This city, which was divided into sections called hanan and hurin, was the site of a temple whose walls once featured sheets of gold.

This Inca city was shaped like a puma and served as the capital of the empire. Legend holds that it was built by Pachacuti.

This city, built in the shape of the sacred puma, had its Coricancha temple stripped of gold in order to pay a ransom for its ruler.

Conflict over the jurisdiction over this city resulted in the Battle of Las Salinas, after which Diego de Almagro was executed.

This city’s fortress of Sacsayhuamán [“sawk-say-wah-MAHN”] was constructed by the Killke [“KEY-ke”] culture.

Manco Yapanqui failed to capture this city after a ten-month siege, despite possessing over two hundred thousand soldiers.

One ruler was locked in this city’s “Ransom Room”after being ambushed at nearby Cajamarca by conquistadors.

This city’s Church of Santo Domingo was built atop the ruins of the Temple of the Sun after its destruction.

This city is defended by the fortress of Sacsaywaman , which forms the “head” of its puma-shaped layout.

A Late Intermediate kingdom based in this city built a mortarless ashlar house where women learned to weave, the main acllahuasi .

This city’s Saksaywaman (SAK-say-WHY-man) walls were built by the Killke (KILL-ik) culture during its early history.

Pachacuti built the empire from this city.

This capital city of the Incan Empire is home to the Coricancha temple.

Atahualpa was strangled to death by Francisco Pizarro in this former capital city of the Incan Empire.

A temple called the Coricancha was one of the most important landmarks in this city and was used to worship the sun god Inti.

In the Treaty of Petropolis, this country acquired territory from its neighbor that would become the rubber-tree-rich State of Acre.

This country tried to kickstart its economy under the “Fifty Years of Progress in Five” program of Juscelino Kubitschek.

In 1888, this country’s Princess Imperial emancipated all of its slaves with the Golden Law.

The Duke of Caxias led this nation’s forces to victory over Paraguay in the War of the Triple Alliance.

Along with the US Fourth Corps, soldiers from this country were victorious at the Battle of Monte Castello, and a cemetery dedicated to soldiers from this country is in the Tuscan city of Pistoia.

The Rua Tuonelero incident led to the suicide of one president of this country.

This empire fought the Cisplatine War over the status of the Banda Oriental [or-ee-en-TALL], and it decisively defeated Francisco Solano Lopez in the War of the Triple Alliance.

Slavery in this country was abolished in the 1888 Golden Law. name this South American country ruled by the Emperor Pedro II.

A European-inspired Estado Novo period in this country marked the end of “coffee with milk” politics.

The first leader of this country gave the Cry of the Ipiranga, starting its war of independence.

Until 1960, Rio de Janeiro was the capital of this South American country.

This country’s independence was announced at the Cry of Ipiranga by its first emperor, Pedro I. name this South American country once led from Rio de Janeiro.

Uruguay and Argentina joined the War of the Triple Alliance against Paraguay after it declared war on this largest country in South America.

Led through World War Two under Getulio Vargas's Estado Novo regime this is this Allied South American power.

This country became the last in the Western Hemisphere to abolish slavery when its Princess Isabel passed the Golden Law.

In this country, Alberto Nisman was killed for investigating the 1994 bombing of a Jewish Community Center.

In this country, students were attacked in the Night of the Pencils during Jorge Videla’s presidency.

One leader of this country carried out the Conquest of the Desert, which killed or displaced much of the indigenous population in its south.

A dictator of this country was ousted after his defeat at the Battle of Caseros to Justo Urquizo, who in turn was defeated by Bartolomeo Mitre.

Left-wing Montoneros were killed at the Ezeiza Airport during a rally for a returning leader of this country who had been supported by the descamisados, or “shirtless ones.” In the 1970s and 80s, this country experienced a period of state terrorism called the Dirty War.

A military junta in this nation fought against the Montoneros and committed the Trelew [truh- LEW] massacre as part of its Process of National Reorganization, actions protested against by the mothers of the Plaza del Mayo.

One ruler of this country had a secret police force whose name meant “The Ear of Corn,” the Mazorkas.

Jorge Videla ordered a purge of leftist opponents in this country during the Dirty War.

The Dirty War took place in this country, formerly led by Juan Perón. This country fought a war with Britain over the Falkland Islands.

The 1973 Ezeiza Massacre was perpetrated against the Montoneros in this country.

Juan Perón was president of this South American country, where many Nazi war criminals were allowed to resettle.

This nation, along with Brazil and Uruguay, defeated Paraguay in the War of the Triple Alliance.

One leader attempted to run for office with his extremely popular wife Evita on the ticket. name this country where Juan Peron ruled from Buenos Aires.

Rival country to the south that opposed him from Buenos Aires across the Rio de la Plata.

After the death of ​ ​ that man’s wife, Eva, this country entered a period of state terrorism known as the “Dirty War” and fought the Falklands War with Great Britain. name this country whose president Juan Perón ruled from Buenos Aires.

A future leader of this country led the 26th of July Movement and gave the “History Will Absolve Me” speech after his attack on the Moncada Barracks.

During an economic depression in this country, killing a cow merited a longer prison term than murdering a person.

This country’s anthem ”La Bayamesa” was composed during the Ten Years War.

This country’s Special Period of deprivation and economic depression began in 1989, after the loss of Eastern Bloc backing.

Edward Lansdale directed Operation Mongoose against this country, which was also the focus of the Helms-Burton Act.

An American ship seeking to aid a rebellion in this modern-day country was detained in the Virginius affair.

The Ten Years’ War was fought in this country, in which General Valeriano Weyler ran concentration camps.

A leader of this country attacked the Moncada Barracks in 1953, delivered the "History Will Absolve Me" speech, and led the 26 of July Movement.

The U.S. invasion of Grenada was more successful than the U.S.-supported Bay of Pigs invasion, which failed to topple Fidel Castro’s government on this island.

The 10th of October Manifesto was created by Carlos Manuel de Cespedes during this country’s war for independence.

The “wet foot, dry foot” policy applied to immigrants from this country, who emigrated to the U.S. in the Mariel Boatlift.

The Sergeants’ Revolt of 1933 propelled Fulgencio Batista to power.

John F. Kennedy ordered the unsuccessful invasion of this country’s Bay of Pigs. name this country that was led by Fidel Castro from Havana.

The Maleconazo uprising took place in this country, where the collapse of the USSR necessitated a “Special Period in a Time of Peace.” Carlos Pr´ıo Socarr´as helped a future leader of this country buy a yacht called Granma for a journey from Mexico to this country, where a revolution against Fulgencio Batista succeeded in 1959. name this Caribbean country once ruled by Fidel Castro.

Frederic Remington painted a charge up Kettle Hill in this modern-day country, as carried out by the Rough Riders in the Battle of San Juan Hill. name this Caribbean island where the USS Maine blew up in 1898, shortly before the Spanish-American War began.

This country fought a month-long conflict with Ecuador in 1995 known as the Cenepa War.

The Norte Chico civilization lived in this modern day country, which built the city of Caral.

Luis Sánchez Cerro won a controversial 1931 presidential election over Víctor Haya de la Torre, the founder of this country’s leftist APRA party.

One group in this nation suffered after the capture of its leader Abimael Guzmán and conducted the Lucanamarca massacre in the province of Huanca Sancos.

That civilization often depicted a “Staff God,” which spread to other cultures from this country such as the Chavin [“cha-VEEN”].

Art featuring the spider-like “Decapitator God” was produced by a culture in this country that built Huaca del Sol.

An archaeological site in this country includes the intricately carved stone Lanzón Stela built by the Chavín people.

Abimael Guzman led the Shining Path guerrillas in this country, which fought against the presidency of Alberto Fujimori. name this South American country that was home to the Incan civilization.

This country where the Norte Chico civilization lived was also where a ruler was captured after throwing Friar Valverde’s Bible at Cajamarca. This country is the location of giant Nazca glyphs drawn in the desert sands.

This country and its neighbor Bolivia fought Chile in the War of the Pacific. name this South American country, the home of the Inca.

This country's Lucanamarca massacre was carried out by a Maoist group founded by Abimael Guzmán named Shining Path.

An anti-government faction in this country took over its Japanese embassy in 1996; that group, the MRTA, is named for an older revolutionary in this country, Tupac Amaru.

The Shining Path insurgency was concurrent with hyperinflation and a severe debt crisis in this country, ended by its autocratic President Alberto Fujimori.

The communist Shining Path guerrilla group fought in this country against president Alberto Fujimori.

The modern-day country with capital Lima that was home to the Incan empire?

The assassination of Orlando Letelier was accomplished in Washington DC, with US aid, by this country’s DINA secret police as part of Operation Condor.

This South American nation expanded its coastal territory through the “War of the Pacific,” which it fought against its neighbors Peru and Bolivia.

In this country, Gabriel Gonzales Videla outlawed Communism with the Ley Maldita.

The Battle of Chacabuco led to the independence of this modern-day country, where one of its early heads of state fought alongside Jose de San Martin.

Grove and fellow Marxists formed this nation's Partido Socialista, which was overthrown in 1973 after the seizure of Moneda [[moh-NEH-dah]] Palace.

In this country, Gui Bonsiepe designed an operations room in accordance with Gestalt psychology.

A leader of this country created a complex system of telex machines in Operation Cybersyn, a plan to aid his economic planning.

The DINA secret police operated in this country where the Caravan of Death executed political dissidents.

Augusto Pinochet [[pee-noh-SHEH]] took power in a 1973 coup in this South American nation.

During a coup d'état, a socialist leader of this country gave a defiant speech before committing suicide at the La Moneda Palace.

This country was led through a military dictatorship by Augusto Pinochet. name this South American country.

This country was the site of the Baltimore Crisis, in which two American sailors were stabbed after one of them spit on a photo of Arturo Prat.

In this country, the democratically-elected Salvador Allende [ah-YEHN-day] was overthrown by the American-backed Augusto Pinochet.

Augusto Pinochet led, what South American country led from Santiago.

Long live the workers!” This country was home to La Moneda Palace where Salvador Allende (pr. eye-­‐EN-­‐day) lived before being deposed by the military dictator Augusto Pinochet. name this skinny South American country which has seen relative political stability in its capital of Santiago over the past three decades.

This country was once led by Pedro Lascurain, who ruled for less than an hour before resigning in the Ten Tragic Days.

This country’s Cristero War was initiated by Plutarco Calles. name this country, where Lazaro Cardenas established state oil company Pemex.

Modern-day country where the Aztec empire flourished.

Henry Lane Wilson, a U.S. ambassador to this country, is believed to have arranged the murder of its president as part of a 1913 coup known as the Ten Tragic Days.

The Liberation Army of the South was a paramilitary group in this country, where the US occupied a port city for seven months after the Tampico Affair.

The Cristero War was a pro-Catholic revolt in response to this country’s Constitution of 1917.

A war between the United States and this country was the subject of Abraham Lincoln’s Spot Resolutions.

Francisco Madero called for an armed rebellion after Porfirio Díaz was named president of this country for the sixth time in a fraudulent 1910 election.

Communal farms known as ejidos were introduced by a president of this country who also nationalized its oil industry in the 1930s.

Another artist from this country created a double self-portrait in which two versions of herself are linked by exposed veins.

Graham Greene’s The Power and the Glory takes place entirely within this country.

Another work by that artist from this country was ordered destroyed by Nelson Rockefeller.

The U.S. obtained California following a war with this neighboring country to its south.

This country was defeated in an 1846 to 1848 war that was ended by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. name this country that fought a war with the United States, its northern neighbor.

Porfirio Diaz was a dictator of this North American country where rebels were led by Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa.

is shared by the Dominican Republic and Haiti and is where Columbus lost the Santa Maria?

The western third of this island was ceded from Spain to France in the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick.

Leaders of this island's indigenous population, including Hatuey [[ah-TWAY]], took the title cacique [[kah-SEE-keh]].

This island was home to the French colony of Saint-Domingue, once the richest colony in the Western Hemisphere. :Name this island that contains the modern-day nations of Haiti and the Dominican Republic.

A rebellion on this island was led by the cacique [[kuh-SEE-kay]] Enriquillo [[en-ree- KEE-yo]] and began after his father and other leaders were killed by Nicolás de Ovando.

This island west of Puerto Rico was the site of the first European settlement in the New World, La Navidad, as well as the first permanent settlement, Santo Domingo.

Was the site of the Parsley Massacre, in which people fled one of its countries for the other.

A rebellion launched in this island was led by the cacique Enriquillo.

This next largest Caribbean island, the most populous island in the Americas, contains the nations of Haiti and the Dominican Republic.

This Caribbean island was home to many Taino, and Columbus built the first European settlements in the Americas on it. This island now contains the modern-day countries of Haiti and the Dominican Republic.

After independence, this location was home to a separatist movement called La Trinitaria, which was led by Juan Pablo Duarte.

Like the Bahamas, the Arawak-related Taíno people were encountered by the crew of Christopher Columbus on this island. name this island, home to the Santo Domingo colony which later became the countries of the Dominican Republic and Haiti.

After Christopher Columbus landed on this island on December 6, 1492, the native Taino [[TIE-noh]] people were divided into five chiefdoms and subjected to slavery.

In 1806, troops under General Henri Christophe attempted to seize the entirety of this island from the French. name this Caribbean island divided between two countries.

The settlement of La Navidad was established on this island.

Detante-stamped pottery characterizes this region’s Lapita culture.

The Saudeleur dynasty in this region built a capital at Nan Madol.

Bolivia lost its coastline, including the port city of Antofagasta, to Chile in what conflict, named for a body of water?

The discovery of pre-Clovis sites prompted theories about a “kelp highway” along this body of water as an alternative to an “ice-free corridor.” This is the largest body of water along which the Chimú Empire controlled territory and along which the Norte Chico civilization flourished.

Answer the following about German operations overseas during the World War I, :After the capture of Qingdao, the German Asia Corps fled all the way across this ocean. Germany’s colonial possessions in this ocean at the war’s outbreak included the Solomon Islands.

Michael E. Moseley argued that an ancient culture on this body of water had a “maritime foundation” rather than an agricultural one, pointing to a sparsity of ceramics at sites like Aspero.

A coalition of countries along this body of water fought against the Numancia(noo-mahn-SEE-ah) and other ironclads in the Chincha (CHEEN-chah) Islands War.

A war named for this body of water was nearly ended by the Lackawanna conference.

(1) Ocean the Jesup Expedition explored off the coast of British Columbia.

A leader’s wealth was demonstrated through gift-giving in potlatch ceremonies developed by people living along this large body of water. the Incan Empire controlled territory along the coast of what ocean?

Explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa discovered the east side of this large body of water, historically crossed by the Manila galleons and later linked to the Caribbean Sea by the Panama Canal.

This place names a Canadian railway company that recruited many Antiguans and sent steamships to St. Kitts. It also names an 1872 scandal over John A. MacDonald’s rail contracts.

In 1579, Ortelius created a namesake map of this body of water, the first dedicated map of it. Vasco Nuñez de Balboa was the first European to see this body of water, which Ferdinand Magellan named for its relatively calm currents.

The Rapa Nui people of this body of water built giant stone heads called Moai on Easter Island. name this ocean which was home to Micronesian and Polynesian cultures.

This body of water was the namesake of a war fought between Chile and the combined forces of Peru and Bolivia. It was also the location of the Battle of Midway during World War II.

The Incan empire flourished in this large South American mountain range.

In this mountain range, yatiri folk healers sell goods at the Witches' Market to an ethnic group whose flag is known as Wiphala [[wih-FAH-lah]].

A popular hiking trail in this mountain range passes through a pass nicknamed the “Dead Woman” and often begins near the city of Ollantaytambo.

The terminus of that trail visits a “lost city” in this mountain range whose terraces and mortar-less masonry were rediscovered by Hiram Bingham.

The Aymara people are indigenous to what mountain range, where they speak a Native American language with dubious connections to Quechua?

Irish geographer Joseph Barclay Pentland and English traveler Woodbine Parish surveyed the northern reaches of this range in the 1820s.

The iron-hulled SS Yavari was launched on this range's largest lake in 1862 and is today a tourist attraction in Puno Bay.

W. C. Bennett proposed a localized chronology in this mountain range and inspired Gordon Willey to study regional settlement patterns in its Virú Valley Project. :Name this mountain range where eclectic Vicús ceramics challenged the seriation of the Moche culture.

A city in this mountain range was built with puzzle-piece-like stones to resist earthquake damage and is in the shape of a puma.

A civilization near this mountain range created geoglyphs known as the Nazca lines.

Wool or cotton was used in this region to make knotted quipus. name this natural region where the alpaca and llama were first domesticated.

A culture in this mountain range depicted a spider called the “Decapitator” and created a mummy known as the Lord of Sipán.

The Incas lived in this mountain range, in which they developed a series of bridges and roads to improve communication.

This region’s people were the first to domesticate quinoa and potatoes.

The city of Machu Picchu is one of many Inca ruins in this major mountain range of South America.

London’s police force did not fully probe the murder of Stephen Lawrence, a youth whose parents were from this region. :Name this transnational region that half a million “Windrush Generation” immigrants left for Britain. C. L. R. James’s The Black Jacobins details an event in this region.

American action in this conflict was code-named Operation Urgent Fury. name this 1983 American invasion of a Caribbean island.

The New Jewel Movement seized power on this island, but when its leader Maurice Bishop was killed, Ronald Reagan ordered an invasion. 1983’s Operation Urgent Fury targeted this Caribbean island.

One leader during this conflict was killed by a corporal nicknamed "Chico Diabo." The Count D'Eu briefly commanded forces during this conflict, in which Admiral Barroso won a major naval battle which later allowed 8 steamers to run the gauntlet at Humaitá Fortress.

Name the following about a South American War, FTPE.Fought between 1864 and 1870, this war resulted in the utter defeat of Paraguay by the namesake group.

A commander in this war brought troops across the Pikysyry [[pee-KEE-see-REE]] River during a series of three victories at Ytororó [[ee-toh-ROH-roh]], Avay, and Lomas Valentinas that comprised the "Deed of December." This was the last war in which the Duke of Caxias [[kah-SHEE-us]] commanded troops in battle.

One country in this war invaded Mato Grosso and lost its capital, Asunción. Name this devastating 1864 to 1870 war in which it is estimated Paraguay lost 70% of its male population while fighting Uruguay, Argentina and Brazil.

The losing side in this conflict lost nearly seventy percent of its male population. :Identify this war in which Paraguay lost to a coalition of Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay.

A national holiday was declared in this war’s losing country in honor of child soldiers who died during the Battle of Acosta Ñu.

One side sought the support of Justo Jose de Urquiza by invading Corrientes, after an attempted diversionary attack on Mato Grosso.

Eliza Lynch, leader of “Las Residentas”, survived the Battle of Cerro Corá during this war, of whose instigator she was the mistress.

Lopez's invasion of Mato Grosso marked the start of this war, in which Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay formed the namesake coalition.

Jose Camara led the victorious side of the final battle of this conflict, which resulted in the losing side’s leader’s death at Cerro Cora.

Francisco Barroso led his side to victory at a key naval battle that was fought near the Corrientes province, the Battle of Riachuelo.

The Presidente Hayes Department was so named following a boundary dispute after this conflict.

Francisco Solano López was killed in this war in which Paraguay was defeated by Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay.

Up to 90% of the losing country's male population died in this war. name this late 1860s war in which Paraguay lost to Uruguay, Argentina, and Brazil.

During this war's climactic Battle of Cerro Corá, the dictator Francisco Solano López was killed.

President of Paraguay who died in the Battle of Cerro Cora, ending the war

president who launched that war after assuming power from his father?

Answer the following about the War of the Triple Alliance, :This dictator of Paraguay declared war on Brazil after the Brazilians intervened for the Colorado party in Uruguay. At the time, he had the largest army in South America.

This man ordered the flogging of his 70 year-old mother because he believed she was conspiring against him. :Name this South American president whose grave was dug by his mistress Eliza Lynch after he died at the Battle of Cerro Cora.

Alyn Brodsky wrote a book rehabilitating the image of a lover of this leader who supposedly turned him into a "bloodthirsty dictator." :Name this leader whose mistress Eliza Lynch has been declared a "national heroine."

This man was the leader of Paraguay that did a bunch of dumb things that led to the War of the Triple Alliance. History tells us that about 90% of male Paraguayans died during his reign.

Another Paraguayan dictator was this invader of Brazil and Uruguay, who led Paraguay into a disastrous 1860s conflict that ended with losses at Tuyutí and Humaitá.

This man led Paraguay into the War of the Triple Alliance but was killed at the Battle of Cerro Corá, thus bringing an end to the war.

President of Paraguay who initiated the conflict and was killed in action at that battle.

This Paraguayan leader ordered the invasion of Mato Grosso, starting the war. He was later captured and executed at the Battle of Cerro Cora, ending the war.

This earlier Paraguayan president died at Cerro Cora after leading his country into the disastrous War of the Triple Alliance, which killed so much of its male population that polygamy became popular for decades afterward.

This Paraguayan dictator ordered his mother whipped for revealing that he was a bastard, and wasted his country’s money on gifts for his Irish prostitute wife Eliza Lynch. His armies lost the War of the Triple Alliance.

This was the President of Paraguay during the War of the Triple Alliance. He died fighting during the Battle of Cerro Caro.

Paraguay was led through that disastrous war by this dictator, who refused to capitulate to the triple alliance until he was killed at the Battle of Cerro Corá.

This president led Paraguay into the conflict. He died after making a last stand against Brazilian forces at Cerro Corá.

The War of the Reform was faced by this Liberal Party president who took back power from Emperor Maximilian.

Upon the election of Ignacio Comonfort, this man was selected to preside over the Supreme Court, and his namesake law abolished special courts for the clergy and military.

This leader, who defined peace as “respect for the rights of others,” confiscated Catholic Church land in the Law of the Nationalization of the Ecclesiastical Wealth.

This man’s country faced occupation by France, Spain and England after he suspended payments of international debts for two years.

He helped draft the Plan of Ayutla to oust Santa Anna. :Name this Zapotec Indian who served five terms as the President of Mexico.

This man declared that “Respect for the rights of others is peace” a week after he executed Santiago Vidaurri without trial.

He oversaw the writing of the Plan of Ayutla which outlined the principles of the rebellion against Santa Anna.

government signed the unratified McLane-Ocampo Treaty, which would have granted the United States rights across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. This president led the liberals in the Reform War after conservative opposition to the Constitution of 1857.

Porfirio Diaz first rose to prominence after rising up against what Liberal politician, the first indigenous president of Mexico?

This man’s Minister of the Interior, Francisco Zarco, created the rurales, a mounted police force that was expanded by Porfirio Diaz.

After this judge was elected head of his country's supreme court, he rapidly succeeded the conservative Ignacio Comonfort [[koh-mohn-FOR]] as president.

Catholic clergy rights and the fueros were taken away in this man's namesake law.

Victory in that war triggered a French intervention against this man.

His forces won the Battle of Puebla, prompting the holiday of Cinco de Mayo.

Maximilian’s rule was opposed by what Zapotec president who led Mexico from 1858 to 1872?

Admiral Schley and Admiral Samson were part of this entity’s group of ships known as the Great White Fleet.

This private company, which pioneered the use of ice-cooled steamships, was formed through a Minor Keith-led merger with a Boston-based company founded by Andrew Preston.

The Admiral Dewey and Admiral Farragut were two of the many ships that made up this company’s Great White Fleet.

Marcus Garvey began his political career after leaving Jamaica to work as a timekeeper for this company, which later welcomed Black Star Line representatives hoping to sell stock to workers. :Name this company whose striking workers were massacred after General Cortés Vargas received Decree Number 1 from Colombian President Miguel Amadía Méndez.

Its Associated Growers Program helped restore some credibility to its tarnished legacy. :Name this U.S. based company and ancestor of today's Chiquita corporation, which was nicknamed “el pulpo” or "the octopus" among locals and became Central America’s largest employer by 1930.

It was created by a merger of ventures controlled by Minor Keith and Andrew Preston. :Name this organization that prospered during its control by Sam Zemurray. It was accused of being the force behind a massacre carried out by Cortes Vargas.

Operation PBSUCCESS, which overthrew Jacob Arbenz in Guatemala, was largely a product of the efforts of this U.S. corporation, derisively referred to as “the Octopus” for its penchant of manipulating regimes and establishing so-called “Banana Republics.”

Later rebranded as Chiquita, this is, what, US company that exploited Central America to produce bananas?

This American banana producer was Guatemala’s largest land owner and employer at the time of the 1954 coup. It was the only company to have a CIA cryptonym.

Jorge Gaitan claimed that this company instructed Cortes Vargas to massacre strikers gathered in Cienaga, and this company also lobbied for Operation PBSUCCESS, a CIA plot to overthrow Jacopo Arbenz. name this multinational corporation that controlled banana republics in Central America.

This company paid the American government a 25 million dollar fine for funding the AUC, a right-wing paramilitary group, to protect their workers from drug traffickers. This company’s predecessor massacred striking workers in Ciénaga in 1928.

The period of “Ten Years of Spring” in Guatemala saw land reform, necessary because this banana-producing company owned over 40% of the country’s land. It was known colloquially as “El Pulpo,” or “the Octopus.”

Through lobbying, this company was able to call for one action that was accomplished with 1954's Operation PBSuccess, which overthrew the democratically elected Jacobo Árbenz in Guatemala.

Arbenz’s land reforms involved redistributing this company’s land in Guatemala. This company’s consumer base in the United States helped it prompt his overthrow by the CIA and the US State Department.

Later rebranded as (*) Chiquita, this is, for the points, what, US company that exploited Central America to produce bananas?

The Incan empire used this system of taxation, in which males over the age of 15 were required to provide labor for construction projects.

After Pizarro’s conquests, this system was initially replaced with the encomienda system typical in the rest of the Spanish Americas. :Name this Inca system under which all able-bodied men from age 15 to 50 were mandated to work on government projects, often for more than 100 days per year.

Answer these questions about the Inca, :This mandatory public service tax permitted 65 days for sufficiency farming, and divided the remainder of an ayllu’s time for work between the temple and public works. Pizarro used it to enslave the Incan miners.

This system was instituted by the Spanish in 1573 to draft people to work the mines of Potosí. :Identify this form of labor tax which used by the Incans for such infrastructure projects as the construction of the extensive network of roads.

This labor system, adapted from existing Andean models, drafted peasants to work in mining or plantation agriculture for an ever-expanding portion of the year. Huancavelica was the most dreaded assignment under this system.

John Murra argued this system organized the “energy” of social units in areas that he called “islands” and that it mimicked values of hospitality, as organizers called kuraka were expected to provide generous portions of beer.

Las Casas would likely not have approved of the Spanish adoption of this Incan labor system which allowed them to conscript natives for public service work.

A form of this system called faena is still used in rural communities like the town of Ocra, which were founded during 1960s land reforms.

A revival of this system that ignored traditional boundaries was created by Francisco de Toledo to support the new mining town of Huancavelica. This system organized rotations of people from different households called ayllu to build rope bridges and stations for the Qhapaq Ñan road system.

Citizens of the Inca empire paid this tax where they worked on public projects for a few months out of the year. Under Spanish rule, one-seventh of a community’s male workers were required to work in mines to pay this tax.

Women were selected for the acllahuasi similar to to this Incan system of mandatory labor. Other than the 65 days needed to farm, families were expected to participate in this system and build roads and terrace farms.

Spanish authorities in Peru continued the use of what system of state-mandated labor created by the Inca?

Plutarco Calles [kai-ays] attacked the power of this organization, sparking the Cristero War.

During the Salvadoran Civil War, ARENA soldiers assassinated one member of this institution, Óscar Romero.

Jean Gerson helped resolve a crisis in this organization by rejecting two candidates to lead it, while Emperor John VIII joined the Council of Ferrara-Florence to seek the aid of this organization.

Members of this organization were represented in the Reichstag by the Centre Party.

This organization expressed "burning anxiety" about Nazi Germany in Mit brennender Sorge .

Answer the following about the Kulturkampf, .Bismarck’s Kulturkampf targeted this church.

The Gordon Riots occurred as a backlash against a legislation supporting these people.

This institution was stripped of property by the Lerdo Law, which was opposed by Conservative leader Félix Zuloaga during the Reform War in Mexico.

The Mexican War of Independence began with the Cry of Dolores delivered by a member of this institution named Miguel Hidalgo.

This organization was targeted by Adalbert von Falk's May Laws, part of the Kulturkampf (pr.

Napoleon restored the standing of this organization with the Concordat of 1801.

A member of this institution named Gustavo Gutiérrez emphasized its responsibility to stand with the poor.

Adalbert Falk issued the May Laws to reduce this organization’s power as part of Otto von Bismarck’s Kulturkampf. name this organization that criticized Nazism under Pius XII .

Latin American revolutionaries combined this institution’s teachings with Marxism to create Liberation Theology. name this religious institution that opposed communism under the leadership of Pope John Paul II.

This organization was based out of Avignon with the support of Philip IV, but it moved back to its original home after the Council of Constance.

In the leadup to this period, 16 prisoners were executed in Rawson Prison in the Trelew Massacre.

Jorge Videla’s government instigated this period of violence against perceived leftist insurgents in Argentina.

Following the downfall of the Peronists, Jorge Videla instituted this campaign of political repression and terror against leftists which was officially known as the “National Reorganization Process.”

During this period, masked men abducted people like Emilce Moler and Pablo D´ıaz in the “Night of the Pencils.” The Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Adolfo P´erez Esquivel for his opposition to actions such A as the “disappearing” of “los desaparacidos” under Jorge Rafael Videla during this period.

During this period, Catholic priest Christian von Wernich was prosecuted for doing a bunch of nefarious shit after repeal of the Full Stop Law.

The Montoneros were a guerrilla group during this period, many of whose leaders were pardoned by president Carlos Menem but retried under Nestor Kirchner.

This period included the issuing of the “annihilation decrees” which allowed soldiers to use near unlimited forces in Operation Independence.

The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo hold annual protests over people who disappeared in this event, many of whom were dropped into the Atlantic Ocean during Death Flights.

Campaign, part of Operation Condor, in which the junta and Argentine Anticommunist Alliance death squads hunted down leftists.

The National Reorganization Process was better known by this colloquial name, referring to the state-sponsored crackdown on left-wing dissidents. The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo hold vigils for its victims.

This later awful period in Argentine history refers to the terrorist campaign carried out under Jorge Videla from 1976 to 1983, which saw lots of left-leaning activists disappear.

The “Group of Seven” was targeted by this initiative, which included the Night of the Pencils.

Also known as Guerra sucia, this period of state-sponsored terrorism under Operation Condor was perpetrated against left-wing dissidents and political opponents in Argentina.

The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo held up pictures of their abducted children during this troubled period from 1976 to 1983 in Argentina.

Period under a military dictatorship during which suspected left wing activists disappeared

This political party was split into three "tendencies" called the "prolonged popular war," "proletariat," and "terceristas." This political organization allied with the Right in establishing the Junta of National Reconstruction, which was led by Violetta Chamorro.

A faction known as the "Group of Twelve" declared their loyalty to this party in a neighboring country.

This group's main democratic foes were the National Opposition Union, under whose banner Violeta Chamorro defeated them in a 1990 election.

Despite this group's campaigns to improve literacy, the country it rules still has the lowest literacy rate in Central America. A "National Opposition Union" against this group was led by Violeta Chamorro.

Opposed by a group of rebels called Contras who were funded by arms sales to Iran this is this socialist political party in Nicaragua.

This party ousted Anastasio Somoza and was subsequently led by Daniel Ortega.

Daniel Ortega first came to power in the wake of the Nicaraguan Revolution as the leader of this party, which was opposed by the Contras.

Chamorro ran on a fusion ticket of liberal and conservative parties who opposed this left-wing movement, named for an anti-U.S. rebel and led by Daniel Ortega. Throughout the 1980s, its soldiers fought the Contras.

This Nicaraguan socialist political party overthrew Anastasio Somoza. This party waged a war against the U.S-backed Contras during the 1980s.

This man’s life ended when supporters of Diego de Almagro's son stormed a palace and assassinated him, making Almagro the new Governor of Peru. name this conquistador who founded Lima after destroying the Inca Empire.

This man’s crew was nearly recalled by Juan Tafur, but the members who chose to stay with this man became known as the “Famous Thirteen.” After an enemy leader threw a Bible to the ground in the face of the priest Valverde, this man captured and ransomed that leader for a room full of gold.

When one of this man’s expeditions was recalled by Pedro de los Ríos, he defiantly drew a line in the sand and asked all loyal men to follow him.

This man’s body was allegedly placed in a glass coffin, but a team of forensic scientists discovered it was incorrectly identified.

This explorer later collected rooms full of gold and silver as ransom, but killed that leader, Atahualpa, anyway. name this Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire.

This Spanish conquistador conquered the Inca people of Peru in 1532 after winning the Battle of Cajamarca [[KAH-hah-MAR-kuh]].

This man defeated his former ally Diego de Almagro at the Battle of Las Salinas.

This victor of the Battle of Cajamarca founded the city of Lima after executing Atahualpa. name this Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incan empire.

Conquistador who led the expedition against the Incan Empire.

This man's relationship with Catalina Juárez infuriated her brother, Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, until he finally married her.

This man was threatened by a rival expedition led by Francisco de Garay.

This man sent Cristóbal de Olid to conquer Honduras, but later sent two warships after him when he declared independence.

Montezuma was killed by this Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztecs.

In his letters to Charles V, this man claimed that enemy soldiers had confused him for Quetzalcoatl. name this Spanish conquistador who conquered F the Aztec Empire.

This commander, along with Pedro de Alvarado, was wounded while fleeing a capital city in the La Noche Triste.

This man burned his ships after landing at modern Veracruz and allied with the people of Tlaxcala [t’lahsh-kah-lah].

La Malinche served as a translator for this man, who commanded European and Tlaxcala forces at the Battle of Otumba.

The conquistador who overthrew Montezuma and conquered the Aztecs?

Technique for growing crops in shallow lake beds on small rectangular areas.

Agricultural method that used interwoven reeds beneath the surface of lakes to create artificial “fences.”

Agricultural innovation used to grow crops on the shallow beds of bodies of water.

These rectangular parcels of land, often nicknamed "floating gardens," were constructed by the Aztecs along the shores of Lake Texcoco to grow maize, tomatoes, and many other crops.

Beginning on Lake Chaclo and Lake Xochimilco, the Mesoamericans built these artificial “floating gardens” on Lake Texcoco, where crops could be grown.

The replenishment of soil in these artificial places helped to support the hundreds of thousands of people living in the Valley of Mexico before the Spanish conquest. name these incredibly fertile places built around Tenochtitlan in Lake Texcoco to grow a diverse variety of crops.

Critics of the cannibalism hypothesis contend beans produced in these “floating gardens” formed a healthy protein diet for inhabitants of the Valley of Mexico, reducing the need for cannibalism.

In Pre-Columbian America, the Mexica developed this method of agriculture. This method relied on organizing the usable soil into rectangular beds on lakes.

These places, which Spanish sources describe supplying 7 harvests a year, were first built with dredged mud, fences, and canals by the Xochimilca people.

After winning six medals at this Olympics, Vera Caslaskva refused to deny having signed the Two Thousand Words.

During this Olympics, Hans-Gunnar Liljenwall became the first Olympic athlete to be disqualified for failing a drug test.

Ten days before its opening ceremonies, up to 300 students were killed in the Tlaltelolco Massacre. which Olympic Games were the first to be held in Latin America?

This Olmec site in modern Tabasco, Mexico features the 100-foot-tall “Great Pyramid” complex and four massive heads.

After the decline of San Lorenzo, the center of the Olmec culture shifted to this city, which became its second capital.

Several colossal heads have been found in the sites of San Lorenzo, Tres Zapotes, and Complex B in this Olmec archaeological site in Tabasco. This site also contains the Great Pyramid.

This city was the original center of Olmec civilization, before it was supplanted by La Venta and Tres Zapotes.

Sandro Botticelli was patronized by a leader of this city known as Lorenzo the Magnificent. name this Italian city ruled by the Medici family.

La Venta and San Lorenzo were centers of this early Mesoamerican civilization that became known for building large stone heads.

The U.S. intervened to stop the German ship Ypiranga from arming militants in this conflict.

The creation of the PRI was triggered by this event that also saw uprisings led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata. :Identify this period from 1910 to 1920 that saw the presidencies of Victoriano Huerta and Venustiano Carranza.

The Neutral White Cross was established to provide medical relief during this period.

The U.S. also interfered in this conflict by occupying a port in the Tampico Affair.

This conflict was slated to start at 6pm on November 20 according to the plan of San Luis Potosi.

During this conflict, Henry Lane Wilson was implicated in several assassinations during the Ten Tragic Days.

This war stemmed from a reign called the “Porfiriato,” and the political party PRI is named for this conflict.

The Ten Tragic Days this resulted in the assassination of Francisco Madero, took place during, what decade-long revolution that began with the ousting of Porfirio Diaz and whose military actions ended with the pacification of Pancho Villa.

During this conflict's Ten Tragic Days, Victoriano Huerta took power from Francisco Madero.

Unit, founded by that strategist and commanded by Mick McDonnell, that assassinated members of the Cairo Gang.

Communist guerrilla group that was fought by the government death squad Grupo Colina.

Student sympathizers of this movement were brutally massacred by the anti- leftist death squad known as Grupo Colina during the Barrios Altos Massacre.

This Aztec deity, who possesses a name meaning “feathered serpent,” retrieves the bones of mankind from the underworld and dips them in his own blood to restore the human race to life.

In one version of a myth often compared to the story of Jesus Christ, this god was born to a virgin named Chimalman, to whom the god Onteol appeared in a dream.

This god is sometimes referred to as the White Tezcatlipoca, the god of light and the ruler of the western cardinal direction.

This god burned himself to death after he slept with a celibate priestess while drunk.

This god contributed his own blood to create the fifth world-­‐cycle, and supposedly invented books and the calendar.

In Mayan culture, this god had two equivalents: Gukumatz and Kukulkan, whose names also roughly translate to “feathered serpent.” name this Aztec god of the wind.

According to popular legend, some Aztecs believed Hernan Cortez to be an incarnation of this god.

Altar Q claims Yax K’uk’ Mo’ came from the city of Teotihuacán, from which people named for this creature also conquered Tikal. Deities like Kukulkan who took this specific form were worshiped by many Mayans.

This brother of Xolotl [sho-LOT-ull] was identified with Venus and, supposedly, also with the conquistador Hernan Cortes when he arrived in Mexico in 1519. name this Aztec God who fought with Tezcatlipoca, a feathered serpent.

Upon initiation, teteuctin were given a septum piercing to invoke this patron god of Tlaxcala. This Nahua god legendarily brought down a Toltec ruler by getting him to look at himself in a mirror.

The "Continuity Hypothesis" claims these people's gods evolved into figures like Tezcatlipoca [tehz-KAHT-leh-POH-cah]].

This brother of Xolotl [sho-LOT-ull] was identified with Venus and, supposedly, also with the conquistador Hernan Cortes when he arrived in Mexico in 1519. name this Aztec God who fought with Tezcatlipoca, a feathered serpent.

Senator Henry M. Teller created a political party as part of a “Free” movement in support of this commodity.

This material was used to create distinctive bulging-bottom drinking mugs known as "canns." This substance comprised the "Flowing Hair" and "Draped Bust" items issued in the 1790s.

The patio process was used to extract this metal, which was often mined at Cerro Rico, or “rich mountain” near the Bolivian city of Potosi.

John Sherman proposed an 1890 act doubling the government’s purchasing of this resource.

As President, Hayes vetoed the Bland-Allison Act, a bill that would have required the US Treasury to purchase this commodity and convert it into currency.

During the colonial era, galleons regularly carried this commodity across the Pacific from Acapulco to Manila, to trade with China.

The vetoed Bland-Allison Act would have required the government to purchase this good.

As a bimetallist, William Jennings Bryan supported the “freeing” of this resource in his “Cross of Gold” speech. name this precious metal.

Asunción is the longest-inhabited city in a basin named for this precious metal, which was mined under a Spanish encomienda in Bolivia’s Potosí region.

These people launched malón cattle raids and had their toes cut off by a commander who was killed after the Battle of Tucapel by Caupolicán.

After both of his hands were amputated, a warrior among these people tied two knives to his wrists to keep on fighting.

One expedition against these people was defeated at the Battle of Tucapel by their toqui , or war chief, Lautaro.

These people lived around the town of Temuco and the River Bio-Bio, and they speak a language isolate.

All Spanish settlements south of the Bio-Bio River were attacked during these people’s Destruction of the Seven Cities.

Uprisings by these people led to the abandonment of settlements in their lands south of the Bio-Bío River.

These indigenous people of southern Chile fought several wars against Pedro da Valdivía, and killed him, before the Spanish began exploiting mineral resources there.

These native people of the Pampas and Patagonia were targeted by the Conquest of the Desert. Today, they make up the majority of Chile’s indigenous population.

These people were led by chieftains called lonco, who appointed military leaders called toqui, who defeated and killed the conquistador Pedro de Valdivia.

This empire, which was divided into four suyus, used quipu [[KEE-poo]] for communication and record-keeping.

This empire’s southern expansion was ended at the Maule River by the Mapuche people, and the Battle of Cajamarca secured its decline.

Tupac Amaru’s 1572 uprising could not reverse the fate of this empire. :Identify this empire that was weakened by the civil war between the sons of Huayna Capac.

This empire built the Qhapaq Ñan by pioneering a forced labor system called mit'a.

Around 1450, this empire built a stone citadel in the Andes Mountains. name this South American empire that built Machu Picchu in Peru.

This empire had Chasqui runners who ate coca leaves and used quipu [[KEE-poo]] knotted strings to keep records. name this Quechua [[KEH-chwah]]-speaking South American empire.

One general claimed that this civilization's god Viracocha told him in a vision that a foreign ruler should surrender, culminating in the Battle of Cajamarca [[KYE-yuh-mar-kuh]].

Atahualpa was the last sovereign ruler of this pre-colonial empire in South America, which was conquered by Francisco Pizarro.

This empire that used the knot system of quipu experienced a civil war between Huascar and Atahualpa. name this South American empire conquered by the conquistador Francisco Pizarro.

The people of this empire let all sacred fires burn out every 52 years for a New Fire ceremony called the Binding of the Years.

The Tepanec War led to a Triple Alliance of this empire’s cities, including Tlacopan.

This empire developed the chinampa as means of farming on shallow lake beds. :This empire’s capital city at Tenochtitlan fell in 1521.

An important primary account of this empire’s mythology was compiled by Bernardino de Sahagun and is named the Florentine Codex.

Floating gardens called chinampas ringed this civilization’s capital.

This empire was formed from the unification of three cities into the Triple Alliance but collapsed shortly after the events of La Noche Triste.

In trying to escape from the capital of this empire, Spanish soldiers experienced La Noche Triste [la no-chay tree-stay]. :Name this empire, led by Montezuma, which was conquered by Hernan Cortes in 1521.

Montezuma ruled this Mesoamerican empire that practiced human sacrifice and was conquered by Hernan Cortes.

This civilization was ruled by Montezuma II. identify this Mesoamerican civilization conquered by Hernan Cortes in 1521.

Coronation glyphs from this culture are found on Altar Q at the site of Copan.

Several city-states of this civilization were defeated by their rival, Spear thrower Owl, a leader of Teotihuacan [[teh-oh-tee-HWAH-kan]].

The Dresden and Madrid codices were produced by this Mesoamerican civilization. This civilization’s major cities included Tikal, Calakmul, and Chichen Itza.

Tikal was a city of this Mesoamerican civilization of the Yucatán, whose other cities included Uxmal and Copán.

A ruler of this civilization, Pacal the Great, built the “Olvidado”, a forgotten temple.

King Pacal of these people was born on 9.8.9.13.0 in this people’s “Long Count” calendar.

These people’s plight during a decades-long civil war was documented by Nobel Peace Prize winner Rigoberta Menchú .

This civilization, centered in the Yucatan peninsula, underwent a collapse in the 9th century AD. :Name this civilization whose major sites include Uxmal and Chichen Itza.

civilization whose Long Form calendar was unsuccessfully used to predict a 2012 apocalypse?

The Cascajal [kas-kah-hal] Block hints at a writing system for this culture.

Jaguars were venerated by this early Mesoamerican civilization, which built colossal stone heads at sites like La Venta.

The "Continuity Hypothesis" claims these people's gods evolved into figures like Tezcatlipoca [tehz-KAHT-leh-POH-cah]].

An excavation at this culture’s El Manati site unearthed the Las Limas figure, a prominent example of were-jaguar art.

These people, the first to play the “ball game,” were also known as the “rubber people” for their ability to extract latex from trees.

Which Mesoamerican people built colossal stone heads and originated the ritualistic "ball game"?

This civilization’s writing system is displayed by the Cascajal [cas-ca-hall] Block found in Lomas de Tacamichapa.

La Venta and San Lorenzo were centers of this early Mesoamerican civilization that became known for building large stone heads.

Their major sites included San Lorenzo and La Venta. name this earliest known Meso-American F civilization noted for producing giant stone heads.