The brothers Gyrth and Leofwine may have been killed early in this battle defending a shield wall composed of troops called fyrds.

Twenty years after this battle, Amatus of Montecassino’s history first mentions the idea that its losing commander died from an arrow to the eye.

One side in this battle was massacred in the Malfosse after retreating.

Henry of Huntington describes how men on the winning side were trampled after charging into a feature later called the “Evil Ditch.” Orderic Vitalis is a major source for information on this battle, whose losing commander positioned his troops on Senlac Hill.

The Bayeux Tapestry depicts the death of Harold Godwinson in this battle that confirmed William the Conqueror’s rule over England in 1066.

That king had just days prior defeated Harald Hardrada at Stamford Bridge. name this 1066 battle in which Harold Godwinson was defeated by the Normans under William the Conqueror.

This battle was prompted after a disaster at the Garonne River forced Odo, the duke of Aquitaine, to call for aid.

After losing at Bordeaux, Odo the Great reorganized his army and broke the Cordovan [[kohr-DOH-vahn]] camp at this battle.

Most knowledge about this battle is derived from the Mozarabic Chronicle.

One side in this battle fell into disarray after a rumor spread that loot taken from Bordeaux had been stolen.

In the leadup to this battle, Odo’s forces were soundly defeated near Bordeaux in the Battle of the River Garonne.

The losing side in this battle repeatedly charged uphill with cavalry and withdrew after the death of Abd al-Rahman.

Edward the Black Prince won this 1356 battle during the Hundred Years War in which King John II of France was taken hostage.

Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi’s Umayyad invasion of Europe was halted by a man nicknamed “the Hammer”, Charles Martel, during this 732 battle in France.

The nickname of “Hammer” was earned by Charles Martel after winning this 732 battle that checked the Muslim advance into Western Europe.