In 1871, government forces reclaimed this city during the “Bloody Week” after it was seized by a namesake commune.

The patron saint of this city is said to have picked up his head after being martyred and walked for 6 miles, That man names a suburb of this city, St. Denis.

In this city, Adolphe Thiers clashed with a namesake commune during an 1871 uprising.

The European Coal and Steel community was established by a treaty in this city, in which an 1856 treaty demilitarised the Black Sea.

Four days after a series of events in this city, a similar event was avoided in Hanover thanks to the findings of a paramedic. After the events in this city, a grey Volkswagen Polo with foreign license plates was recovered which served as evidence that led to a raid on the Molenbeek [moh-lun-bek] area of Brussels.

During a siege of this city, National Guard troops bivouacked in a partially-built opera house designed by Charles Garnier.

The European capital where the treaty ending the war was signed?

City where an 1871 socialist “Commune” was suppressed following its country’s loss to Prussia.

The Bataclan theater was attacked in this city, the site of the January 2015 Charlie Hebdo shooting and a November 13th attack claimed by ISIS.

Its namesake university was founded in 1150 and is sometimes called the Sorbonne.

Baron Hausmann oversaw a set of renovations in this city, which was the site of a massacre at Père- Lachaise [PAIR luh-SHAYS] Cemetery in 1871.

The events in this city occurred despite heightened security following an attack earlier that year in this city at the offices of Charlie Hebdo.

In 1789, citizens in this city stormed the Bastille in this capital of France.

In converting to Catholicism, Henry IV claimed that this city was “well worth a mass.” name this capital city, the site of much strife during the French Wars of Religion.

Baron Haussmann led a renovation of this city during which he widened the streets to prevent the construction of barricades.

A secret 1915 treaty signed in this city established Italy as a member of the Allies.

In 1858, this city experienced a “Great Stink” that resulted in the construction of a new sewer system.

This city’s police force was found to be institutionally racist in a 1998 report ordered after the stabbing of Stephen Lawrence at a bus stop.

In this city’s Battle of Cable Street, Oswald Mosley’s Fascists clashed with counter-protesters in the East End.

Joseph Bazalgette designed this city’s sewer system, which reduced the frequency of cholera outbreaks and prevented a recurrence of the 1858 “Great Stink.” This city was one of first sites for rubber to be grown outside of South America, as part of a botanical research project at Kew.

Thomas Bloodworth was the governor of this city during a calamity that began here on Pudding Lane.

This city was home to a gang of Latvian immigrants led by Peter the Painter, who gained fame for allegedly surviving the Siege of Sidney Street.

Samuel Pepys’ diary records this city’s last bubonic plague pandemic, as well as the devastating Great Fire of 1666.

Capital city that hosted a League trading post at the Steelyard until Elizabeth I ended their license.

This is the largest city to have a “destruction horizon” of red ash, marking a 61 A.D. disturbance in which it was burned to the ground by the forces of Boudica. name this capital of Roman Britain.

The Steelyard was built by the Hanseatic League in this city, which was later home to a police force known as the Bow Street Runners.

A landmark known as this city’s Eye was built to commemorate the millennium in 2000; that Ferris wheel became a common sight in television coverage of the 2012 Summer Olympics. name this city whose less modern architecture includes Westminster Palace, the meeting place of British Parliament.

Its Whitechapel district was home to a series of unsolved murders. the Great Exhibition of 1851 took place in what city this was also home to the Jack The Ripper killings.

Canaletto painted The Thames and the City depicting this English capital city that contains the Tate Modern.

A follow-up to the Washington Naval Conference was this agreement named for the capital city of the UK.

During one event, the defenders of this city stripped the guns from the Aurora to combat an encroaching army.

After its deployment in the Crimea, the Gustav rail gun was to be used for the second time in fighting over this city.

During a siege of this city, one of the only access points for supplies was the “Road of Life” through Lake Ladoga.

This city was known as its country’s “Window to the West” after its founding in 1703, and this city’s Senate Square was the site of a Decembrist revolt.

An equestrian statue of this city’s founder was camouflaged with sandbags to protect it during World War II and sits on the massive Thunder Stone.

The Finnish Army indirectly participated in the 872 day Nazi siege of this city that is currently called Saint Petersburg.

Domenico Trezzini created a grid of canals for this city, which was constructed under Jean-Baptiste Alexandre le Blond.

A supply route called the Road of Life helped resupply this city by ferrying supplies across Lake Lagoda.

Target of Army Group North during the invasion. The siege of this city lasted 872 days.

Army Group North and their Finnish allies retreated after 900 days of fighting in this Soviet city that was besieged from 1941 to 1944.

In this city’s Senate Square, rebels declared support for Grand Duke Constantine in the Decembrist Revolt.

Dmitri Karakazov failed to kill a ruler in this city who was ultimately killed here by a bomb in 1881.

This city’s defenders were resupplied by the Road of Life, where vehicles would travel across a frozen lake east of this besieged city.

The Bloody Sunday massacre occurred outside this city’s Winter Palace, the home of the Romanovs. name this one time capital of Imperial Russia founded by Peter the Great.

An event in this city started with cannon fire from the Aurora and included an attack on the Winter Palace. name this city on the Baltic Sea founded by a namesake westernizing Tsar of Russia.

In 1529, Suleiman the Magnificent’s forces failed to take this city, ending their westward expansion into Europe.

Lifted a 1683 siege of what Austrian capital city after the arrival of Jan III Sobieski’s hussars?

Gabriel D’Annunzio dropped thousands of propaganda leaflets over this city during a “flight over” it.

After backing the forces of the Croatian leader Josip Jelačić , Count Baillet von Latour was lynched in this city.

Austrian city that names the original version of the Concert, created following the Napoleonic wars.

Austrian capital city he besieged in 1529.

A leader of a "Circle" named for this city, Moritz Schlick, was gunned down by a fascist-leaning former student who took offense to his anti-metaphysical philosophy.

The croissant was allegedly invented during a battle for this city that was saved from Kara Mustafa by the arrival of Jan III Sobieski in 1683.

John III Sobieski led a charge of Winged Hussars during a defeat for Kara Mustafa Pasha here.

One siege of this city was ended when John Sobieski led a cavalry charge of 20,000 Winged Hussars.

During a battle, this city was saved by a timely charge led by John III Sobieski [John the third soh-bee-ess-kee] and his Winged Hussars.

It's not Berlin, but this city's Burgtheater re-opened after the end of its division between Soviet and Allied Forces.

The Kahlenberg hill lies within this city, where King Jan Sobieski of Poland repelled Ottoman forces in 1683. name this former resident city of the Habsburgs and capital city of Austria.

This largest city on the Danube contains the Schönbrunn Palace as well as the imperial palace of the Hapsburgs. name this capital of Austria.

Suleiman the Magnificent's conquest of Europe was stopped at this city. name this city from which the Habsburgs ruled central Europe.

In this city, a new tax on fruit brought about the revolt of the fisherman Masaniello, who was soon shot.

A pro-French revolt in this city led to the formation of the Parthenopean Republic, which was opposed by the lower class lazzaroni.

A queen who ruled from this city was accused of murdering her first husband Andrew of Hungary.

An attempt to tax fruit by this city's Spanish rulers led to the rebellion of Masaniello.

One leader of a kingdom centered at this city was executed at Castello de Pizzo after an ill-advised expedition that ended at the Battle of Tolentino; that man was Joachim Murat.

The Battle of Cerignola confirmed Bourbon Spanish rule of this city, which was abandoned just before the Battle of the Volturnus.

Pompeii is close to this modern Italian city, which was conquered by the Romans during the Samnite Wars.

One of the characters in The Mute Girl of Portici is the fisherman Masaniello, who led a 1647 revolt in this Italian city against the Habsburgs.

A kingdom with capital at this city was ended at the Siege of Gaeta.

Later in the Napoleonic era, this home of the Camorra was ruled by Joseph Bonaparte and Joachim Murat.

Republics based in this city include one led by the fisherman Masaniello, and a six-month state called the Parthenopean Republic in 1799, before it was ruled by Joachim Murat under Napoleon. name this capital of the Campania region just west of the slopes of Mount Vesuvius.

The embargo cut both ways, as the end of Dutch grain imports caused famine in this Habsburg city, the second largest in Europe, which declared itself an independent republic in 1647 but was soon crushed by the Spanish viceroy.

The Sicilian Vespers removed Sicily from the control of this city, which was targeted by the Expedition of a Thousand. name this southern Italian city, the capital of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

This target of Garibaldi’s Expedition of the Thousand was the seat of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. name this Italian city in the environs of Vesuvius.

This city’s law code was reformed under the rule of Napoleon’s brother-in-law, Joachim Murat.

One force commanded by this country was defeated at the Battle of Gravelines.

Contribute volunteers to the Abraham Lincoln Brigade in this country's 1930s civil war?

In 1973, this country’s Prime Minister was assassinated by separatists in Operation Ogre.

This country fought the early 20th century Rif War against forces of Berber tribes in Morocco.

Country that granted the Netherlands independence after the Eighty Years’ War.

In this modern-day country, the 722 Battle of Covadonga sparked a centuries-long war against Islamic forces.

Residents of this country’s colonies that were born in this country were called peninsulares. :Name this country which colonized most of Latin America aside from Brazil.

The Dutch fought this country for independence in the Eighty Years War. This country’s monarch Philip IV recognized The Netherlands in 1648.

The Alhambra Decree expelled practicing Jews from this country, which was unofficially unified after the marriage of monarchs from Castile and Aragon.

European country from which the Philippines declared its independence in 1898.

Fought the Peninsular War when trying to install his brother on what country’s throne?

Empire that held the Netherlands as a personal union prior to the Eighty Years’ War.

The Falange seized power in this country after a 1930s civil war resulted in Francisco Franco becoming caudillo. name this country that is ruled by Felipe VI from Madrid.

This country was briefly ruled by Napoleon's brother, Joseph Bonaparte.

Thomas Pinckney negotiated a 1795 treaty with, what country that signed the Adams-Onis Treaty with the U.S., in which it ceded claims to Florida?

This country was partitioned three separate times during the 19th century, and was the largest country divided by the secret Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact.

Under the Golden Liberty system, this country was effectively run by the sejm (pr. same) parliament. nobles called szlachta (pr.

This country was established by Mieszko I of the Piast Dynasty.

The Nihil novi act gave this country’s nobles power which was strengthened under a system known as Golden Liberty.

A pianist from this country composed the opera Manru and spent ten months as its Prime Minister, during which time he signed the Treaty of Versailles.

A king of this country attempted to reform the power of the nobility by writing the 3rd of May Constitution, which was opposed by nobles in the Targowica Confederation.

The first historical leader of this nation, Mieszko I, founded the Piast dynasty and was baptized in 966.

The Union of Lublin created this country governed from Krakow and Vilnius.

Country invaded on September 1, 1939, marking the beginning of World War II.

As a result of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact this country was invaded, and then split between, the Soviet Union and Germany.

Country that was invaded by the Nazis to start the war after the Gleiwitz incident.

This country’s government was reformed after the Round Table Agreement, which included the trade union Solidarity.

Country first organized by the Piast Dynasty this was later invaded by its neighbor Germany to start World War II.

In this nation, Lech Walesa led the “Solidarity Movement.” That movement was supported by Pope John Paul II, who was born in this country.

That Round Table Agreement was primarily negotiated by a union that formed after a strike at the Lenin Shipyards in Gdansk. name this country where Solidarity leader Lech Walesa became president.

A colony named for this non-Polish country built Fort Casimir, or Fort Trinity, and was led by men like Johan Printz and Johan Risingh.

This nation won the battle of Narva before suffering a major loss at Poltava. name this northern European nation, which under Charles XII lost the Great Northern War to Russia.

A ruler of this country founded the Arcadian Academy in Rome after being converted to Catholicism by Pope Alexander VII.

Following the Khmelnytsky Uprising, Poland and Lithuania were occupied by this country in a period known as the Deluge.

One king of this nation was opposed by the Anjala Cospiracy, which sought to avoid a repeat of this nation’s occupation in the Lesser Wrath.

A king of this nation died at Fredriksten, forcing his men to endure the Carolean Death March to return home.

This kingdom established a short-lived colony in the Delaware Valley centered at New Christiana.

This country entered the Thirty Years’ War under the leadership of the “Lion of the North”, Gustavus Adolphus. name this Scandinavian country where rulers have led from Stockholm.

Olof Palme was a prime minister of this country. Centuries earlier, opponents of Christian II in this country were massacred in the Stockholm bloodbath.

Country that dominated the Baltic following its success in the Thirty Years War.

René Descartes was employed by Christina, a Queen of this country that she ruled from Stockholm.

Rene Descartes died in this country after being invited by a queen who was nicknamed “The Minerva of the North” for her interest in learning, Christina. name this Scandinavian nation with its capital at Stockholm.

The House of Vasa once ruled this country led by Charles XII and Gustavus Adolphus in the Great Northern War and Thirty Years’ War, respectively.

Queen Christina and Gustavus Adolphus both ruled which Scandinavian kingdom this was once ruled jointly with Norway and Denmark.

Peter the Great defeated the forces of this country during the Great Northern War. They won the Battle of Narva under the leadership of Charles XII.

This country’s financial innovations included hosting the first publicly traded company and the first stock exchange.

This European power harassed enemy colonies in a policy whose name translates as the “Grand Design.” The Amboyna Massacre was perpetrated by an organization based in this country whose emblem was the initials VOC.

This country launched a raid on the Medway River and signed the secret Treaty of Dover with England.

The iconoclast Beeldenstorm took place in this country where the Bourse stock exchange was established for the United East India Company.

Operations Chowhound and Manna provided relief to this country’s citizens during its “Hunger Winter” of 1944 to 1945.

The Eighty Years’ War is considered to be a War of Independence for this modern-day nation with capital at Amsterdam.

In The Embarrassment of Riches, Simon Schama described the culture of this country’s “golden age”.

Country against whom he fought two wars in an alliance with Louis XIV

For a time, this country was the only one allowed to enter Dejima to trade with Japan.

Pillarisation was strongly promoted in this country by prime minister Abraham Kuyper under its longest-reigning Queen, Wilhelmina, who was of the house of Orange-Nassau.

A filmmaker from this country was assassinated by Mohammed Bouyeri for criticizing the treatment of women in Islam in his film Submission.

This country’s seven provinces elected stadtholders.

William the Silent led this country in the 80 Years’ War, earning its independence and establishing the House of Orange.

To gain independence from Spain, this country fought the Eighty Years’ War. name this country whose leaders have historically lived in The Hague and Amsterdam.

Roving privateers from this country called the Sea Beggars captured Brielle from the Spanish in 1572, a turning point of the Eighty Years’ War.

On this geographical feature, a Turkic khanate known as the Little Tartary, the longest-lasting successor to the Golden Horde, ruled from 1449 to 1783.

Haci Giray [ha-ji ge-rai] established this region’s namesake khanate after breaking off from the Golden Horde.

East Germanic Gothic culture persisted in this area well into the 18th century, though the Gothic-dominated state Theodoro fell 400 years prior.

A state named for this region targeted neighboring “wild fields” for slave raids and was granted independence from the Ottoman Empire in the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji.

The Black Plague entered Europe via corpses lobbed into this region’s Genoese colony of Kaffa.

In an earlier conflict, the 93rd Highlanders became honored as the Thin Red Line in this region, where Lord Raglan made his name launching a courageous assault upon a Russian battery during the siege of Sevastopol.

Prosecutor Natalia Poklonskaya [[pohk-lohn-SKY-yah]] attempted to ban this region's Mejlis [[MEHJ-leess]] autonomous assemblies, forcing legislators to flee north.

This peninsula borders the Sea of Azov and juts into the Black Sea. name this peninsula that was recently annexed by Russia from Ukraine.

The Charge of the Light Brigade took place on this Russian peninsula in the Black Sea, the subject of an 1850s war.

Launched Operation Bustard Hunt in what peninsula in the Black Sea during the Siege of Sevastopol?

A Mongol siege of Genoa's colony in this region, Caffa, may have introduced the Black Death to Europe.

Fake villages along the Dnieper in this region were built by Gregory Potemkin to woo Catherine the Great after its peaceful annexation.

Those cities, Simferopol and Sevastopol, are major population centers on this strategically- important peninsula. name this territory recently annexed by Russia, a peninsula in the Black Sea.

This peninsula’s port of Sevastopol was besieged in a 1850s conflict.

Florence Nightingale treated soldiers during a war named for this Ukrainian peninsula.

Main waterway of western Germany, a river that named a confederation of German states created by Napoleon.

The historic border between France and Germany?

A capital city on this river was Bonn, and this river served with the Danube as the northern border of the Roman Empire. name this prominent river in western Germany.

Adolphe Thiers’ [tee-ayrz] desire to establish this river as a border led to an 1840 crisis.

The Hercynian Forest stretched eastward from this river in antiquity, and the Ubii lived along its banks.

The Batavians invaded Rome by crossing what border river, home to legions loyal to the third of the four emperors?

This river shares a delta with the Scheldt and Meuse that was the site of heavy damage in the 1953 North Sea flood.

River that marked the border of Gaul, and later, the Roman Empire.

This river is crossed by the John Frost Bridge, which replaced a structure fought over in the Battle of Arnhem during Operation Market Garden.

After the disaster at the Teutoburg Forest, Rome began to withdraw from Germania to west of this river, which became the boundary between Gaul and Germania.

A Roman army subdued the Ubii by building a 300-foot bridge over this river in ten days and demolishing it eighteen days later.

Peter exhorted crowds to massacre Jews in communities along this river that forms part of the border between France and Germany.

A legendary rock known as Lorelei overlooks this major Western European river that, like the Danube, formed much of the northern border of the Roman Empire.

The Germans named the battle “Operation Watch on” this 2nd longest central European river

The Nazi codename for the Ardennes Counteroffensive was "Operation Watch on [this river]." Following the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, Napoleon Bonaparte created a "Confederation" of German states named for this river.

A succession war named for this area began on the death of Maximilian Joseph in 1777 and was also known as the "potato war." Motifs from Wagner (pr.

After being denied membership from this state’s Thule Society, Anton Arco-Valley assassinated Kurt Eisner, a leader of this state’s Soviet Republic. Ashkenazi Jews were targeted during the 1819 Hep-Hep riots in this state.

This region’s ruler once perished mysteriously on a walk near Lake Starnberg, leaving his palace Herrenchiemsee incomplete.

Nuremberg is the largest city in the northern part of this largest state of Germany by area.

The Merovingian kingdom extended as far east as what is today this largely Catholic German state, an independent kingdom from 1806 to 1871, whose largest city is Munich.

A war over the electorate that ruled this region was ended by the Treaty of Teschen.

Hundreds of this region’s peasants were killed on Christmas 1705 in the Sendling night of murder.

The Wittelsbach kings were rulers from this region, which faced a “Potato War” that is also known as this region’s war of succession.

Three kings named Maximilian from the House of Wittelsbach ruled this region.

The Landshut War of Succession was fought between rival duchies in this location, which was officially neutral in the Schmalkaldic War.

Region of southern Germany in which Kurt Eisner established a Bolshevik state centered on Munich.

One king of this state, ruled by the Wittelsbachs, was declared mad due to his artistic patronage, including supporting Richard Wagner and building Neuscwhanstein [noysh-von-shtein] Castle.

A Wagner-loving ruler of this kingdom built Neuschwanstein [NOYSH-van-stein] Castle. name this kingdom that “Mad King” Ludwig II ruled from Munich.

Its “Mad King,” Ludwig II, built Neuschwanstein [noysh-van-stein] castle in this region and allied with Austria against Prussia. name this southern region of Germany, governed from Munich.

The 1918 Anif declaration ended seven centuries of Wittelsbach rule over this German state that saw “Mad King” Ludwig II’s rule from its capital at Munich.

Frederick the Great's 1740 occupation of this region triggered the War of the Austrian Succession.

The East Operation Group formed during one conflict in this region that included the Battle of Annaberg.

Wojciech [[VOH-chek]] Korfanty led an uprising in this region which culminated in the Battle of Annaberg against the Freikorps of the Weimar Government.

Mojmir I established the Great Moravian Empire in this region, and after a conflict in this region, the Duke of Brunswick surrendered Breslau to Charles of Lorraine.

Wilhelm von Bruddenbrock’s cavalry was routed at the Battle of Chotusitz during a subconflict named for this region, which also included the Battle of Mollwitz.

saw what productive province of her realm invaded by Frederick the Great, sparking the aforementioned war?

Though it is not Transylvania, a voivoideship in this region was granted control of Teschen and Ratibor in the 1920s.

The War of the Austrian Succession began with King Frederick II of Prussia’s invasion of this region, violating the Pragmatic Sanction.

A conflict ended by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle began after this region was invaded by Frederick the Great. name this region at the center of the War of the Austrian Succession.

The Pragmatic Sanction failed to prevent an invasion of this mineral rich region, contested by Maria Theresa and Frederick the Great.

The Treaty of Versailles stipulated that the inhabitants of the Upper part of this region had to hold a plebiscite, involving an invasion of the southeastern Cieszyn (SEE-zin) subregion before being resolved by the Spa Conference.

FTP, identify this European territory famously ceded by Maria Theresa to Frederick II of Prussia.

This region’s capital was the city of Breslau, now known as Wrocław .

Frederick won this mineral rich Austrian province in the war. Nowadays, it is split between Poland, the Czech Republic, and Germany.

This region was awarded to Poland after an uprising in 1921, which changed this region’s capital’s name from Breslau to Wroclaw.

A brief republic was declared in this region following its transfer after World War I by the Soviet of Strasbourg. name this region named for two French provinces on the Rhine, annexed by Germany after the Franco-Prussian War.

Insults aimed at inhabitants of this region led to protests against the military known as the Zabern Affair, which caused the resignation of Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg.

This territory was home to the southernmost Franconian dialects but also included a Romance speaking zone around Metz.

Men from this region conscripted into the German Army became known as malgré-nous.

The territory formed from two border regions that was annexed by Germany from its western neighbor?

Otto removed Conrad the Red as duke of this region.

It was divided into western and eastern sections by the Treaty of Meerssen, and it was split for good into Upper and Lower portions after the death of Bruno the Great. :Name this territory oft-disputed between East and West Francia, ruled first as a kingdom by a namesake grandson of Louis the Pius, and later ruled as a duchy.

Nancy was the capital of this region, which would become paired with Alsace after the Franco-Prussian war.

The eldest son of Louis the Pious claimed this region between France and Germany as part of the Treaty of Verdun.

The city of Colmar was once part of this region which lay west of Baden-Württemberg.

“Revanchism” was termed due to French desire to take back this region.

This other house intermarried into the Habsburg line after the Pragmatic Sanction in 1713, when Maria Theresa married Francis of this house, and other members governed Parma, Tuscany, and even Mexico under a Maximillian.

Most of France’s iron deposits were located in this region, which names the cross used as a symbol by the Free French. A duke of this region became Holy Roman Emperor after marrying the subject of the Pragmatic Sanction.

This French région borders the Saarland, and has traditionally been passed back and forth between Germany and France depending on who has won the most recent war between the two.

Bethmann Hollweg was censured while presiding over the Zabern Affair in this region. One and a half million residents of this region gained German citizenship under the Treaty of Frankfurt.

During this war, the Duc of Enghein won the second Battle of Nordlingen and defeated a Spanish invasion at the Battle of Rocroi.

The Treaty of Stettin allowed one nation to occupy the Duchy of Pomerania and began a phase in this conflict which would end after the death of Gustavus Adolphus.

Ended by the Peace of Westphalia, name this war between Protestants and Catholics fought largely in Germany, named for its length.

One participant in this war was advised by Axel Oxenstierna, won the Battle of Breitenfield, and was killed at the Battle of Lutzen.

A sub-war within this larger conflict named for general Lennart Torstenson resulted in Sweden's annexation of Gotland, Saaremaa [[sah-reh-MAH]], and Halland with assistance from the Dutch Republic. During this war, Saxony and Brandenburg-Prussia led the formation of the Heilbronn League in the wake of the Battle of Lutzen.

The Battle of Dessau Bridge took place in this war, which Denmark withdrew from via the Treaty of Lubeck.

Albrecht von Wallenstein’s forces at the Battle of Lutzen killed Gustavus Adolphus during this war.

In this war, Frederick the Winter King was forced to abdicate after losing to Hapsburg forces at the Battle of White Mountain.

The Catholic League under Count Tilly lost at the Battle of Breitenfeld in this war, in which Gustavus Adolphus died at the battle of Lützen.

This war’s Battle of the Rain led to the death of Count Tilly and his replacement by Albrecht von Wallenstein.

Gustavus Adolphus died in this war, largely between Protestant and Catholic alliances, ended by the Treaty of Westphalia.

Ended by the Peace of Westphalia, name this war largely fought between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire from 1618 to 1648.

The Second Defenestration of Prague kicked off this war which was ended by the Peace of Westphalia. name this conflict that raged from 1618 to 1648.

The Peace of Westphalia ended this 17th century European war sparked by the Second Defenestration of Prague.

This war began when Protestants led by Count Thum [] committed the "Second Defenestration of Prague." name this 17th-century war primarily fought in Germany, ended by the Treaty of Westphalia.

That infantry corp, the Italian Bersaglieri, fought in the Battle of the Chernaya and the Siege of Sevastopol during this war. name this war, fought between an alliance of Britain, France, Turkey, and Sardinia against Russia on a namesake peninsula.

This war was prompted when one nation sent the gunship Charlemagne, a violation of the London Straits Convention.

Photographer Roger Fenton traveled to battle sites in this war, where he took photos of many cannonballs on a road in what he titled “Valley of the Shadow of Death.” Another photo by Fenton from this conflict shows the railway station at Balaclava.

During this war, the “British Hotel,” where sick soldiers were quartered and fed, was cofounded by the Jamaican immigrant Mary Seacole.

You must die where you stand.” A Roger Fenton photograph taken during this conflict depicts cannonballs lying scattered on a deserted road.

The first engagement in this war began in Wallachia at the Battle of Oltenita.

Lord Raglan was criticized for another failed siege during this war.

This war’s Battle of Balaclava included the heroism of the Thin Red Line and the disastrous Charge of the Light Brigade.

This war featured a clash between cavalry and British highlanders which led to the term “thin red line.” Florence Nightingale was called “The Lady with the Lamp” for her role in this war.

The Thin Red Line participated in the Battle of Balaclava, part of the effort to besiege Sevastopol during this war.

During this earlier war, an error by Lord Raglan led to British cavalry charging through a different “Valley of Death” during the Battle of Balaclava.

Another poem about this conflict describes riding into the “jaws of Death” and “mouth of Hell.” That poem describes the “half a league, half a league, half a league onward” that a group of six hundred rode “into the valley of Death” near the city of Sevastopol.

The Siege of Sevastopol occurred in this war named for a Russian peninsula on the Black Sea.

Florence Nightingale received the nickname “Lady with the Lamp” for tending to soldiers wounded in this war.

The Charge of the Light Brigade took place in this war fought on a peninsula on the Black Sea.

The Diplomatic Revolution led to the setup of this war’s alliances.

During this war, Robert Clive recaptured Calcutta and followed that with a victory over Siraj ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal, at Plassey.

This war’s victor was saved by the death of rival Empress Elizabeth, an event termed the “Miracle of the House of Brandenburg.” The Treaty of Hubertusburg allowed the winner of this conflict to keep its pre-war boundaries.

In this war, the Siege of Madras and the Battle of Quiberon Bay occurred during the Annus Mirabilis.

During this war, John Byng was executed for failing to stop the “fall” of Minorca. In a theater of this war, twelve Mingo warriors helped win the Battle of Jumonville Glen.

This war began with a British naval defeat at Minorca, leading to the execution of British commander John Byng, and a land battle at Lobositz.

During this war, one king defeated a force led by the Prince de Soubise and Joseph of Saxe-Hildburghausen.

This war was preceded by a change in alliances, in which France allied with Austria and Britain allied with Prussia, and it was ended by a 1763 Treaty of Paris.

Saltykov [SALT-yuh-koff] and Loudon [loo-dohn] dealt a heavy loss to the Prussians at Kunersdorf [KOON-urs-dorf] in this war in which Rossbach [ROSS-bock] and Leuthen [LOY- tunn] were sites of victories by Frederick the Great.

It began with an invasion of Saxony and ended with the Treaty of Paris between Britain and France. name this global war between European powers that ended in 1763, often considered the first “World War” for its theaters in North America and India.

William Pitt the Elder served as Prime Minister during this war. It was known as the French and Indian War in America.

It followed the War of the Austrian Succession in a series of “world wars.” The French and Indian War was the American theater of——what war that lasted from 1756 to 1763, the namesake period of time?

Frederick the Great participated in this expansive conflict that included the French and Indian War.

Canada became a British colony after the Treaty of Paris that ended this war. name this worldwide war that lasted from 1756 to 1763.

This war’s European campaign included French defeats at the Battles of Minden, Villinghausen, Krefeld, and Rossbach.

During this war, the volunteer Army of the Vosges [vohzh] came to the aid of the losing side.

Oskar van Blumenthal sent Constantin von Alvensleben to Metz in this war’s Battle of Mars-la-Tour, which saw the retreat by the Army of the Rhine.

One side’s attack on Saarbrucken early in this war showed the value of their Chassepot [sha-say-poh] rifles, but was defeated at the Battle of Wissembourg [VISS-em-boorg].

The Army of Chalons was formed during this war to rescue troops encircled at Metz, and this war was ended by the Treaty of Frankfurt.

Bismarck’s editing of the Ems Dispatch sparked this 1870-71 conflict with his western neighbor, whose leader, Napoleon III, was captured at Sedan and lost Alsace-Lorraine.

Otto von Bismarck helped instigate this war in 1870 by editing the Ems Telegram to make it seem like the Prussian king had insulted a rival.

Name these things associated with the unification of Germany .Germany had been unified after various German lands had come together to defeat France in this war in 1870.

The Chassepot rifle was unable to defeat steel Krupp artillery in this war, which saw Marshal Bazaine was besieged in Metz with the Army of the Rhine.

After this war, Baden, Wu¨rtemburg, and Bavaria joined a country that also gained Alsace-Lorraine through the Treaty of Frankfurt.

Helmuth von Moltke pincered the Army of Châlons [[shah-LOHN]] while it was en route to relieve the Siege of Metz during this war.

Other engagements in this war saw the successive defeat of forces under Bazaine at the battles of Mars-la-Tour and Gravelotte.

In this war, Léon Gambetta escaped his capital in a hot air balloon to organize resistance.

1870 to 1871 was between Otto von Bismarck and Napoleon III during which Hans Herzog was Swiss General.

Bismarck instigated this war by sending the Ems Dispatch, and the Napoleon III regime collapsed after their loss at Sedan. name this 1870-71 war between the Second Empire and a German confederation.

Napoleon III was captured at the Battle of Sedan during this war.

During this conflict, Prince Rupert of the Rhine lost the battles of Marston Moor and Naseby to the New Model Army.

After a defeat in this war’s Battle of Worcester, a man who was later restored as king of his country escaped pursuit by hiding in the Royal Oak.

The opening fighting of this war was the Battle of Edgehill, in which one side characteristically included cavalry commander Prince Rupert.

The Engagers took part in the Putney debates and were crushed at the battle of Preston during this war.

In the “Storm over the Gentry”, Trevor-Roper argued with the Marxist Christopher Hill over the causes of this war. That debate centered on the class status of leaders of this war like Oliver Cromwell and Thomas Fairfax.

A siege of a weapons depository at Hull marked the beginning of this conflict, during which the “Ironsides” were an elite cavalry unit.

One of the causes of this conflict was the marriage of Henrietta Maria 17 years beforehand, and it was preceded by a period known as the Eleven Years’ Tyranny.

Prince Rupert of the Rhine was decisively defeated at Marston Moor during this conflict, in which Pride’s Purge abolished the Long Parliament.

During this conflict, the Long Parliament was shrunk into the Rump Parliament, which tried Charles I for treason.

The Diggers were a dissenting group that arose during this conflict between Roundheads and Cavaliers.

During this war, Richard Overton led a group of agitators against grandees like Henry Ireton at the Putney Debates.

In this war, Prince Rupert hid in a bean field after his cavalry were outflanked at the Battle of Marston Moor.

The New Model Army was created during this war, whose opposing sides were nicknamed the Cavaliers and the Roundheads. name this war that culminated with the execution of Charles I on the orders of Oliver Cromwell.

This conflict, a clash between the Cavaliers and the Roundheads, included the execution of Charles I. Oliver Cromwell participated in this war for control of a European nation.

This war, with battles at Worcester [[WOO-ster]] and Marston Moor, ended with the rise of the Lord Protector, Oliver Cromwell. name this war which resulted in the death of the Stuart monarch, Charles I.

Queen Anne’s War was an extension of this war, and during this war, the Battle of Ramillies was won by the Duke of Marlborough, who also won at the Battle of Blenheim.

Two Partition Treaties were signed to prevent this war, while the Barrier Treaties allowed one of the victors to set up a series of forts as a buffer.

The Duc de Villars won the Battle of Friedlingen during this conflict.

The Battle of Blenheim was part of this war, which also included the Battle of Malplaquet. It was fought over whether the House of Bourbon would unite the thrones of France and an Iberian nation.

One side in this conflict was forced to abandon the Siege of Turin after their defeat by Victor II Amadeus and his cousin at the Battle of the Stura.

The Battle of Blenheim occurred during this conflict, known as Queen Anne's War in the Americas, which was sparked by the death of the Habsburg king Charles II.

The Duc of Villeroi lost the Battle of Ramillies in this war.

The capture of Port Royal in Acadia occurred in its North American theater, which was called Queen Anne’s War.

The Duke of Marlborough partnered with Eugene of Savoy during their many victories during this war, which was ended by the Treaty of Utrecht.

Great Britain gained Gibraltar after this war, during which Marshal Tallard was crushed at the Battle of Blenheim [BLEN-um].

The Treaty of Rastatt was signed during this conflict, after which the English were given control of the asiento.

A monopoly over the slave trade was given to England in the treaty ending this conflict.

The Treaty of Utrecht ended this war that broke out in 1701 after Philip V became the king of a certain Iberian country.

The forces of Eugene of Savoy and the Duke of Marlborough won the Battle of Blenheim during this conflict.

Great Britain was granted the asiento in the Treaty of Utrecht that ended this war. name this war fought over the throne of its namesake Iberian country.

One leader during this war was killed at the Siege of Fredriksten, after he convinced one country to conduct the Pruth River Campaign.

One side in this war accomplished its first ever naval victory in the Battle of Gangut, while the final, decisive naval battle in this war was the Battle of Grengam.

This war’s winning side was forced to return Azov to the Ottoman Empire after a failed campaign on the Pruth River.

One side was forced to withdraw from this war in the Treaty of Traventhal.

Augustus the Strong was dethroned during this war, and one side in this war attacked in a blinding snowstorm, winning the Battle of Narva.

The losing ruler of this conflict was shot and killed during a siege of Fredriksten.

However, that army in this conflict was later decimated when it was forced to retreat through the Tydal mountains in an action called the Carolean Death March.

Augustus the Strong entered this war to win Livonia for Poland.

To this day, the navy of one side of this war always has one ship named Gangut, named after a victorious battle during this war.

The Greater Wrath and this war were ended by the Treaty of Nystad.

Poland-Lithuania participated in this early 18th century war in which a Russia-led coalition curbed the growing power of Sweden.

In this war’s decisive battle, one side’s attempts to appoint Alexander Menshikov as head of the Cossacks led Ivan Mazepa to defect.

The Treaty of Nystad ended this war in which Sweden’s Charles XII was defeated by Peter the Great of Russia.

Despite an early victory at Narva, a European empire faded after Carl Gustav Rehnskiold was crushed at Poltava. name this 18th century war between Peter the Great of Russia and Charles XII of Sweden.

During this conflict, Charles XII lost the Battle of Poltava to Peter the Great. name this 18th century war in which Sweden was defeated by Russia.

A Prussian army won the Battle of Hohenfriedberg during this war.

During this war, Charles Hay’s troops toasted his enemies and asked them to fire first; Maurice de Saxe prevailed over the Duke of Cumberland in that Battle of Fontenoy.

sparked what 1740 to 1748 war supposedly over whether she could inherit the throne?

The American theater of this war began when Spanish captain Juan de Le ́on Fandin o cut off Robert Jenkins’s ear as a penalty for smuggling.

Conflated with the naval War of Jenkins Ear, a British expedition captured a French fortress on Cape Breton Island in this North American analog of the War of the Austrian Succession.

This war, which saw the Battles of Assietta and Chotusitz, began with the defeat of Neipperg at the Battle of Mollwitz.

An 86 year old general in this conflict led the defense of the fortress town Bergen op Zoom, which resulted in a French victory.

The Battle of Dettingen, fought in this war, was the last time a British monarch led troops into battle, and Louisbourg was captured during this war’s American phase, King George’s War.

The second Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended this war, which began when Prussia’s Frederick II invaded Silesia after the death of Emperor Charles VI.

The treaty that ended this conflict saw the Duchies of Parma and Piacenza ceded to the Spanish and was signed at Aix–la-Chapelle .

The 1745 capture of Louisbourg occurred in the North American theatre of this war, which was called King George’s War.

The First Carnatic War and King George's War were extensions of this conflict.

The treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended this war fought after Maria Theresa’s ascension to the Habsburg throne.

Disagreements over whether Charles VI could violate Salic law in proclaiming his heir helped prompt this war, which began when Silesia was invaded by Frederick the Great of Prussia. name this 1740 war over Maria Theresa’s succession to a Habsburg throne.

The War of Jenkin’s Ear was a subsidiary of this war, which was sparked by Frederick the Great’s invasion of Silesia. name this war, caused by resistance to the Pragmatic Sanction and the inheritance of Empress Maria Theresa.

Prior to this conflict, one ruler sent the Letters from the Segovia Woods, refusing to relax persecution of Protestants.

The Dutch revolt against Spanish rule is generally known as this war, referring to its length. It was ended by the Peace of Munster and the independence of the Dutch Republic.

It was during this war that the Duke of Alba ran the Council of Blood, and the war would not be resolved until the Treaty of Münster.

The outbreak of this conflict was spurred by correspondence called the Letters from the Segovia Woods, which refused to abolish heresy ordinances.

The capture of Brielle by the Sea Beggars in this conflict revitalized one side after a brutal campaign by the ‘Iron Duke’ of Alva.

Calvinists were granted concessions by Margaret of Parma in an attempt to prevent this conflict, but she was replaced by a leader who failed to suppress this conflict with the Councils of Blood, the Duke of Alba.

William II [[the second]] de La Marck led a raiding group in this war which attacked Brielle under Willem Bloys van Treslong.

Italian engineer Frederico Giambelli helped design fire ships during this war, during which Balthasar Gerard assassinated a leader.

The Sea Beggers participated in this conflict that was ended by the Treaty of Munster, and Diego Velasquez painted a depiction of this conflict’s siege of Breda.

The Synod of Dort occurred during this conflict, whose two phases were separated by the Twelve Years’ Truce.

This conflict started following the brutal suppression of the Beeldenstorm by the Duke of Alba. :Name this conflict that saw the Republic of the Seven United Provinces fight for their independence against Spain. This conflict ended in 1648 with the Peace of Münster .

The Dutch Revolt sparked the beginning of this conflict during the Duke of Alba’s rule; like the Thirty Years War, it was ended by the Peace of Westphalia.

The Twelve Years Truce and the Synod of Dort divided this war into two sections.

One side was led by stadtholders Maurice of Nassau and William the Silent in this war, fought against Phillip II of Spain, which created the United Provinces.

The Council of Troubles, or the Blood Council, was created in this war by the Duke of Alba.

In a letter to Jean-Jacques Rousseau, this thinker claimed he changed his name “primarily so as to cease to be confused with the poet Roi.” While spying on Frederick the Great during the War of the Austrian Succession, this man began working on his Philosophical Dictionary.

This man created a Babylonian philosopher whose love, Sémire abandons him after his rival strikes him in the eye in his work Zadig. This man argued "If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him" in his Philosophical Dictionary.

This French philosopher used the Great Lisbon Earthquake as a counter to the idea that "this is the best of all possible worlds" in his Candide.

This man fought for Jean Calas’ innocence after his execution, writing about Calas’ trial in the Treatise on Tolerance.

What earlier resident of the Bastille wrote Candide (can-DEED)?

A radical free speech advocate and the author of Candide?

This man paid a visit to Louis XVIII in the Low Countries, earning the pejorative nickname “The Man of Ghent.” :Name this man who loomed large over pre-1848 French politics as a jack-of-all-trades minister to Citizen King Louis Philippe.

This thinker mocked Leibniz’s “optimistic determinism” in a philosophical satire. name this French enlightenment thinker, the author of Candide.

This lumière often attacked the Catholic Church, ending his letters with "crush the infamy!"

The second lettre de cachet issued against this author of Letters on the English was for his dispute with the Chevalier de Rohan-Chabot (shuh-vahl-YAY duh roh-AWN-shah-BOH). This man often used the expression "crush the infamous!" in his letters to monarchs like Frederick II and Catherine the Great.

This man was tasked as a spy during the War of the Austrian Succession, but came to exchange letters with Frederick the Great. name this French writer who satirized Leibniz's philosophy in Candide.

Prominent French watchmakers such as Jean-Antoine Lépine worked at the Manufacture Royale founded by this man in Ferney. This man campaigned to posthumously exonerate Jean Calas after his unjust execution.

This man stayed as a guest in the newly-built palace of Sanssouci (sawn-soo-SEE), where he completed the proto-science fiction story Micromégas.

Frederick was a frequent correspondent of this Enlightenment thinker, who came to live in his court. This Frenchman also corresponded regularly with Catherine the Great.

In a work by this author, the title character is mentored by the optimist Professor Pangloss. name this enlightened French writer who created Candide.

This man, who described the travels of a disillusioned man in Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, died in Missolonghi in 1824.

This man once offered 500 pounds for the purchase of the twelve-year-old girl Teresa Makri, a failed bid that led to his poem “Maid of Athens, ere we part.” After meeting his cousin at a ball, he compared her to “the night of cloudless climes and starry skies” in another poem.

This poet of the narrative poem The Siege of Corinth is regarded as a hero for his participation in the Greek War of Independence during which he got sick and died.

This author's alleged incestuous relationship with his half-sister may have resulted in the birth of Elizabeth Medora Leigh.

A poem by this man popularized the legend of the Ukrainian Ivan Mazepa, who deserted the Russian Army for Sweden.

This author was described as "mad, bad, and dangerous to know" by his mistress Lady Caroline Lamb.

This person’s many poems include The Siege of Corinth and the thirty selections in Hebrew Melodies.

Among the supporters of the Luddites was this father of computer programming pioneer Ada Lovelace.

“She Walks in Beauty” and Don Juan [JOO-un] were written by this English poet who died fighting in the Greek War of Independence.

This person’s only legitimate child is often regarded as the world’s first computer programmer.

This author died of sepsis before he could help attack the Ottoman fortress of Lepanto during the Greek War for Independence. name this Romantic poet, the author of "She Walks in Beauty."

Later on, this writer developed sepsis during the siege of Lepanto.

This literary member of the House of Lords supported the Luddites and wrote the poem Song for the Luddites. He may be better known for Don Juan [].

Shelley drowned in a boat named the Don Juan in homage to what other poet this person who wrote Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage and died fighting in the Greek War of Independence.

This person helped to make Greek independence a fashionable cause. name this person, whose death during the siege of Missolonghi [[mee- soh-LOHN-gee]] enshrined him as the exemplar of the Romantic Age.

This man provided support, but far less than half the writing, for a text that begins “A spectre is haunting Europe.” name this author of The Condition of the Working Class in England and co-author of The Communist Manifesto with Karl Marx.

This man argued that Robinson Crusoe’s enslavement of Friday used force as a means to the end of economic advantage in his work Anti-Durhing.

A book by this man was translated into English by Florence Kelley in 1885 and discusses the exploitative practices of the textile industry in Manchester.

This historian wrote that people “only regard each other as useful objects,” in the manner of another author’s book The Ego and Its Own, in a passage examining St. Giles and other neighborhoods in “great towns.” This historian used Wilhelm Zimmerman’s data as a source for his monograph The Peasant War in Germany.

Name these Marxist historians, FTPE.Perhaps the earliest example of Marxist historiography is this man’s discussion of Thomas Muentzer in The Peasant War in Germany. However, he is better known as the author of The Condition of the Working Class in England.

He attacked the French utopian socialist Charles Fourier in Socialism: Utopian and Scientific, and he spoke out against the institution of marriage in The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State.

At the request of Paul Lafargue , this historian excerpted three chapters from one of his polemics in a pamphlet that examines “utopian and scientific” forms of the title ideology.

19th century thinker who studied the German Peasants’ War and wrote The Condition of the Working Class in England.

Kelley was also a keen correspondent with this man whose The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 she translated into English. Her translation is in print to this day.

This thinker analyzed the residents of Manchester in The Condition of the Working Class in England, arguing that they were disadvantaged by the Industrial Revolution.

Under this man, the purchase of officer ranks was abolished in the Cardwell Reforms.

This Prime Minister’s government introduced mandatory secret voting in the Ballot Act.

This man served as Prime Minister of Britain four times in the late 1800s. :Name this leader of the Liberals who was opposed by Conservative Benjamin Disraeli.

The Cardwell military reforms took place under this man.

This politician verbally attacked a rival for doing nothing against the “Bulgarian Horrors” during his Midlothian Campaign.

This bonus is about Benjamin Disraeli fan fiction. :Fan fiction writers enjoy commenting on the underlying sexual chemistry between Disraeli and this man, his Liberal arch-nemesis who served as Prime Minister four times and was known as the Grand Old Man.

As President of the Board of Trade, this politician gave the government power to oversee a private company with the Railway Regulation Act.

This leader of the Midlothian campaign supported Irish Home Rule. name this British Prime Minister who feuded with Benjamin Disraeli.

This so-called "Grand Old Man" gave a series of fiery speeches to his constituents in the Midlothian Campaign.

After Secretary Cavendish was assassinated, this man ordered arbitrary detainment via the Irish Coercion Act.

This politician's pamphlet Bulgarian Horrors criticized both the Ottoman reprisal against the title minority and Benjamin Disraeli's government indifference to the matter. name this Liberal politician and four- time Prime Minister of Great Britain during the late 19th century.

This man ran the world’s first political campaign in Midlothian.

Extending voting to laborers in the 1884 Reform Act this "Murderer of Gordon," a Liberal British prime minister and rival of Benjamin Disraeli.

This leader attacked a prominent political rival over their response to the “Bulgarian Horrors” in his Midlothian campaign. name this four-time Liberal British prime minister during the nineteenth century and rival of Benjamin Disraeli.

This man launched one of the first modern political campaigns in the Midlothian Campaign but was less successful working with Charles Parnell in securing Irish home rule.

Insane lumberjack Daniel M’Naghten sought to kill this man, but shot his secretary, Edward Drummond, instead.

This politician’s first ministry fell after the Lichfield House Compact, in which Daniel O’Connell agreed to ally with the opposition.

This British Prime Minister worked with Whigs to repeal the Corn Laws. Earlier he had helped establish the modern metropolitan police force in London.

This man precipitated the Bedchamber Crisis when he demanded the removal of Whigs from Queen Victoria’s personal retinue.

This man invited controversy by increasing the funding of the Maynooth seminary.

An attempted assassination of this man led to the formation of the M’Naghten test for the criminal insanity defense.

This man was the Prime Minister when the common law rules for insanity defenses were developed, following Daniel M’Naghten’s murder of this man’s private secretary Edward Drummond.

This man sparked the Bedchamber Crisis and penned the Tamworth Manifesto, one of the cornerstones of the Conservative Party.

This man refused to succeed Lord Melbourne unless Queen Victoria fired many ladies-in-waiting in the Bedchamber Crisis.

This man accepted the Reform Act of 1832 as "a final and irrevocable settlement of a great constitutional question" and advanced Conservative policies in the Tamworth Manifesto.

This Conservative was the British Prime Minister during the potato famine. He urged the repealing of the Corn Laws in an effort to provide more food for the starving Irish.

Early in his career, he refused to become Prime Minister after Queen Victoria would not dismiss certain ladies of the bedchamber.

This man established the Metropolitan Police in London and inspired their nickname of “bobbies.” name this 19th century British Prime Minister who repealed the Corn Laws.

His other achievements include responding to the Irish Potato Famine. name this British Prime Minister who founded the London police and repealed the Corn Laws.