The Albizzi family came to power in this city after Michele di Lando led a rebellion of wool carders, the Revolt of the Ciompi [“Chee-om-pi”].

This city was ruled by the Albizzi family following a 1378 revolt by carders of wool. name this Tuscan city home to Savonarola and the Medici.

The Medici family dominated 15th century politics in this Italian city-state.

Supporters of the Pope plotted the Pazzi Conspiracy to overthrow this city’s ruling family.

It was betrayed by Bocca degli Abati in a battle against its archrival Siena, leading to its defeat at Montaperti.

As papal vicar, Angevin royal Robert the Wise intervened in a war in this city between Guelphs and Ghibellines.

In the Battle of Montaperti, Siena’s Ghibellines defeated this city’s Guelphs.

Girolamo Savonarola ruled briefly in this Tuscan city-state that was ruled by the Medici.

Michele [mik-ay-lay] di Lando was the first leader of a group of angry wool workers in this city during the Revolt of the Ciompi.

That event in this city was the Pazzi Conspiracy.

Later, this city fought the War of the Eight Saints against Pope Gregory XI, leading to the end of the Avignon Papacy.

Another museum in this city holds La Primavera and The Birth of Venus by Sandro Botticelli, who primarily worked in this city.

Sandro Botticelli was patronized by a leader of this city known as Lorenzo the Magnificent. name this Italian city ruled by the Medici family.

In this city, a campaign to burn art in what was known as the Bonfire of the Vanities was overseen by the Dominican friar Girolamo Savonarola.

A family of art patrons in this city included Lorenzo the Magnificent and Cosimo I, who commissioned this city’s Uffizi Gallery. name this Italian city once controlled by the Medici family.

Ottone was an archbishop who founded the rule of one family in this city by winning the Battle of Desio and ousting the Della Torre family.

Emperor Maximian ruled the Western Roman Empire from this city before moving the capital to Ravenna due to invading Visigoths.

Swiss mercenaries betrayed the forces of this city to the forces of Louis XII in the Treason of Novara.

Francis I was victorious at the battle of Marignano, which allowed him to capture this Italian city.

Eventually was hung upside down outside a gas station in which largest Northern Itailan city?

Twelve “captains and defenders of liberty” were elected to write this city’s laws when it was briefly reorganized into the Golden Ambrosian Republic following the fall of the Visconti family.

This city fell under the rule of the patron Ottone’s [oh-toh-nay’s] family after he won the Battle of Desio against Napo della Torre.

Following a war of succession in this city, members of the University of Pavia established the short-lived Golden Ambrosian Republic. That republic founded in this city was abolished by the condottiero-turned-duke, Francesco Sforza, who later signed the Peace at Lodi [[LOH-dee]] with Naples and Florence. name this northern Italian city, known to the Romans as Mediolanum.

This city changed hands after the battle of Desio, but the winning family died out after Filippo Maria Visconti bore no heirs, leading to the creation of this city’s Golden Ambrosian Republic. The Peace of Lodi ended this city’s wars with Venice and established the Sforza family as the rightful rulers of this city. name this city in Northern Italy, the capital of Lombardy.

The Sforza family ruled over this city, which once was capital of the Western Roman Empire. name this capital of Lombardy.

The Sforzas ruled this Italian city during the latter half of the 15th century. This city is the modern capital of Lombardy.

In this city in 1805, Napoleon, who was about to be crowned king, ordered the facade finished on a cathedral, and one of the spires was topped with a statue of him.

City ruled by the Sforzas, where Leonardo da Vinci painted the Last Supper.

After that republic fell, this city was ruled by the Sforzas. name this capital of Lombardy, a city in Northern Italy.

City-state led by Ludovico Sforza at the start of the Wars.

This man’s works include a worked named for a prince of Tyre, who shares his name with an Athenian statesman, Pericles.

In one play by this author, he describes a “band of brothers” in the St. Crispin’s Day Speech, delivered by a royal character shortly before the Battle of Agincourt.

Thomas Nashe may have co-written the Temple Garden scene with this author in a trilogy of plays in which nobles pluck red or white roses to support either the Duke of Somerset or Richard Plantagenet.

In a play by this author, a man who gave away all of his money at a banquet finds a hoard of gold while living in a cave in the wilderness.

This man's fictitious sister Judith is hypothesized to make a point about women writers in Virginia Woolf's A Room of One's Own.

One hypothesis about this man is the Derbyite Theory, which notes the similarities between William Stanley’s life and fictional depictions.

A play by this author opens with a Catholic martyr quelling rioters from Lombardy on Evil May Day.

This husband of Anne Hathaway was a native of the town of Stratford upon Avon where he died in 1616.

Another of this writer’s plays has characters based on Holinshed’s Chronicles and is considered cursed in theatre circles.

This author wrote a play in which the images of an armored head, a bloody child, and a crowned child warn a king of Scotland that he cannot be harmed by a man “of woman born,” though the king is later killed by Macduff anyways. name this author of the historically inspired tragedies Timon of Athens and Macbeth.

This man left only his "second-best bed" to his widow Anne Hathaway, but did leave women such roles as Cordelia, Beatrice, and Ophelia. name this author of King Lear, Much Ado About Nothing, and Hamlet.

This author of Sir Thomas More wrote a play whose protagonist describes himself as "determined to prove a villain" in a speech opening "Now is the winter of our discontent." name this playwright of histories including Henry VI and Richard III.

This man wrote historical plays about Kings Henry IV, V, VI, and VIII and perhaps his most famous work is titled for a prince of Denmark. name this English author of works such as Antony and Cleopatra and Hamlet.

This member of the Lord Chamberlain’s Men staged numerous plays at the Globe Theater. name this “Bard of Avon,” an English playwright who wrote Julius Caesar and Hamlet.

History plays like Richard III were written by this legendary English playwright.

answer some questions about the invention of the printing press:The printing press was invented by this goldsmith from Mainz, who used it to print his namesake bibles.

Who invented a movable-type printing press to enable mass communication?

This man created the B42 Bible, which was the first Western book to be produced with a movable-type printing press. Marshall McLuhan analyzed this man’s “galaxy” in a book that popularized the term “global village.”

Hundreds of thousands of copies of Luther's Ninety-Five Theses were produced by this pioneering printer who developed the movable-type printing press.

Pope Pius II viewed an object made by this person that is one of the most famous incunabula and was likely made of vellum.

This man allegedly came up with his most famous invention at the same time as a Dutchman named Laurens Coster.

Illuminated manuscripts went into decline after this craftsman invented the first European printing press with moveable type. He lost his equipment to his creditor Johann Fust after Fust successfully sued him in 1455.

This German invented the movable type printing press in the 15th century.

A few vellum copies were made of the namesake 42-line bible this man completed in 1455. name this European who invented the printing press.

This person created a “42-line” version of the Vulgate using a device he invented in the city of Mainz.

To get its anti-sorcery message out, copies of the Malleus Maleficarum were made with the movable type printing press invented by this craftsman from Mainz.

Libraries shifted from repositories of rare tomes to sharers of useful information mostly thanks to this German, who introduced the printing press to Europe.

This man produced a set of Bibles, less than fifty of which still exist, using movable type. name this German inventor who introduced the printing press to Europe.

It took a year for this man to make the punches for a 42-line Bible. name this European often credited with inventing the printing press.

This man was born to a goldsmith who served the bishop of Mainz.

This man attempted to divest responsibility for causing a peasant war by writing Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants.

In addition to “Von Himmel Hoch,” J.S. Bach wrote a cantata on the hymn “A Mighty Fortress Is Our God.” Those works were both originally written by what man?

This leader asserted that the body of Christ was present in the Eucharist at the Marburg Colloquy, putting him at odds with Ulrich Zwingli.

This man expressed his desire that “poisonous envenomed worms” be drafted into forced labor, and demanded synagogues be burned to the ground in his On the Jews and their Lies.

This thinker’s controversial ideas earned him excommunication in the papal bull Decet Romanum Pontificem, and another of his works prompted the papal bull Exsurge Domine.

Johann Agricola wrote an attack on this man who advocated the burning of Jewish schools and synagogues in his work On the Jews and Their Lies.

This man received the protection of Frederick III of Saxony and debated Zwingli in the Marburg Colloquy.

This religious reformer debated Ulrich Zwingli during the Marburg Colloquy. This reformer's posting of his 95 Theses on the door of a Wittenberg church kicked off the Protestant Reformation.

This German Augustinian monk was excommunicated at the Diet of Worms for writing the 95 Theses and kicking off the Protestant Reformation.

He was sheltered by Frederick the Wise at Wartburg Castle, where he translated the New Testament into German.

This theologian wrote a pamphlet callled Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants to come out against the Peasants’ Revolt. He issued his 95 Theses in Wittenberg.

The papal bull Exsurge Domine was issued against this man by Pope Leo X. He opposed Johann Tetzel before being compared to Jan Hus by Johann Eck.

German monk who started the Protestant Reformation by nailing the 95 Theses to a church door.

Criticisms of the sale of indulgences in the Ninety-Five Theses were written by this German monk-turned-reformer who started the Protestant Reformation.

The author of the Ninety-Five Theses was this seminal figure of the Reformation.

This man, who was excommunicated by Pope Alexander VI, was executed after his trial by fire was canceled by rain.

Followers of this man were opposed by a rival group known as the Palleschi [[pah- LEH-shee]].

This man’s prophecy of a “Cyrus of the North” came true when Charles VIII invaded Italy.

The “Weepers” supported this man who befriended the author of Oration on the Dignity of Man, Pico Della Mirandola.

Answer the following about powerful Italian families during the Renaissance. :The excesses of the Italian Borgia family were targeted by this Dominican Friar who organized the 1497 Bonfire of the Vanities.

Supporters of this man included the Piagnoni and Fra Domenico da Pescia, who were executed with him.

The Palleschi were opposed by a group honoring the memory of this man, the Piagnoni, who lost the Battle of Gavinana a half-century after his death.

Charles VIII’s invasion was welcomed by this man, who ordered the burning of sinful objects in the Bonfire of the Vanities. name this Dominican friar who preached extensively in Florence.

This “man was ruined with his new order of things” according to Machiavelli, who referred to this man as being inadequately armed to enforce his beliefs.

Piero the Unfortunate was succeeded by this man after he successfully begged Charles VIII of France to spare his city.

Lorenzo de’ Medici was an early patron of this Dominican friar who came to rule Florence after the interruption of Medici power. He and his followers conducted the Bonfire of the Vanities.

This man, who rejected the "red hat" offered to him by Pope Alexander VI, faced off against a hostile Signoria elected in March 1498.

The Bonfire of the Vanities was organised by this Dominican friar who briefly ruled Florence after the end of the Medici family’s rule.

The Medici family were briefly expelled by this Dominican friar who controlled Florence in the late 15th century and ordered the Bonfire of the Vanities.

Another Dominican friar was this 15th leader of Florence who ordered the burning of hundreds of non-religious books and artwork in the Bonfire of the Vanities.

This theologian penned an allegorical poem against involvement in wars known as “The Labyrinth.” This theologian affirmed that the Eucharist is symbolic in the Sixty Seven Articles.

Swiss Reformation leader who led Protestants against Catholics in the Wars of Kappel.

This Zurich based Protestant leader debated Luther. He died fighting for Zurich during some religious wars.

Heinrich Bullinger succeeded this man after his death in the Second Kappel War.

This leader of the Swiss Reformation fornicated with a barber’s daughter, which caused problems for him in trying to become a priest in Zurich. At the Marburg Colloquy he debated with Luther over the Eucharist.

After marrying Anna Reinhard, this man led a petition to abolish celibacy from the clergy.

This man first gained controversy after defending the consumption of sausages during Lent.

This priest of the Zurich Grossmunster was killed in the Second War of Kappel. He opposed Luther at the Marburg Colloquy.

Luther differed in opinion over the nature of Christ, be it real or symbolic, during the Eucharist with this Swiss Theologian, whom Luther debated with at the Marburg Colloquy

Was the Swiss theologian denied the Real Presence in communion?

This contemporary of Martin Luther was a prominent leader of the Protestant Reformation in Switzerland. He would later separate from Luther.

Though not denying the Real Presence, this man disputed that the bread and wine literally become Christ's body and blood at a colloquy in Marburg with a German counterpart. name this people's priest at the Grossmunster of Zurich who began the Reformation in German-speaking Switzerland.

At the Marburg Colloquy, this man argued with Martin Luther over the nature of the Eucharist. name this Swiss Reformation leader from Zurich.

This man debated Martin Luther at the Marburg Colloquy, arguing that the Eucharist only represents the blood and body of Christ. He preached in Zurich.

This man was killed during the Kappel Wars, which started when an alliance of Forest Cantons was formed against him.

This man spent several months in a cave near the town of Manresa. :Name this Superior General, best known for a set of meditations divided into four weeks, called the Spiritual Exercises.

The Jesuit order was founded by this Spanish nobleman, who wrote his Spiritual Exercises after living in a cave near Manresa for more than a year.

This man experienced a spiritual awakening after being wounded at the Battle of Pamplona, and he later wrote a book after his time living with the Benedictine Monastery in Montserrat called The Spiritual Exercises.

One of the best known Basques in history is this sainted author of the Spiritual Exercises who co-founded the Jesuit order with another Basque, Francis Xavier.

A Peter Paul Rubens depiction of this man shows him holding a book and his right hand outstretched while a ray of light is shining upon him.

This man’s most important work centers on the examination of conscience. :Name this man who wrote a work that details an ideal retreat, which is laid out in four weeks, each of which details a segment of the life of Christ, The Spiritual Exercises.

This person had a vision of God telling him "I will be propitious to you at Rome" before he experienced an awakening while praying in a cave near Manresa.

Name these random theologians, .In Manresa, this man began his main work, but soon met Peter Faber and Francis Xavier and founded the Society of Jesus, or the Jesuits.

Miguel Landivar spread rumors that this figure was an escaped convict to support Agostino Mainardi, who accused this person of heresy.

This man laid down his military equipment while visiting the shrine of the Virgin of Montserrat.

In one letter, this man wrote, "Ite, inflammate, omnia," or "Go set the world on fire." This man was wounded at the Battle of Pamplona when a ricocheting cannonball shattered his right leg.

This man served as a knight under the Duke of Najera, and he was injured by a cannonball at the Battle of Pamplona.

He created an organization based on his religious awakening that included Francis Xavier. name this founder of the Jesuits.

Urban VIII signed the papal bull canonizing this man, whose injuries during the Italian War prompted a faith binge that involved seeing a vision at the Our Lady of Montserrat shrine, writing the Spiritual Exercises, and founding the Jesuits.

After returning from a pilgrimage to Montserrat, this man shut himself in a cave for eleven months and wrote his best-known work, which is divided into four "weeks." The Spiritual Exercises was written by this Spanish priest from Loyola who co-founded the Jesuits.

Three of Henry’s wives shared this first name. Henry’s first wife, a princess of Aragon, had this name, as did two wives from the Parr and Howard families.

The first was a relative of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, the fifth was executed after sixteen months for adultery, and the last survived by outliving Henry.

Much of this person's adult life was influenced by a meeting with Jacques de Lamberville, a French Jesuit who taught her the catechism.

This woman appeared to her friend, Marie-Therese Tegaiaguenta, by knocking on the wall following her death on Holy Wednesday in 1680.

This Iroquois woman, known as The Lily of the Mohawks, was the first Native American to be canonized and was baptized as Catherine. Although she survived a smallpox epidemic, all of her facial scars miraculously faded after her death.

This saint, given a birth name translating to "she who bumps into things," was canonized by Benedict the Sixteenth in 2012.

An Algonquin-Mohawk Catholic convert this woman from what is now New York state, known as the "First Iroquois Virgin".

This man considered kneeling during communion idolatrous, leading to the Black Rubric. French forces under Leone Strozzi [[leh-OH-neh STROH-tsee]] captured this man and turned him into a galley slave.

Contemporary narratives by Thomas Smelton and Richard Bannatyne give an account of the last days of this man’s life.

This man translated the First Helvetic Confession into English and served as a bodyguard in defense of George Wisehart.

This man wrote the five- volume tome The History of the Reformation in Scotland.

His public religious and political stances became solidified during a dinner given by his friend Erskine of Dun, though they had already been hardened after his purported role in influencing the murder of Cardinal Beaton and his subsequent imprisonment and exile.

After returning from Geneva, he never completed his two planned sequels to a work which caused his falling-out with Elizabeth I by claiming that the Bible forbade women from ruling over men, known as the First Blast of the Trumpet.

Among his works are a “History,” of a religious movement in his nation completed by George Buchanan, and the chief contribution to the first and second Book of Discipline, which laid out organization for his church.

This man attacked Mary I and stated that female monarchs went against biblical teachings in the pamphlet The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women.

This man wrote a "first blast of a trumpet" criticizing the unnatural "monstrous regiment of women," targeting Mary I of England. name this Scottish reformer, the founder of Presbyterianism.

This man briefly preached to a group of Marian exiles in Frankfurt and claimed that Charles V was "no less enemy to Christ than was Nero." In Stirling, this man gave the sermon at James VI's [[the Sixth's]] coronation. name this Scottish Calvinist theologian and founder of Presbyterianism.

One phase of the Rough Wooing was sparked by the murder of the Scottish cardinal David Beaton, which spelled trouble for this clergyman who would later found Presbyterianism and led the reformation of Scotland.

This Scottish Calvinist created the Presbyterian Church in his home country, and came into conflict with Mary, Queen of Scots over her Catholic faith.

This influential member of the “kirk” preached for what became Presbyterianism. identify this Protestant reformer who was active in Scotland.

This thinker is credited with adding the black rubric to the Book of Common Prayer.

Better known are his attacks on the “dregs of Popery” in his “Brief Exhortation to England” and his vicious attack on Mary of Guise and Mary Tudor in First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women.

In Bahai, the Bab is frequently annalogized to this man.

A John Everett Millais painting depicts this man on the far right carrying a basin of water to wash another man's wound.

Depictions of this man as an adult often show him wearing a robe of camel’s hair, including one to the right of the central figure on the Ghent Altarpiece.

Part of this man is shown floating in a halo in a Symbolist painting by Gustave Moreau.

Identify the following relating to the plays of the "bilious" Henrican Protestant polemicist John Bale, .Bale wrote 14 books on this man by his own count. He is the last Biblical figure to appear in God's Promise and he condemns a Pharisee and a Sadducee, stand-ins for Catholics, in a play named for this man's Preachynge.

A 1540 work by Titian depicts this man holding a staff as a lamb sits by his right foot, while a Bruegel work depicts a crowd listening to this man preaching.

Historically, the Gnostic Mandaean religion has been called the "Christians of" this man.

The Brazilian Festa Junina celebration honors Saint Anthony, Saint Peter, and this other saint, for whom the holiday is often named. Jesus followed this son of Elizabeth, who dunked Jesus in a river.

This man was beheaded by Herod at the request of Salome. name this son of Zechariah and Elizabeth, who immersed Jesus in the River Jordan.

This man is described as eating locusts and wild honey and is believed by Christians to be the second coming of Elijah.

Leonardo da Vinci painted this man smiling while pointing up at the sky, and another representation of this man depicts Salome holding a platter.

This man was beheaded by (*) Herod at the request of Salome.

Royal English house to which Henry belonged.

This family of Welsh origin claimed the throne of England after Richard III was killed at the Battle of Bosworth Field.

One member of this house repulsed a Scottish invasion at the battle of Flodden Field and formed the powerful court known as the Star Chamber.

The Pilgrimage of Grace targeted another member of this house who attempted to dissolve the monasteries.

ended when Elizabeth I died childless?

Though that progenitor, Owen, was executed after the Yorkists’ victory at Mortimer Cross, he became grandfather of the first monarch from this family, who put down the pretenders Perkin Warbeck and Lambert Simnel.

The first king of this dynasty established trade with Spain through the Treaty of Medina del Campo and ordered the beheading of a 14-year-old for backing the pretender Perkin Warbeck.

House aligned with the House of Lancaster, to which Henry VII, the Wars’ eventual victor, belonged.

The pace of enclosure sped up under this English dynasty, whose first king was Henry VII.

This family’s path to the throne began with a clerk of the wardrobe who was secretly married to Catherine of Valois after she was widowed.

The last monarch of this family never married or produced an heir, leading James VI of Scotland to begin the Stuart Dynasty at its end. what British dynasty included Henry VII, Henry VIII, and Elizabeth I?

That king from this house also executed his second wife, Anne Boleyn. name this royal house of England that gained the throne after the Wars of the Roses and included Henry VIII.

The final member of this dynasty claimed to have "the heart and stomach of a king" and defeated the Spanish Armada. name this family name of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I.

The Act of Supremacy was signed by a member of this house to establish himself as head of the Anglican Church after failing to receive an annulment from Catherine of Aragon. name this English royal house of Henry VIII.

Henry VII’s victory over Richard III ended the House of Plantagenet and began this English royal house that also included Henry VIII and Elizabeth I.

One member of this family authored the bull Exsurge Domine as Pope Leo X. Another of its members was killed by an assassination plot orchestrated by the rival Pazzi family.

An attempt to take power from this family by assassinating several of its key members was known as the Pazzi Conspiracy.

This family’s coat of arms features six spheres called palle on a gold shield.

An early member of this family helped suppress the revolt of wool-carders called Ciompi.

One member of this family refused to annul Henry VIII’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon.

One man in this family was exiled to Venice after his city’s failure to conquer Lucca and later exiled the Albizzi and Strozzi families on his return.

Popes from this family presided over the Council of Trent and the start of the Protestant Reformation.

Popes Clement VII and Leo X were members of this family, which was targeted by the aforementioned Pazzi Conspiracy.

Archbishop Francesco Salviati was executed for his role in one plot against a member of this family, which resulted in the death of Giulano, the Pazzi Conspiracy.

Pope Leo X was a member of this family, as was Lorenzo the Magnificent.

Popes such as Clement VII and Leo X were members of this family, and Giuliano, the brother of one ruler from this family, was killed in the Pazzi Conspiracy.

The St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre was partly instigated by Catherine of this family. name this Italian banking family which controlled Florentine politics.

Popes from this family include Clement VII and Leo X, and this family included Cosimo and Lorenzo the Magnificent. name this family of Grand Dukes from Florence.

Banking family, with members like Cosimo and Lorenzo, who ruled Florence.

POT-see) Conspiracy and first rose to power in Tuscany under the banker Cosimo. identify this political family which ruled Florence through such members as Lorenzo the Magnificent.

It claims that the title figure must be both cunning like a fox and powerful like a lion, as evidenced by the success of Cesare Borgia.

In chapter 19 of this work, Septimius Severus is said to emulate both a lion and a fox.

This work is often compared to its author's less known work, Life of Castruccio Castracani.

Mary Dietz argues that this work was not meant to be satirical.

This work extols Agathocles of Syracuse and Oliveretto Euffreducci.

This book notes that “men forget more easily the death of their father than the loss of their inheritance.” This book encourages risk-taking by saying that “fortune is a woman; and it is necessary, if one wants to hold her down, to beat her.” The first half of this book is an analysis of new, hereditary, and ecclesiastical states.

In Chapter XVII of this work, its author describes men as “ungrateful, fickle, dissembling, [and] anxious to flee danger,” while Chapter XXII states that the intellect to comprehend things independently is the most excellent kind of intellect.

Chanakya's Arthashastra is often compared to this Machiavelli work, since they both discuss how a monarch should rule. Unlike this work, the Arthashastra focuses on maintaining general prosperity, not just monarchical power.

This work suggests that the title figure ought to emulate the lion and the fox. :Name this political tract that argues that it is better for one to be feared than loved.

In this work, the execution of Remirro de Orco by Cesare Borgia is given as an example of conquest by fortune.

Alexander VI is often used as a good example of the title figure of this political treatise about how the title ruler can obtain and maintain power, written by Niccolò Machiavelli.

Cesare Borgia served as the direct inspiration for this early modern political treatise, an analysis of statecraft and government written by Niccolò Macchiavelli.

It praises Cesare Borgia and also advises rulers to be both a fox and a lion.

This work declares that it is better to be feared than loved. name this political treatise written for one of the Medicis by Niccolo Machiavelli.

This work was addressed to the Duke of Urbino, Lorenzo de' Medici, and uses the metaphors of the lion and fox. name this political treatise by Machiavelli.

These people attempted to kidnap a royal family in the Surprise of Meaux , before later placing posters on the king’s door in the Affair of the Placards.

These people were able to place a poster on a monarch’s bedchamber door at Amboise [am-BWAHZ] in the Affair of the Placards.

One of these people, Jean Calas, was unjustly accused of the murder of his son and was the subject of a work by Voltaire.

These people, who were led by the Rohan brothers, lost power after La Rochelle was captured.

JC Jongens designed a monument to these people located in Franschhoek, South Africa. One member of this group led the expedition that founded Fort Caroline in Jacksonville.

”Reformed” group of Calvinists that fought with the French crown during the Wars of Religion and were protected by the Edict of Nantes [nahnt].

A leader of these people named Jean Guiton [[gwee-TOHN]] fought in the naval battle of Saint-Martin-de-Ré [[sahn-mahr-TANH-duh-REH]] against Charles, Duke of Guise [].

A leader of these people, Gaspard de Coligny, was killed on the orders of Catherine de Medici during the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre.

These people were aided by the Duke of Buckingham during the Anglo-French War due to Cardinal Richelieu’s siege of their stronghold of La Rochelle.

French Protestants were given this name. Thousands of these people were killed in the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in 1572.

Frederick William protected these people in Prussia with the Edict of Potsdam, which was a response to the second Edict of Fontainebleau.

French Calvinists who fought the Catholic League in the Wars of Religion

The Edict of Nantes [] granted rights to this group of French Calvinists.

Members of this group often followed Calvinist doctrine. the Edict of Nantes granted a number of rights to what group of French Protestants?

The Edict of Nantes [] provided limited rights to this group of Protestants in early-modern France.

The beliefs of this Christian denomination were outlined in the Thirty Articles.

The death of Hugh Latimer, a member of this institution, is recalled in a book by John Foxe.

Patrick Henry became famous by defending Hanover County against one of its members, who sued for back wages after the House of Burgesses limited the pay of its members in the Two-Penny Act.

Newman justified his departure from this religion in Apologia Pro Vita Sua. Newman’s writings influenced the followers of the Oxford movement, who called for the return of certain older Christian traditions in this church.

Until 1784, ministers of this denomination had to swear an oath of loyalty to the British Crown and Supreme Governor of this church, and the Book of Common Prayer is still a prominent text for this religious denomination.

A 1963 work by John Robinson, a member of this institution, called for increased accessibility and advocated situational ethics; but that work was heavily criticised by this institution’s then leader, Michael Ramsey.

The Welsh Methodist revival undermined the influence of this established church of Great Britain, which had already lost substantial ground in Wales in the aftermath of the English Civil War.

William Laud held the highest position in this institution, which is governed by the Thirty-Nine Articles.

Church that Henry founded after the pope would not grant him an annulment to that wife.

This institution blamed Thatcherite policies for urban poverty in the 1985 report Faith in the City, even though the suffragist Maude Royden had previously described this institution as the “Tory party at prayer”. name this religious institution led by the Archbishops of Canterbury.

Seabury had to go to Scotland for consecration, but in 1786 Parliament passed a law allowing people to be ordained in this organization without taking the Oath of Supremacy. name this organization which became the Episcopal Church after the American Revolution.

Uganda's Gideon Byamugisha was awarded the Niwano Peace Prize for becoming the first member of this organization to come out as HIV-positive. In 2003, this organization fractured between supporters and opponents of Gene Robinson.

This religious denomination promotes itself as “Protestant, yet Catholic,” and its leaders claim “Apostolic succession,” or descent from early Christian Church leaders. name this religious denomination that in America is known as the “Episcopal Church.”

The Act of Supremacy empowered one leader of this denomination which draws heavily from the “Book of Common Prayer.” This denomination was created in response to Clement VII’s refusal to annul the marriage of Catherine of Aragon. name this denomination formed by Henry VIII.

Hugh Latimer and Nicholas Ridley were two martyrs of this denomination who were burned at the stake in the Marian persecution after Catholic rule was restored.

This institution was led by Tomas de Torquemada, and targeted Marranos and Mariscos. :Name this institution founded by Ferdinand and Isabella that ordered the expulsion of Jews from its country under the Alhambra Decree.

Pope Sixtus IV sanctioned the creation of this institution in 1478. :Name this tribunal which for centuries investigated heresy in a certain Iberian nation. Apparently, nobody expects it.

This organization, though it had been previously disbanded, reemerged during the Ominous Decade, and its members killed Cayetano Ripoll, who would be its final victim.

It was established by Pope Sixtus IV in 1478, and among the actions of this institution were several edicts against the Alumbrados.

According to Henry Charles Lea, victims of this institution were marched in processions accompanied by familiares while wearing sambenito tunics.

Tomás de Torquemada oversaw this initiative, which employed the auto-da-fé ritual and was sponsored by Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille.

Benito Garcia was killed by this institution for supposedly tearing out the heart of the Holy Child of La Guardia.

Auto-de-fé was a common punishment in this period, which was spearheaded by Tomás de Torquemada.

Ferdinand and Isabella created this authoritarian religious organization that converted Spanish heretics.

Tomas de Torquemada led this organization, which used a seal that quoted Psalm 73, and frequently used the auto-da-fé to publicly burn heretics.

This institution was led by a man who advocated for the expulsion of the Jews through the Alhambra Decree, Tomas de Torquemada. name this fanatical institution which persecuted heretics in an Iberian country.

The Alhambra Decree was passed during this period to expel Jews from the Iberian Peninsula. name this period in which non-Catholics were forced to convert in Spain.

Established by Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile and first led by Tomas de Torquemada, identify this religious movement to stamp out religious heresy in Spain.

"Holy Office" established in 1478 to ensure that converted Jews and Muslims did not revert to their previous faiths.

Ferdinand and Isabella created this organization as a means of persecuting or converting Muslims and Jews. name this Catholic tribunal based in a namesake European country.

Hong Xiuquan’s sect, the God Worshiping Society, combined elements of this branch of Christianity with Chinese folk religion. This branch dates back to Martin Luther’s Reformation in the 16th century.

The Huguenots were French followers of this general branch of Christianity. Its theologians included John Calvin and it broke from the Pope’s authority.

Henry IV apocryphally claimed “Paris is well worth a mass” after converting to Catholicism from this other general Christian denomination. The Edict of Nantes provided religious protection to this denomination’s Huguenots.

Luther began the “Reformation” named for this religious branch of Christianity that broke off from the Catholic Church. The Baptists and Methodists are sects within this branch.

John Calvin and Martin Luther founded religions in this major branch of Christianity, which isn't Orthodoxy or Catholicism.

This religious tradition differs from the Lutheran tradition on whether Christ is physically present in the Eucharist, among other things. :Name this religious tradition, which was founded by a French theologian who wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion and made it the established religion in Geneva.

This denomination was once led by Theodore Beza, and it was popular among Transylvanian nobles, French Hugenots, and the Dutch. :Name this Christian denomination founded in Geneva, whose “Five Points” include Predestination.

Though not Byzantine iconoclasts, mobs of this religious sect carried out the Beeldenstorm riots to smash religious images.

The Peace of Westphalia recognized this branch of Protestantism. This was the religion of the Dutch and Bohemian leaders in the Thirty Years’ War, who allied with Lutheran Sweden.

The founder of this sect burned Michael Servetus at the stake for anti-Trinitarian views.

William the Silent of Orange-Nassau converted to this sect before liberating the Netherlands.

Ottoman Hungary was initially mostly Lutheran, but switched to this religion. The 1881 Synod of Debrecen was the start of the Hungarian Reformed Church of this religion.

Its namesake founder ran a theocratic government in Geneva. name this Christian sect that included France's Huguenots and believed in predestination.

This religion was added as a legal option for princes to choose in the Peace of Westphalia.

A major turning point during the French Wars of Religion was this 1572 mass killing of Huguenots, orchestrated by Catherine de Medici.

Pope Gregory XIII sent a Golden Rose to Charles IX in commemoration of this event, which saw Charles Danowitz kill Admiral Gaspard de Coligny.

The admiral Gaspard de Coligny was murdered during this event.

During this event, one person pleaded with his attackers to “respect these grey hairs,” but he was still defenestrated by the Duke of Guise.

Gaspard de Coligny was killed during this 1572 slaughter of Huguenots in Paris.

Antonio Maria Salviati is a vitally important historical source for this event, which was partially orchestrated by Albert di Gondi.

The nuptials of Henry of Navarre and Marguerite de Valois in Paris precipitated this event. :Name this mass killing of Huguenots that restarted the French Wars of Religion.

This event ended the Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye.

It was made possible by the gathering for the wedding of Henry of Navarre and Marguerite of Valois. :Name this event occurring on August 24, 1572, a certain feast day, which saw the murder of many Huguenot leaders in Paris.

Henry had been targeted for assassination in this period of Catholic violence in 1572 that began with the assassination of Gaspard de Coligny, a Huguenot leader.

This event began shortly after the personal physician of King Charles IX was sent to treat a man injured at the wedding of Margaret of Valois to Henry of Navarre.

It was a reaction to the assassination of Charles IX’s advisor Admiral Coligny by the Duke of Guise.

It took place in the aftermath of the marriage between Margaret of Valois and Henry III of Navarre and was instigated by either Henry of Guise or Catherine de Medici. name this 1572 massacre of Huguenots.

Massacre resulting in the death of Gaspard de Coligny

French religious freedom took a hit during this 1572 event, during which Gaspard de Coligny and other Huguenots were attacked.

This event may have been inspired by the similar actions of Bernadino di Siena decades earlier.

An early one of these events on Shrove Tuesday began when white-gowned acolytes carrying red crosses claimed to “extirpate the abusive, perverse customs of Carnival.” These gatherings were often hosted in front of the Palazzo Vecchio, with an image of the devil adorned on top of a pile of straw.

The man who led these events faced a personal excommunication from Pope Alexander VI and ultimately execution after a thorough investigation from Sebastian Maggi [[MAH-jee]].

Large-scale burning of fine arts and other objects considered lewd by the followers of Savonarola [[sah-voh-nah-ROH-lah]].

This event was opposed by the "Mad Dogs" and supported by the "Weepers." This event centered on a large wooden pyramid in the Piazza del Signoria.

Sandro Botticelli legendarily threw his own artwork into the flames during these anti-pagan rituals.

The most famous one took place on February 7, 1497 and was the subject of a defense by Transcendentalist Orestes Brownson. :Identify this event in which an assload of books, paintings, woodcuts, and other objects of sin were gathered up and destroyed, because its creator wanted to create a society based on biblical virtues.

Lorenzi di Credi participated in the most famous of these events, which occurred on Shrove Tuesday, and featured women wearing olive branches who danced around their namesake in the Piazza della Signoria.

The “Weepers” were supporters of these mass gatherings, and the artist Sandro Botticelli supposedly contributed many of his own works, particularly those including nudity, to these events. name these events that culminated on February 7, 1497 when followers of Savonarola burned thousands of “sinful” objects.

Targets of this event included Botticelli's myth-inspired artwork, the Decameron, playing cards, and wigs. name this event in which followers of Savonarola burned sinful objects.

The Friar Girolamo Savonarola led this mass burnings of supposedly obscene art in 15th century Florence.

This event titles a novel about the stockbroker Sherman McCoy, who is charged in a hit-and-run in the Bronx; that novel titled for this event was Tom Wolfe's debut novel. a Florentine version of which event was headed by the monk Girolamo Savonarola and involved burning many books and artworks?

Though his later Mystic Nativity was most likely inspired by a sermon from the primary instigator of these events, Sandro Botticelli legendarily destroyed his own paintings during them. name these events led by Dominican friar Girolamo Savonarola, in which many "occasions of sin" were burned.

Many artists and musicians who had worked under the patronage of Lorenzo de’ Medici were forced to feed their work into the flames during this 1497 campaign of book burnings launched by Savonarola.

While de facto ruler of Florence, Girolama Savonarola ordered one of these specific events to purge the city of sinful items like books, paintings, and musical instruments.

This battle was a reaction to the siege of Famagusta, and the Venetians, led by Agostino Barbarigo, fielded 6 galleasses [ga-LEE-us-es] during this battle.

One side found time to gather its forces for this battle after Marco Bragadin’s last stand at Famagusta.

The losing side in this battle allegedly began to throw oranges and lemons after running out of usable weapons.

One person involved in this battle built the star fort of Palmanova to celebrate its outcome.

The flagship Real [ray-ahl] withstood an attack by Ulu¸c Ali [oo-looch Ali] in this battle, where Miguel Cervantes lost his left arm. name this 1571 battle in which Don Juan of Austria’s Holy League defeated an Ottoman fleet.

Miguel Cervantes lost his left arm in this battle, in which Don Juan of Austria used the Real [ree-AHL] as his flagship and defeated Ali Pasha. name this 1571 naval battle in the Gulf of Patras which saw the Holy League defeat the Ottoman Empire.

The fall of the Famagusta colony preceded this battle, which brought an end to one side’s attempt to rescue Cyprus.

Miguel de Cervantes lost an arm in this battle, where Ali Pasha was killed. name this naval battle where the Holy League defeated the Ottoman Empire in 1571.

Sokullu’s tenure included this landmark 1571 battle, at which the Holy League under Don John of Austria smashed the Ottoman navy.

Signed the Treaty of Perpetual Peace with this English king, the first Tudor monarch

This monarch employed Chancellor John Morton and defeated a rebellion at the Battle of Stoke; that rebellion was led by pretender Lambert Simnel.

The expression "Morton's Fork" is named after an adviser to this monarch, who arranged marriages for his children in the Treaty of Perpetual Peace and the Treaty of Medina del Campo.

This ruler allied his kingdom with Spain in the Treaty of Medina del Campo, and his chancellor John Morton raised funds from the nobility with a namesake fork.

Richard III was defeated by this future king at the Battle of Bosworth Field, ending the Wars of the Roses. This ruler’s son had six wives including Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn.

Both Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck rebelled against this king, who took the throne after winning the Battle of Bosworth.

This paternal grandson of Catherine of Valois won at Stoke Field against the pretender Lambert Simnel, and later he defeated Perkin Warbeck.

This monarch, who established the Star Chamber, defeated a Yorkist king with the help of the Stanley brothers at one battle.This man defeated the forces of Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field, ending the Wars of the Roses. name this first Tudor monarch and father of Henry VIII.

The victor of the Battle of Bosworth Field was this first Tudor king of England.

This last king from the House of Trastámara ruled one territory on behalf of his daughter Joanna the Mad.

Joanna the Mad was locked up by this World’s Best Dad. This king married Isabella I of Castile, completed the Reconquista, and sponsored Columbus’s voyages to the New World.

This king employed possibly the first man to speak of a “western hemisphere,” Peter Martyr d’Anghiera, whose book Opera, Legatio was often mapless because this king banned giving foreigners maps.

Charles V was king of Spain because his father Philip had married Joanna “the Mad,” the daughter of these two Catholic Monarchs of Spain. This king and queen kicked the Jews out of Spain in 1492.

Christopher Columbus was funded by this king of Spain, who completed the Reconquista along with his wife, Isabella I of Castile.

King of Aragon with whom she ruled jointly until her death.

This Spanish king died before he could fulfill a promised audience to Las Casas. This leader of Aragon led Spain during the Reconquista with his wife Isabella.

Along with his wife, he initiated the Spanish Inquisition. name this king from Aragon, the male half of the “Reyes Catolicos” who completed the Reconquista with his wife, Isabella of Castile.

This ruler accepted the surrender of Boabdil at Granada in 1492 to complete the Reconquista. identify this king whose marriage to Isabella of Castile formed the Catholic Monarchs.

A horned Moses is featured as part of a tomb this man designed for “the Warrior Pope”, Julius II.

God touches fingertips with the first man in The Creation of Adam by this Italian artist who was commissioned to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.

According to legend, one of this artist’s works was damaged when he hit it with a hammer and commanded it to speak; that sculpture was created for the tomb of Pope Julius II.

Portraits of this artist often feature a broken nose, reflecting an incident in which Pietro Torrigiano [[tohr-EE-jee-AH-noh]] punched him in the face.

Another of this artist’s works contains a self-portrait as St. Bartholomew holding his flayed skin during the Last Judgment.

That pope was also the patron of this man’s ceiling paintings depicting The Creation of Adam. name this Renaissance painter of the Sistine Chapel ceiling.

Due to a mistranslation of the word “halo,” this artist once created a sculpture of Moses with two horns for the tomb of Pope Julius II.

This man depicted Adam reaching out his arm toward God in a work on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and depicted a marble version of the slayer of Goliath. name this Italian Renaissance sculptor perhaps best known for his statue of David.

A work by this artist is signed on the sash of a woman cradling her dead son, and another sculpture by this man stands contrapposto with a slingshot on his shoulder. Name this Italian Renaissance sculptor of Pietà and a marble David.

This artist, whose only signed painting is The Mystical Nativity, depicts Zephyrus’ rape of Cloris along the right edge and is set in an orange grove where the Three Graces do a circular dance.

In one painting by this artist, Apollo holds a flute, contrasting with a sword held by Mars.

This artist’s most famous painting is set off the coast of Cyprus and depicts putti rushing to cover the title goddess, who stands in a clamshell. name this Italian renaissance artist of La Primavera and The Birth of Venus.

This other artist designed now lost tapestries for the Sistine Chapel, in addition to painting The School of Athens for the library of Julius II.

This artist included a depiction of Sappho holding a scroll with her name on it, as well as Dante, Boccacio, and the nine muses in a depiction of Mount Parnassus.

The coiner of the term ‘genocide’, Raphael Lemkin, believed that one event in this country merited the term, as does the historian Timothy Snyder.

This artist used gold and tempera to create a Dormition of the Virgin in the Byzantine style, and painted an Allegory of a Christian Knight in his Modena Triptych.

Giulio Clovio landed this artist a job in Rome in the Palazzo Farnese, but he was later dismissed for being against the teachings of Michelangelo.

In a painting by this artist, the three Marys watch in sorrow as a man in green attempts to pull off the red cloak of Jesus.

His works were judged to not completely follow the rules of the Counter-Reformation, preventing him from working for Philip II.

One of his works contrasts a dark and stormy sky with green hills and a cathedral spire, and in another, the clouds part to receive Don Gonzalo Ruiz. name this Mannerist artist of Burial of the Count of Orgaz and View of Toledo, a Spanish artist from Crete.

This painter of The Disrobing of Christ painted the Castle of San Servando in a depiction of his adopted hometown, his View of Toledo. name this Greek-born Spanish Mannerist painter.

The Battle of Villalar was one episode in an uprising against this man called the Revolt of the Comuneros.

The revolt of the Comuneros broke out after Adrian of Utrecht ruled one of this ruler’s kingdoms in his absence.

The Spanish army was commanded by this Holy Roman Emperor, the son of Juana the Mad and father of Philip II, who spent his later life busting up the Schmalkaldic League.

This man’s army innovated the “tercio” system to great effect, defeating rival Francis I at the Battle of Pavia in the Italian Wars.

Francis I was imprisoned by this ruler in the aftermath of the Battle of Pavia.

This ruler gained control of Burgundy in the Treaty of Madrid shortly after defeating his rival at Pavia.

This ruler agreed to the Peace of Augsburg with the Schmalkaldic League, whom this ruler defeated at the Battle of Muhlberg.

This ruler sponsored Ferdinand Magellan’s expeditions and fathered Philip II of Spain. name this Holy Roman Emperor who was also the King of Spain.

This ruler summoned Martin Luther to the Diet of Worms. name this 16th century monarch who served as both King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor.

Early products of this industry, which were known as incunabula, included objects produced by the Venetian Aldus Manutius.

Francesco Griffo invented another key technique in this industry while working for the Jewish Soncino family and for Aldus Manutius.

Answer the following about Natalie Zemon Davis’s Society and Culture in Early Modern France, .The book’s final essay examines how this industry created new networks of communication in the 16th century. This industry used a device based on movable type that was invented by Johannes Gutenberg.

One pioneer in this industry used the symbol of a dolphin entwined around an anchor to represent the phrase “festina lente.” A book about this industry takes a mosaic approach and analyzes the “darker purpose” of the subdivision of King Lear’s kingdom.

This industry’s “capitalism” was integral to the creation of nations through formation of “Imagined Communities” according to Benedict Anderson.

Marshall McLuhan argued that this industry led to the development of a "global village" in a book titled after the "Galaxy" of this industry's founder.

Before 1500, this industry relied on “incunables.” Historians often credit innovation in this industry with catalyzing the Protestant Reformation by allowing the wide dissemination of Luther’s thought. name this industry that flourished after Johannes Gutenberg popularized movable type.

A technology central to this industry spread through Europe after its invention in Mainz, gradually displacing the use of woodblock and vellum. the Protestant Revolution was enabled by what industry that was radically changed by the work of Johannes Gutenberg?

In the late 1440s, a German kickstarted this industry in Europe with the advent of metal moveable type. name this industry revolutionized by Johannes Gutenberg.

The many of the 95 Theses were written against this practice of the Catholic Church at the time, in which minor or venial sins could be expurgated through donations to the coffers of the papacy, they were flagrantly sold by Johann Tetzel.

Catholic Church’s practice of encouraging monetary donations in return for forgiveness from sin.

"Permit" bought by the faithful, purported to absolve them of sins.

One slogan advertising these products allegedly went "As soon as a coin in the coffer rings, a soul from purgatory springs." :Name these objects advertised by people like Johann Tetzel on behalf of the Vatican. They claimed to ensure salvation for the buyer or a relative in exchange for a nominal fee.

Answer some questions about a religious controversy involving Martin Luther. :Luther was opposed to the selling of these entities, which in Catholic theology grant full or partial remission of sin by drawing upon the good works of Jesus and the saints from the Treasury of Merit.

Martin Luther opposed the sale of these documents by the Catholic Church, which reduced punishments for committed sins. Advertisers of these documents included Johann Tetzel.

Leo X's use of these things to finance the rebuilding of St. Peter's Basilica led a priest to denounce them in the 95 Theses.

Martin Luther denounced the sale of what things this provided remission from afterlife punishment to their buyers.

These documents were famously marketed by the weasely Johann Tetzel, who is quoted as saying regarding them: “every time a coin in the coffer rings, a soul from purgatory springs!” :Name these documents, which forgave sins in exchange for money which was used to fund church buildings.

Was the practice reenacting the last supper that split Protestantism?

Huldrych Zwingli claimed that the body and blood of Christ were not actually present in the consecrated bread and wine used in this sacrament, which conflicted with the Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation.

The Words of Institution are used to consecrate this practice, which is exemplified by Corinthians 11:23-25.

Three pamphlets regarding this practice were published by Andreas Karlstadt.

At the Marburg Colloquy, Zwingli debated with Luther over the nature of this practice. The specific debate centered on whether Jesus’s blood and body were present during this sacrament.

Though they were originally linked, this practice diverged from a communal gathering called agape.

This practice was the subject of debates at the Marburg Colloquy about the Real Presence and transubstantiation.

Miri Rubin and Caroline Bynum examined Cistercian nuns having visions of this sacrament on Corpus Christi. Corpus Christi was inspired by a miracle in Bolsena about this sacrament, which involves consuming the “body of Christ” as a transubstantiated wafer.

Lister’s longest standing partner, however, was Ann Walker, and a blue plaque at York’s Holy Trinity Church commemorates their ‘marriage’ through participation in this sacrament involving bread and wine.

One painting depicting this monarch shows a meeting with Francis I at the Field of the Cloth of Gold.

This monarch tried to force Scotland to give up Queen Mary in marriage to his son in the War of the Rough Wooing.

Martin Luther’s attack on indulgences prompted this man to write Defense of the Seven Sacraments.

Tudor king of England created the Church of England?

This ruler arrested Cardinal Wolsey for refusing to support his annulment from Catherine of Aragon, and later broke with the Catholic Church and created the Church of England after secretly marrying Anne Boleyn. what English monarch, the father of three other English monarchs, had six wives?

This ruler attacked Martin Luther's critique of indulgences in the Defense of the Seven Sacraments, which earned this man the title "Defender of the Faith." Robert Aske led the Pilgrimage of Grace against this ruler after he ordered the dissolution of the monasteries. identify this monarch who founded the Church of England effectively in order to divorce the first of his six wives.

Monarch who broke from the Pope after he refused to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon?

English king who fathered Edward VI with Jane Seymour, one of his six wives.

Catherine of Aragon was the first wife of this English monarch, who was married to six women, including Anne Boleyn.

This ruler’s “spymaster,” Francis Walsingham uncovered many plots to replace this monarch with Mary, Queen of Scots.

The Babington and Ridolfi plots sought to assassinate this ruler but were thwarted by the advisor Francis Walsingham.

One of this ruler’s admirals launched a daring raid on Cadiz, boasting he had “singed the beard” of a rival king.

This ruler declared “video et taceo,” or “I see but say nothing,” and refused to prosecute non-Protestants.

The Pope Pius V issued the bull Regnans in Excelsis against this monarch, who had the Duke of Norfolk executed after the failed Ridolfi Plot.

This ruler ordered the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots and sent Francis Drake to defeat the Spanish Armada. name this Tudor monarch, the “Virgin Queen” of England.

This monarch spoke of having a “heart and stomach of a king” in a speech to troops at Tilbury.

This ruler rallied the troops at Tilbury, where she declared she had the “heart and stomach of a king” in opposition to an invasion of the Spanish Armada. name this daughter of Henry VIII, a “Virgin Queen” of England.

The Spanish Armada targeted this ruler. name this daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, the “Virgin Queen” of England.