The 1648 Codex · study package

Subnational Regions — North America

17 terms drawn from across the corpus, in study-list order. Art and cross-links point back to the home category cards.

#101 · Subnational Regions, Provinces, and Territories · Level 1

South Carolina

South Carolina
Design by South Carolina General Assembly /a , SVG by Steve · Public domain

Southern U.S. state · 1670–present · Atlantic coast, southeastern U.S.

South Carolina was a southern state central to the Nullification Crisis and the first to secede from the Union in 1860.

The kit

  • Colonial economy — South Carolina's economy boomed thanks to Eliza Lucas Pinckney's indigo plantations in the colonial period.
  • Revolutionary War — South Carolina saw more than 200 Revolutionary War battles, including Daniel Morgan's double envelopment victory at Cowpens over Banastre Tarleton.
  • Slave rebellions — South Carolina experienced major slave rebellions including the Stono Rebellion in 1739 and Denmark Vesey's failed 1822 Charleston insurrection.
  • Secession & Civil War — South Carolina was the first state to secede in 1860, and the Civil War's opening shots occurred at Fort Sumter.

Runs with

Charleston
site of Denmark Vesey's rebellion and customs houses targeted during Nullification Crisis open card →
John C. Calhoun
Nullification
John C. Calhoun sparked crisis here over Tariff of Abominations open card →
Fort Sumter
located in South Carolina where Civil War began open card →

The ladder · 15 clues

H

This colony’s economy boomed thanks to Eliza Lucas Pinckney’s indigo plantations.

H

The opening shots of the Civil War took place at this state’s Fort Sumter.

H

French Ambassador Edmond-Charles Genet rallied for support of the French Revolution after arriving in this state, which saw slave rebellions led by Jemmy at the Stono River in 1739 and Denmark Vesey in 1822 as well as the American Revolution’s Battle of Cowpens.

H

Both the Stono Rebellion and Vesey’s Rebellion took place in this southern state, the first to secede in 1860.

H

In what is now this state, the Spanish set up San Miguel de Guadalupe at Winyah Bay, the first European settlement on the mainland of what would become the U.S. The Wateree River, which is the portion of the Catawba River in this state, passed through lands inhabited by the Yuchi and Yamasee.

H

During the Civil War, some of this state’s former slaves worked land abandoned by planters in the Port Royal Experiment.

H

The Stono Rebellion occurred in what would become this state. Later, Denmark Vesey led a failed slave insurrection in this state’s city of Charleston.

M

Francis Marion, the “Swamp Fox,” led guerilla forces in this state.

M

The largest surrender of American soldiers in the Revolutionary War took place in this state after a defeat for Benjamin Lincoln, whereas another setback in this state featured Horatio Gates’s loss at Camden.

M

Banastre Tarleton was defeated by a double envelopment by Daniel Morgan at this state’s Battle of Cowpens.

M

A failed slave revolt on Bastille Day in this state was planned by a man who purchased his freedom with his lottery winnings, Denmark Vesey.

M

The first US Vice President to resign was from this state, whose customs houses in Beaufort and Georgetown were targeted as part of the Force Bill.

E

The Tariff of Abominations was attacked in an "Exposition and Protest" named for this state. name this state where the Nullification Crisis was sparked by John C. Calhoun.

E

The home of the Pinckney family this is this state, the location of Fort Sumter.

E

John C. Calhoun led a nullification crisis in this state that led to the federal government seizing custom houses in Charleston.

10 more clues from the record
H

The Battle of Fort Sumter took place in this state, which was the first to secede from the union, citing the North’s failure to enforce the Fugitive Slave Act.

H

In what is now this state, the British were rebuffed from taking a city due to William Moultrie’s defense of a namesake fort on Sullivan’s Island.

H

This state saw more than 200 battles in the American Revolutionary War, beginning with the first Battle of Ninety Six.

H

A senator from this state gave the longest filibuster in history to stall a vote on the Civil Rights Act of 1857.

H

This state attempted to prevent the so-called “Tariff of Abominations” from becoming law during the Nullification Crisis.

H

In the leadup to an election in this state, African Americans were killed in the Hamburg Massacre by Red Shirts.

H

Another senator from this state coined the term “mudsill of society” and brought the gag rule to the floor of the House.

H

A politician from this state named George McDuffie came up with an economic idea called the “forty bales” theory.

H

A woman from this state named Floride helped lead the shunning of Peggy Eaton in the Petticoat Affair.

H

One senator from this state was nicknamed “Pitchfork Ben” because he advocated lynch mobs.

Watch out: Strom Thurmond's 1957 filibuster is sometimes confused with events in other states
#102 · Subnational Regions, Provinces, and Territories · Level 1

Virginia

Virginia
LadyofHats /a with additional editing by 痛 /a and Patricknei · Public domain

U.S. state · colonial era–present · Mid-Atlantic/Upper South

Virginia was the most populous of the thirteen colonies and home to the House of Burgesses, which met in Jamestown and Williamsburg.

The kit

  • Colonial era — Virginia was the site of Bacon's Rebellion in 1676, when Nathaniel Bacon's militia of African slaves and English servants burned Jamestown to the ground.
  • Founding figures — Virginia produced Patrick Henry, who proclaimed 'Give me liberty or give me death' in 1775, and George Mason; its last colonial governor was Lord Dunmore.
  • Civil War — Virginia's only city not captured by the Union before the Civil War's end was Lynchburg; Robert E. Lee surrendered at Appomattox Court House in this state.
  • 20th century — Virginia's Racial Integrity Act was overturned in Loving v. Virginia in 1967, brought by Mildred and Richard Loving against the state's anti-miscegenation law.

Runs with

Jamestown
capital of colonial Virginia, burned in Bacon's Rebellion open card →
American Railway Union
Thomas Jefferson
governed Virginia from Richmond, wrote Notes on the State of Virginia open card →
Patrick Henry
Virginia politician in House of Burgesses, 'Give me liberty' speech open card →

The ladder · 15 clues

H

One proposed amendment to come out of Hartford would have required the U.S. president to be from a different state than their predecessor.

H

This state's Tangier [[tan-JEER]] Island, which sports an antiquated dialect of English, has physically shrunk by 67 percent over the past 170 years. The only city in this state to not be captured by the Union before the end of the U.S. Civil War was Lynchburg.

H

Patrick Henry and George Mason were both from this colony, whose last colonial governor was Lord Dunmore. This was the most populous of the 13 colonies.

H

A colonial governor of this modern-day state, William Berkeley, was recalled to England following a 1676 uprising here led by Nathaniel Bacon.

H

In the 1868 election, three states had yet to be restored to the Union and were not allowed to take part in the election.

H

Irvin McDowell led a failed offensive in this state against forces under P. G. T. Beauregard.

H

This state’s Henrico County was the site of a diversionary attack at Deep Bottom, as Ambrose Burnside attempted to detonate a mine behind enemy forces and initiate the Battle of the Crater.

M

A rebellion in this colony against William Berkeley united African slaves and English servants under Nathaniel Bacon. name this plantation-based colony where, in 1676, Jamestown was burned to the ground.

M

Board decision was wielded in this state by Harry F. Byrd. name this state whose Racial Integrity Act was overturned in a 1967 case brought by Mildred and Richard Loving.

M

Patrick Henry was a politician from this American colony, the most populous before the Revolution, where the House of Burgesses met in Jamestown and Williamsburg.

M

John Punch was enslaved in this colony and was the first documented African slave in the English colonies.

M

A senator from this state was chosen as the running mate for Hillary Clinton in the 2016 presidential election.

E

The final surrender of Robert E. Lee’s army of this state was conducted at Appomattox Court House in this Southern state with capital at Richmond.

E

John Smith led settlers in this colony that founded Jamestown. name this English colony that was led from Richmond.

E

Jamestown was located in this US state once governed by Thomas Jefferson from Richmond.

10 more clues from the record
H

A failed Union river crossing in this state was known as the “Mud March." A ship named after this state fought the USS Monitor in the Battle of Hampton Roads.

H

The defense in that case was led by a member of this colony’s legislature, the House of Burgesses, who proclaimed “Give me liberty or give me death” in 1775.

H

This state was the respondent in Atkins, a Supreme Court case prohibiting a capital sentence for mentally handicapped individuals.

H

The Readjuster Party was a biracial coalition in this state that was destroyed by a 1902 poll tax.

H

Madison was the author of the plan named for this home state of his, which put forward population-based representation in a national legislature and was the alternative to the New Jersey Plan.

H

This colony’s militia fought the Shawnee at the Battle of Point Pleasant; earlier in this colony’s history, frontiersman disgruntled by Doeg [“doog”] raids formed a militia and burned down its capital.

H

A neighborhood in this state known as Jackson Ward grew thanks to the efforts of the founder of the St. Luke Penny Saving Bank.

H

This state’s namesake university was founded as a secular school in response to weak leadership at the College of William and Mary.

H

A governor of this state was chairman of Hillary Clinton’s 2008 bid for the presidency and controversially tried to restore the voting rights of more than 200,000 felons in an executive order that was later overturned.

H

A book about this state was a response to a questionnaire sent out by François Barbé-Marbois; that book, consisting of 23 chapters called "Queries," was written in response to the Comte du Buffon's claim that life in America was degenerate.

Watch out: The CSS Virginia (ironclad) fought the USS Monitor at Hampton Roads
#103 · Subnational Regions, Provinces, and Territories · Level 1

Florida

Florida
Unknown author Unknown author · Public domain

U.S. state · 1513–present · Southeastern United States

Florida is a southeastern U.S. state acquired from Spain in 1819 and site of the Seminole Wars.

The kit

  • Early exploration — Florida was first officially explored by Europeans when Ponce de León visited in 1513 searching for the Fountain of Youth.
  • Spanish to American control — Florida changed hands from Spanish to U.S. control through the 1819 Adams-Onís Treaty that ceded the territory.
  • Seminole conflicts — Florida was the site of the Seminole Wars and the Dade Massacre, where Native Americans resisted forced removal.
  • Racial violence — Florida experienced the 1920 Ocoee massacre where whites killed over 50 African Americans on Election Day and the 1980 Arthur McDuffie beating death.

Runs with

Seminole people
fought Seminole Wars in Florida; confined by Treaty of Moultrie Creek 1823 open card →
Georgia
borders Florida; both involved in southeastern Indian conflicts open card →
Andrew Jackson
John Quincy Adams
Adams-Onís Treaty acquired Florida for United States in 1819 open card →

The ladder · 15 clues

H

Republicans operatives were flown into this state to cause the Brooks Brothers Riot.

H

In 1980, police in this state altered a crime scene after beating Arthur McDuffie to death.

H

This state was home to the Huguenot controlled Fort Caroline.

H

A city in this state is home to the banking neighborhood of Brickell, named for the city’s co-founder.

H

On Election Day 1920 in this state’s town of Ocoee, whites killed over 50 African Americans and drove out the rest of the black population.

H

In 1968, a consolidation process in this state’s Duval County created what was briefly the largest city by land area in the US.

H

In this modern state, Gaspard de Coligny created a short-lived safe haven in the New World for Huguenots known as Fort Caroline.

M

A tribe in this state was confined to a reservation by the Treaty of Moultrie Creek in 1823.

M

This state changed hands from Spanish to U.S. control through the 1819 Adams-Onis Treaty. name this southern state first officially A explored by Europeans when visited in 1513 by Ponce de Leon.

M

This state is home to the historical black community Eatonville, which is named for Josiah C. Eaton.

M

The oldest continuously inhabited settlement in the U.S. is in this state.

M

The Treaty of Payne’s Landing forced Native Americans to leave this state’s land, which was ceded to the US through the Adams-Onís Treaty with Spain.

E

The Seminole War occurred in, what state that contains cities like Tallahassee and Miami.

E

The Adam-Onis Treaty acquired the land that became this state for the United States.

E

The Seminole Wars were fought in, what southern U.S. state where the Spanish founded St. Augustine on the peninsula and Pensacola on the panhandle?

10 more clues from the record
H

In this modern-day state, a colonial leader was killed trying to establish a settlement near Charlotte Harbor, after he was hit by a poisoned arrow from a Calusa warrior.

H

Fulwar Skipwith was the only governor of a short lived Republic set up after a rebellion in the Western part of this state in 1810.

H

This present day state was where Dr. Andrew Turnbull established the disease-ridden colony of New Smyrna.

H

This state's Johns Committee published an anti-homosexual booklet known as the "Purple Pamphlet".

H

Ponce de Leon searched for the Fountain of Youth in the land that is now this US state. The Narvaez (nar-VAI-ez) expedition landed near this state’s present-day city of Tampa.

H

Civil War battles in this state include the Battle of Natural Bridge, the Battle of Marianna, and the Battle of Olustee.

H

This state was the site of the Dade Massacre, and one leader in this state was killed when a false flag trick was tried by General Thomas Jesup.

H

Answer the following about the Adams-Onís treaty, :It ceded this modern-day state to the US from Spain. The Seminoles lived in this state

H

This state was successfully defended by Mark Prevost in the Battle of Thomas Creek and the Battle of Alligator Bridge.

H

According to legend, the leader of a Native American tribe from this state rejected a treaty proposal by stabbing it with a knife.

Watch out: Georgia—both southeastern states involved in Seminole conflicts and Indian removal
#104 · Subnational Regions, Provinces, and Territories · Level 1

New Jersey

New Jersey
author of xrmap, with modifications by Denelson83 /a and Chr · Public domain

Mid-Atlantic state · 1664–present · between New York and Pennsylvania

New Jersey was called the Crossroads of the Revolution for hosting numerous battles including Trenton, Princeton, and Monmouth.

The kit

  • Revolutionary battles — New Jersey saw George Washington cross the Delaware on Christmas night 1776 to attack Trenton, killing Johann Rall.
  • Revolutionary battles — New Jersey hosted the Battle of Princeton, where British forces under Charles Mawhood killed Hugh Mercer after mistaking him for Washington.
  • Revolutionary winters — New Jersey's Morristown sheltered the Continental Army during the war's hardest winter, two years after Valley Forge.
  • Early voting rights — New Jersey allowed unmarried property-owning women to vote until 1807, when petticoat electors were disenfranchised.

Runs with

Battle of Monmouth
George Washington
crossed Delaware into state; camped at Morristown open card →
Battle of Trenton
fought in New Jersey after Delaware crossing open card →
Delaware

The ladder · 15 clues

H

The resignation of James McGreevy as governor of this state left a temporary vacancy that was eventually filled with the election of Jon Corzine.

H

George Carteret was given land in North Carolina and what is now this state by Charles II.

H

Burr's infamous duel with politician Alexander Hamilton occurred in which state's city of Weehawken?

H

This state, the site of the Battle of Connecticut Farms, was where George Washington camped at Morristown.

H

In one battle fought in this state, British forces led by Charles Mawhood surrounded and killed Hugh Mercer after mistaking him for George Washington.

H

The very first person to resign from the Senate did so to become governor of this state and became a Supreme Court justice three years later.

H

After one battle in this state, Charles Lee was vilified by other officers in Washington’s army leading to his eventual court-marital.

M

One general from this state was Frederick Frelinghuysen, and the last colonial governor of this state was William Franklin, a disinherited, Loyalist son of Benjamin Franklin.

M

After ordering a retreat at a battle in this state, General Charles Lee was court- martialed.

M

A governor of this colony who believed the Stamp Act was justified was an illegitimate son of Benjamin Franklin named William.

M

The first state to ratify the Bill of Rights was this Mid-Atlantic state governed from Trenton.

M

Known as the Crossroads of the Revolution, this state is home to a university attended by James Madison and Aaron Burr; that university shares its name with a nearby 1777 battle. name this home state of Princeton University.

E

One battle in this state was fought after George Washington’s army crossed the Delaware River on Christmas night. name this state where the battles of Monmouth and Princeton were fought during the American Revolution.

E

Johann Rall was killed after George Washington crossed the Delaware River into this state where the Battle of Trenton was fought.

E

The legend of Molly Pitcher originated from a battle in this state, which names the William Paterson-proposed small state plan for the legislature at the Constitutional Convention.

10 more clues from the record
H

Two years after the winter at Valley Forge, the Continental Army weathered the war’s hardest winter at this state’s village of Morristown.

H

Unmarried women in this state who owned property were allowed to vote until a campaign against “petticoat electors” removed that right in 1807. This state’s first female governor was Christine Todd Whitman.

H

This state is home to Holsten’s Brookdale Confectionery, an ice cream store that was converted into a diner for the TV episode “Made in America.” David Chase was criticized for his edit to the ending of that episode, which abruptly cuts to black.

H

This state was the only one of the original thirteen states not to restrict voting by race or gender until 1807, when it restricted the vote to white, property-owning men.

H

A loyalist gang in this state was known as “Bacon’s Refugees.” Following an event in this state involving the capture of Joshua Huddy, George Washington declared that Charles Asgill would be executed.

H

David Hosack and William Peter Van Ness watched a man suffer a fatal wound in this state, although Ron Chernow disputes that the latter man was “deloping” during the encounter.

H

Future president James Monroe is depicted en route to a battle in this state in a painting by Emmanuel Leutze that shows Washington and his troops crossing an icy river.

H

In this state, German immigrant Bruno Hauptmann was convicted of breaking into the home of Charles Lindbergh and kidnapping their twenty month-old child.

H

In this state, the Continental Army was trapped by the British behind Assinpink Creek but escaped by keeping their campfires lit while outflanking the British.

H

The Forage Wars took place in this state which the Quintipartite Deed split into two halves, divided by the Keith Line.

Watch out: Delaware (Washington crossed the Delaware River to reach New Jersey)
#105 · Subnational Regions, Provinces, and Territories · Level 1

Massachusetts

Massachusetts
State of Massachusetts · Public domain

New England state · 1620–present · northeastern United States

Massachusetts is a New England state where Pilgrims founded Plymouth Colony in 1620 and Puritans established the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

The kit

  • Colonial conflicts — Massachusetts colonists fought the Pequot War and crushed the Wampanoag in King Philip's War under Edmund Andros's governorship.
  • Religious controversies — Massachusetts was the site of the Salem Witch Trials beginning with accusations against Tituba, and Anne Hutchinson sparked the Antinomian Controversy here.
  • Revolutionary era — Massachusetts witnessed the Battle of Bunker Hill in 1775, where Israel Putnam legendarily ordered troops not to fire until seeing the whites of their eyes.
  • Labor movements — Massachusetts textile workers in Lawrence pioneered the moving picket line during the 1912 Bread and Roses strike organized by the IWW.

Runs with

Boston
capital city and site of the 1919 police strike open card →
American Railway Union
Shays' Rebellion
occurred in western Massachusetts under Governor James Bowdoin open card →
Common

The ladder · 15 clues

H

Mary Dyer was executed in this modern state, where the Antinomian Controversy in this state was begun by Anne Hutchinson.

H

As governor of this state, Coolidge ordered its capital’s 1919 police strike to be put down. Later governors include Michael Dukakis and Mitt Romney.

H

The phrase “Bread and Roses” became associated with an IWW-organized strike in this state.

H

This future state was the first in the colonies to ban the performance of plays.

H

The Battle of Bunker Hill occurred in this New England state.

H

After earlier winning a special election here, Scott Brown was defeated in the most expensive Senate race of 2012 in this state. name this home state of Secretary of State John Kerry and Senator Elizabeth Warren.

H

The only firm record of a woman voting in this modern-day state in the 18th century was Lydia Chapin Taft, the widow of Uxbridge’s largest taxpayer. :Name this state, the birthplace of a woman who advised her husband to “remember the ladies.”

M

The furlough of murderer Willie Horton in this state became a major political issue in 1988 when this state’s governor ran for president.

M

Harrison Gray Otis represented this state at the Hartford Convention, to which it sent the most delegates. name this New England state home to John Adams.

M

Edmund Andros served as a governor in this state, which fought the Pequot War and crushed the Wampanoag in King Philip’s War.

M

John Winthrop led a “Bay Colony” named after this state, which contains the site where the Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower established the Plymouth Colony. name this state where colonists founded the city of Boston.

M

Israel Putnam legendarily said "Don't fire 'til you see the whites of their eyes" at a 1775 engagement with the Redcoats in this state.

E

“Mill girls” worked in textile factories in this state’s city of Lowell. name this state governed from Boston.

E

Cotton Mather presided over a series of trials in this state that began with the accusation of the Barbadian slave Tituba. name this modern state in which the Salem Witch Trials took place.

E

This state's governor, James Bowdoin [[BOH-duhn]], encouraged John Adams to author the Riot Act, allowing the government to suspend habeus corpus during Shays' Rebellion in its western region. name this New England state which experienced the Boston Massacre.

10 more clues from the record
H

Workers in this state pioneered the moving picket line to avoid loitering laws during the 1912 Bread and Roses strike in Lawrence.

H

A distillery holding tank in this state’s largest city burst in 1919, causing a flood of molasses that killed 21 people.

H

George McGovern won only Washington, D.C. and this state in the 1972 presidential election.

H

In 2012, Newt Gingrich criticized this state’s treatment of Catholic hospitals in a program that created the Commonwealth Health Insurance Connector; that health care reform is often considered to be one of the models for Obamacare.

H

The kidnapping of Colin Bower's children and the police killing of DJ Henry became issues in this state's Democratic primary, which determined who would face Republican nominee Kevin O'Connor.

H

Another politician from this state gave the Seventh of March speech supporting the Compromise of 1850 and declared “Liberty and union, now and forever” in a reply to Hayne.

H

In the 2020 senate election in this U.S. state, a conspiracy theorist who claims to have invented e-mail, Shiva Ayyadurai, was defeated in the Republican primary.

H

This modern state was home to a colony where Thomas Morton brewed beer and erected a maypole for a multiracial population, Merry Mount.

H

William Apess helped organize the successful Mashpee revolt against this state, and settlers from this state launched an expedition against the sachem Sassacus.

H

In this state, the book The Meritorious Price of Our Redemption was burned for heresy; its author, William Pynchon, founded this state’s town of Springfield.

Watch out: Students may confuse Massachusetts Bay Colony with Plymouth Colony, which were separate settlements founded by different groups.
#106 · Subnational Regions, Provinces, and Territories · Level 1

Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania
p Simtropolitan /a , Jean-Pierre Demailly (old version) perm · Public domain

Mid-Atlantic colony and state · founded 1681 · between New York and Maryland

Pennsylvania was a Quaker colony founded by William Penn that became a center of American independence and industrial development.

The kit

  • Founding — Pennsylvania was founded by William Penn as a Quaker haven and acquired land through the fraudulent Walking Purchase scheme.
  • Colonial conflicts — Pennsylvania saw the Paxton Boys massacre Conestoga tribe members and Edward Braddock's fatal wounding near Fort Duquesne.
  • Independence era — Pennsylvania delegate John Dickinson authored the Olive Branch Petition and 'Letters from a Farmer' essays opposing British policies.
  • Industrial unrest — Pennsylvania experienced the Whiskey Rebellion in Washington County, Fries's Rebellion, and the 1892 Homestead Strike against Carnegie Steel.

Runs with

Whiskey Rebellion
occurred in western Pennsylvania's Washington County in 1794 open card →
Philadelphia
largest city, home to Liberty Bell and Independence Hall open card →
Benjamin FranklinAmerican Railway Union

The ladder · 15 clues

H

Also in this colony, several hundred Susquehannocks were killed by the Paxton Boys in the Conestoga Massacre.

H

This colony signed the “Walking Purchase” where they were promised as much land as a man could walk in a day and a half.

H

In this colony, members of the Conestoga tribe were attacked by a Scots-Irish vigilante group called the Paxton Boys.

H

Other businessmen in this state maintained the private Lake Conemaugh for the use of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club.

H

This state was home to the Darr Mine Disaster and a flood in this state’s city of Johnstown was the first major relief project of Clara Barton’s American Red Cross.

H

In this modern-day state, the Welsh Tract was settled after James Logan’s runners swindled Natives out of their land in the Walking Purchase.

H

The derisively nicknamed “Watermelon Army,” commanded by “Light-Horse Harry” Lee, put down the Whiskey Rebellion in this state.

M

This colony’s southern border was set at the Mason-Dixon line to solve a dispute with neighboring Maryland.

M

A delegate from this colony who opposed independence in his Olive Branch Petition was John Dickinson.

M

Muhlenberg was a politician from this state, as was Founding Father John Dickinson, who authored twelve essays called “Letters from a Farmer” in this state.

M

This state was home to the Three Mile Island incident.

M

In this state, the leader of the “Glass Tax” protest was pardoned by the president, because he was “ignorant of our language.” In another incident in this state, David Bradford organized dissidents after the so-called “Battle of Bower Hill.” Fries’s Rebellion took place in this state, as did an earlier action protesting a controversial 1791 tax favored by Alexander Hamilton.

E

The Liberty Bell is located in this state’s largest city which is also home to Independence Hall.

E

This colony’s name means “forest land” and was founded as a haven for Quakers. identify this colony that was founded by William Penn.

E

Henry Clay Frick was placed in charge of a company during an 1892 strike at the Homestead factory in this state. name this state where the Carnegie Steel Company was founded.

10 more clues from the record
H

Washington County, the site of the annual celebration, is located in the western end of this state, where the Whiskey Rebellion took place.

H

Ulster Protestants formed the vigilante Paxton Boys to retaliate against natives near this state’s Susquehanna River.

H

The Whiskey Rebellion occurred in this state that also saw a massacre led by the Paxton Boys and Fries’ Rebellion.

H

Black nurses were employed during a 1793 epidemic in this state due to Benjamin Rush’s false belief they were immune to yellow fever.

H

Edward Braddock was mortally wounded during a expedition to capture Fort Duquesne [doo-KEYN] in this colony.

H

Before independence, a massacre of Indians in this state was perpetrated by the Paxton Boys in the city of Lancaster.

H

A leader of this colony hired a fast walker to help acquire land from the Lenape Indians as part of a scheme called the Walking Purchase.

H

During a siege in this state, Lord Jeffrey Amherst distributed smallpox-infested blankets to Native Americans participating in Pontiac’s Rebellion.

H

This colony was earlier expanded after long-distance runners exploited an agreement to acquire as much land as a man could cover in three days.

H

One city in this state was home to a railroad that built the first double-track main line in America and is the seat of Berks County.

Watch out: John Dickinson opposed independence despite writing influential anti-British essays
#107 · Subnational Regions, Provinces, and Territories · Level 1

the Caribbean

the Caribbean
Central Intelligence Agency /a (CIA) · Public domain

transnational region · colonial era to present · islands and coasts between North and South America

The Caribbean is a transnational region that was the setting for events detailed in C. L. R. James's The Black Jacobins.

The kit

  • Migration — The Caribbean was the origin of half a million "Windrush Generation" immigrants who left for Britain after World War II.
  • British connections — The Caribbean was the ancestral home of Stephen Lawrence's parents, a youth whose murder London's police force did not fully probe.
  • Cold War intervention — The Caribbean island of Grenada was invaded by the United States in 1983's Operation Urgent Fury after Maurice Bishop was killed.
  • New Jewel Movement — The Caribbean island targeted in Operation Urgent Fury had been seized by the New Jewel Movement under Maurice Bishop before Ronald Reagan ordered invasion.

Runs with

sugar
major colonial crop throughout the region open card →
Hispaniola
Spain
colonial power in the region open card →
Fidel Castro

The ladder · 3 clues

H

London’s police force did not fully probe the murder of Stephen Lawrence, a youth whose parents were from this region. :Name this transnational region that half a million “Windrush Generation” immigrants left for Britain. C. L. R. James’s The Black Jacobins details an event in this region.

M

American action in this conflict was code-named Operation Urgent Fury. name this 1983 American invasion of a Caribbean island.

M

The New Jewel Movement seized power on this island, but when its leader Maurice Bishop was killed, Ronald Reagan ordered an invasion. 1983’s Operation Urgent Fury targeted this Caribbean island.

#108 · Subnational Regions, Provinces, and Territories · Level 1

Texas

Texas
Paul B. Joiner · Public domain

U.S. state · 1845–present (republic 1836–1845) · Southern United States

Texas was an independent republic from 1836 to 1845 after winning independence from Mexico at San Jacinto.

The kit

  • Independence — Texas declared independence from Mexico and became the Lone Star Republic led by Sam Houston and Stephen Austin.
  • Republic era — Texas president Mirabeau Lamar issued "redback" currency to drive up inflation during the republic period.
  • Annexation — Texas was recognized as independent after the Treaties of Velasco and annexed to the U.S. in 1845.
  • Modern politics — Texas politician Lyndon B. Johnson announced his Great Society progressive policies at the University of Michigan in 1964.

Runs with

Sam Houston
The Alamo
site of siege where Davy Crockett died in Texas open card →
American Railway Union
Mexico
Texas declared independence from Mexico in 1836 open card →

The ladder · 15 clues

H

This modern-day state was the site of the Runaway Scrape, where civilians would flee in terror from an invading army.

H

Debate over the location of this country’s capital sparked the 1842 Archive War.

H

During the tenure of a governor of this state who also served as Secretary of Energy under Donald Trump, a thirteen-hour filibuster against the anti-abortion Senate Bill 5 was launched by Wendy Davis.

H

A month after Appomattox, men in this state fought the last battle of the Civil War, the Battle of Palmito Hill.

H

Mirabeau [mee-ruh-bow] Lamar, a president of this country, issued the “redback” currency to drive up inflation.

H

This state was the site of the SS Grandcamp disaster, in which nearly 600 people died after over 4 million pounds of ammonium nitrate exploded in 1947.

H

This non-Alabama state’s “Huntsville Unit” was the first to carry out an execution by lethal injection in 1982.

M

Anson Jones, the “Architect of Annexation,” served as president of this country which was recognized as independent after the Treaties of Velasco.

M

A politician from this state was gifted a 1947 Cadillac that was paid for with fifty $25 checks; that man served as the longest-serving Speaker of the House and mentored a man who intimidated his colleagues with “the treatment.” A politician from this state spoke at the University of Michigan, announcing several progressive policies as part of his “Great Society” in 1964. name this home state of Sam Rayburn and Lyndon B. Johnson, the latter of whom was inaugurated as President in this state’s city of Dallas.

M

State whose Galveston Hurricane of 1900 was the deadliest natural disaster in U.S. history.

M

Soldiers from this state used the slogan “Remember Goliad!” during the Battle of San Jacinto.

M

Another governor of this state, John Connally, received three wounds from Lee Harvey Oswald in 1963 while riding in JFK's car.

E

This state was the site of the “Lone Star Republic” after declaring independence from Mexico but before being annexed by the United State. name this state led by men such as Sam Houston and Stephen Austin.

E

Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, Beto O’Rourke, and Senator Ted Cruz are all from this southern state.

E

Significant battles that occurred in this state include the Battle of San Jacinto, and a siege at a mission where Davy Crockett died. name this state, the site of the Alamo in its city of San Antonio

10 more clues from the record
H

Thomas Van Orden sued this state in 2002 to take down a display of the Ten Commandments; the case was argued at the Supreme Court by this state’s Attorney General, who became Governor after defeating pro-choice State Senator Wendy Davis in 2014.

H

An 1869 Supreme Court case involving this state held that its bond sales during the Civil War were invalid.

H

This state conducted over a third of all of the United States’ executions from 1976 to 2016, though Alabama executed more prisoners per capita.

H

In April 2013, this state’s town of West was rocked by another ammonium nitrate explosion.

H

A case named for this state overturned the Court’s earlier decision in Bowers v.

H

An attempt to move this nation’s national documents was interrupted by a cannon shot fired by Angelina Eberly in the Archive War.

H

A 1954 case from this state brought by Pete Hernandez ruled that the equal protection clause applied to all nationalities.

H

Name some short-lived governments established by Americans. :While president of this republic, Mirabeau Lamar printed currency known as “redbacks”. This republic was created after victory at the Battle of San Jacinto and annexed to the US in 1845.

H

Santa Anna ceded its territory after his loss at the Battle of San Jacinto to Sam Houston.

H

The “Old Three Hundred” were the first white settlers of this country.

Watch out: The Archive War (1842) involved moving national documents, not currency policy
#109 · Subnational Regions, Provinces, and Territories · Level 1

North Carolina

North Carolina
Public domain

U.S. state · colonial era–present · southeastern United States

North Carolina was the site of the Roanoke Lost Colony, the Halifax Resolves, the Regulators' defeat at Alamance, and the 1898 Wilmington coup.

The kit

  • Colonial conflicts — North Carolina saw Cary's Rebellion between Quakers and Anglicans and the War of the Regulation sparked by William Tryon's opulent palace in New Bern.
  • Revolutionary era — North Carolina's legislature passed the Halifax Resolves, the first document advocating independence from Britain, and hosted the Battle of Guilford Court House.
  • Reconstruction violence — North Carolina impeached Governor William Holden for suppressing the KKK and witnessed the 1898 Wilmington coup that overthrew a biracial government and installed Alfred Waddell.
  • Civil rights — North Carolina elected George H. White, the Jim Crow era's last southern African American Congressman, and saw the Kissing Case where two boys were charged after Sissy Marcus kissed them.

Runs with

William
William Tryon built Tryon Palace here, sparking the Regulation open card →
Roanoke Colony
Roanoke Colony, the Lost Colony, was located on North Carolina's Outer Banks open card →
Sir Walter Raleigh
North Carolina's capital Raleigh is named after Sir Walter Raleigh open card →
John
John Barnwell suppressed Tom Blount's revolt in North Carolina open card →

The ladder · 15 clues

H

White Supremacists in this state overthrew the rightful government of Daniel L. Russell in the Wilmington coup.

H

As a colony, this modern-day state passed the Halifax Resolves, the first document advocating for independence from Britain.

H

In 1871, the governor of this state, William Holden, was impeached for suppressing KKK activity.

H

In this state, a showy mansion was built in New Bern by the governor, William Tryon, helping to spark an uprising.

H

In this state, the Manly brothers were forced to abandon their Daily Record newspaper after a violent coup destroyed their property and installed Alfred Waddell as mayor.

H

In this state, a Loyalist mistook Henry Lee for Banastre [[BAH-nah-ster]] Tarleton in an engagement known as Pyle’s Hacking Match.

H

State in which a fusion of the Populists and the Republican Party took control of the state legislature in 1894

M

After William Tryon raised taxes and built a large governor’s mansion in this colony, Herman Husband led a protest movement that was defeated in the Battle of Alamance.

M

The building of the opulent Tryon Palace in this state’s city of New Bern Dsparked the War of the Regulation.

M

A carving of the word “Croatoan” was found on an island in this state’s Outer Banks that was home to a “Lost Colony.” Roanoke was found in this state whose capital was named after Sir Walter Raleigh.

M

In 1898, a riot by whites overthrew an elected black government in its city of Wilmington.

M

In this modern-day U.S. state, Penelope Barker led a 1774 boycott of British products in the Edenton Tea Party.

E

The Battle of Guilford Court House took place in this Mid-Atlantic state with capital at Raleigh.

E

Virginia Dare, the first English baby born in the Americas, disappeared in this state’s “Lost Colony” of Roanoke. name this state whose capital is named for Sir Walter Raleigh.

E

The first African-American mayor of a major Southern city, Clarence Lightner, A led this state’s municipality of Raleigh. name this state with cities like Charlotte.

10 more clues from the record
H

Quakers and Anglicans fought over this state’s governorship in Cary’s Rebellion.

H

As a colony, this state’s legislature authorized representatives to vote for independence with the Halifax Resolves.

H

This state elected the Jim Crow era’s last southern African American Congressman, George H. White.

H

After a battle in this state, Charles James Fox noted that “another such victory would ruin the British Army”.

H

The battle of Bentonville was the largest Civil War battle in this state.

H

John Barnwell was called to put down a revolt in this colony led by Tom Blount after Thomas Carey refused to relinquish governorship to Edward Hyde.

H

Retaliation against Native Americans in this present-day state was called for by Baron Christoph von Graffenfried following raids on his colony of New Bern.

H

In an incident in this modern-day state, Dr. John Pyle's crew of Loyalists were attacked by Patriots they confused for British cavalry.

H

Reverend Douglas E. Moore helped lead a sit-in at a Royal Ice Cream shop in this state, which then inspired a similar event in which students from this state’s Agricultural and Technical State University participated in.

H

In this state, eight year old Sissy Marcus kissed two African American boys, causing the boys to be charged with rape until being pardoned by Governor Clement Hodges.

Watch out: Edenton Tea Party (similar to Boston Tea Party but led by Penelope Barker in 1774)
#110 · Subnational Regions, Provinces, and Territories · Level 1

Quebec

Quebec
Original: /div René Chaloult /div Vector: /div Krun /a · Public domain

Canadian province · 1763–present (British/Canadian control) · eastern Canada

Quebec is Canada's only majority French-speaking province, site of recurring sovereignty movements and the 1970 October Crisis.

The kit

  • Rise — Quebec was captured by the British during the Seven Years War after victory at the Plains of Abraham in 1759.
  • Quiet Revolution — Quebec underwent the Quiet Revolution in the 1960s, a period of economic and political reforms led by Jean Lesage and Robert Bourassa.
  • Conflicts — Quebec experienced the October Crisis in 1970 when the FLQ kidnapped Pierre Laporte, requiring the first peacetime use of the War Measures Act.
  • Legacy — Quebec held independence referenda in 1980 and 1995, with the 1995 vote narrowly rejecting sovereignty amid controversy over money and ethnic voting.

Runs with

Quiet Revolution
Quebec's Quiet Revolution transformed its economy and politics in the 1960s open card →
Canada
Quebec is Canada's largest and only majority French-speaking province open card →
Pierre Trudeau
Pierre Trudeau invoked the War Measures Act during Quebec's October Crisis open card →
Bakumatsu Period
no connection evident in clues open card →

The ladder · 15 clues

H

The Charlottetown and Meech Lake Accords tried to get this province’s approval of a constitution.

H

Jean Lesage and Robert Bourassa led this province’s Quiet Revolution.

H

Robert Bourassa, a leader of this region, outlined five conditions for his support for this province signing on to the Meech Lake Accords.

H

This region underwent the “great darkness” before implementing a set of economic and political reforms known as the Quiet Revolution.

H

The Meech Lake and Charlottetown Accords tried to better integrate this province with its country.

H

During an event in this region, the Chénier Cell abducted a politician while he was playing football on his front lawn.

H

In this province, the photograph “Face to Face” was taken during a standoff over the construction of a golf course on indigenous land called the Oka Crisis.

M

A 1995 popular referendum in this sub-national region was defeated because of “money and the ethnic vote,” according to a leader of its independence movement.

M

A pair of referenda in the 1990s concerned F the independence of this Francophone Canadian province.

M

A 1995 referendum narrowly rejected independence for this province, where a 1970 crisis required the first peacetime use of the War Measures Act after the FLQ kidnapped Pierre Laporte in Montreal. name this French-speaking Canadian province.

M

Pierre Laporte was murdered during this region’s October Crisis, which brought an end to its Quiet Revolution.

M

This region passed the controversial Bill 101 in 1977 to establish its official language.

E

Canadian province where French-speaking secessionism led to the October Crisis.

E

This region was captured by the British in the Seven Years War after a victory at the Plains of Abraham. name this region, a modern day French-speaking Canadian province.

E

French speaking province that was the site of the October Crisis.

10 more clues from the record
H

This region was recognized as a “distinct society” by the Charlottetown Accord.

H

A leader of this region gave the “Shawinigan Handshake” chokehold to a protester in 1996.

H

In a 1759 battle in this region, both the Marquis de Montcalm and James Wolfe were killed.

H

The Meech Lake Accord tried to convince this region to agree to constitutional amendments.

H

James Cross was kidnapped by a group seeking this region’s independence.

H

The 1949 Asbestos strike occurred in this province in a town called Asbestos.

H

This province's sovereignty movement grew stronger during its “Quiet Revolution.” :Name this largest Canadian province, the only majority French-speaking one.

H

A leader of this region once reclassified orphans as mentally ill to gain federal subsidies; that leader’s party lost power in this region’s “Quiet Revolution”.

H

Richard Montgomery and Benedict Arnold led a failed attempt to capture this region that prompted John Burgoyne’s Hudson River campaign.

H

After bombs planted by a terrorist cell ignited in this province’s CN Railway, John Diefenbaker asked “Is this Ireland?” while on national television.

Watch out: Pierre Laporte was murdered during the October Crisis, but this did not end the Quiet Revolution
#111 · Subnational Regions, Provinces, and Territories · Level 1

New Mexico

New Mexico
Public domain

U.S. state · 1912 statehood · Southwest, Four Corners

New Mexico is a southwestern state admitted to the Union in 1912 with capital Santa Fe.

The kit

  • Colonial era — New Mexico was named by Francisco de Ibarra searching for the Seven Golden Cities of Cibola.
  • Pueblo Revolt — New Mexico saw Popé force Antonio de Otermín to barricade himself in the Palace of the Governors during a 1680 rebellion.
  • Civil War — New Mexico was the site of the Battle of Glorieta Pass during Henry Hopkins Sibley's campaign against Edward Canby.
  • Manhattan Project — New Mexico hosted the Trinity Test at White Sands and the Los Alamos Laboratory where the atomic bomb was designed.

Runs with

Pancho VillaGadsden Purchase
Pueblo Revolt
Popé led 1680 revolt forcing Otermín into Palace of Governors open card →
Manhattan Project

The ladder · 15 clues

H

Eight howitzers were left buried in what is now this state during a Civil War retreat led by Henry Hopkins Sibley a few weeks after the Battle of Glorieta Pass here.

H

Henry Hopkins Sibley led forces against Edward Canby during a Civil War campaign named for this state that included the Battle of Glorieta Pass.

H

This state contains the Blackwater Draw, a major archaeological site of the pre- Columbian Clovis culture.

H

In this modern state, the Acoma Massacre was carried out after Zutacapan [[zoo- TAH-cah-pahn]] attacked soldiers who were raiding his people's homes.

H

The name of this state was coined by Francisco de Ibarra who was searching for the Seven Golden Cities of Cibola [[SEE-bowl-ah]].

H

A battle in this state involved a flanking attack on a supply train that was inflicted at Johnson’s Ranch.

H

In 1998, a statue in this state had its right foot cut off to protest a massacre of native people in this state where each man's right foot was cut off.

M

This state was where Gary Johnson was governor before he ran for president with the Libertarian Party.

M

A former school in this state near San Ildefonso was converted into a facility that contains Bathtub Row and which was once called “Site Y.” The McDonald Ranch House is located in this state’s White Sands Missile Range, which is near the town of Alamagordo and was the site of an event for which the “Jumbo” containment vessel was built.

M

Glorieta Pass and the Battle of Valverde were Civil War battles fought during the campaign of Henry Sibley in this present U.S. state.

M

That rebellion, also known as the Pueblo Revolt, started in Taos. name this modern-day state that retains its colonial capital of Santa Fe.

M

The Battle of Glorieta Pass occurred on a trail linking one of this state's major cities to Franklin, Missouri.

E

Trinity, the world’s first nuclear test, was detonated here and designed in its Los Alamos Laboratory. name this southwestern state whose capital is Santa Fe.

E

In this state, the Trinity Test was conducted following the construction of the atomic bomb at Los Alamos. name this Four Corners state, the 47th to be admitted to the Union.

E

The town of Los Alamos, the site of a nuclear research program, is located just north of Albuquerque. name this state led from Santa Fe.

10 more clues from the record
H

Native people in this modern-day state killed the first Berber man to explore much of North America, the enslaved person Estevanico.

H

An act that prohibits federal employees from political campaigning is named for a former Senator from this state, Carl Hatch.

H

A gang of bandits in this state were known as the “Las Gorras Blancas.” Medieval Mesoamerican cacao was detected in pottery sherds within this state’s Pueblo Bonito great house, part of this state’s Chaco Culture.

H

This state was where Robert Oppenheimer recited the line from the Bhagavad Gita “I have become death, destroyer of worlds” while watching the Trinity Test.

H

A pair of cities in Kansas and a city in this state name the ATSF Railway; the same city names a trail blazed by William Becknell that linked with El Camino Real.

H

The Texas Mounted Rifles drew with Chivington’s Union forces at the Battle of Glorieta Pass in what is now this U.S. state which entered the Union in 1912.

H

Pueblo rebels in this state started the Taos Revolt, and Kit Carson took Navajo prisoners A to a reservation in this state during the Long Walk of the Navajo.

H

Antonio de Otermin was forced to barricade himself in this state's Palace of the Governors during a rebellion led by Popé [[poh-PAY]].

H

This modern-day state was the site of a revolt against Spanish settlers under Antonio de Oterm´ın by Po’Pay.

H

Billy the Kid died at this state's Fort Sumner, which was charged with the internment of Apache and Navajo in the 1860s.

Watch out: Battle of Valverde also occurred in New Mexico during Sibley's campaign, not just Glorieta Pass
#116 · Subnational Regions, Provinces, and Territories · Level 1

Ohio

Ohio
bdi John Eisenmann /span /a · Public domain

U.S. state · admitted 1803 · Midwest

Ohio has produced more U.S. presidents than any state except Virginia, including Hayes, Garfield, McKinley, and Harding.

The kit

  • Presidential politics — Ohio sent both major-party candidates to the 1920 presidential election, Warren Harding and James Cox, who both hailed from this state.
  • Territorial expansion — Ohio was expanded by the Symmes Purchase and its northeastern portion was originally part of the Connecticut Western Reserve.
  • Military history — Ohio was the site of the 1794 Battle of Fallen Timbers, where Mad Anthony Wayne defeated a Shawnee-Miami alliance in the Northwest Territory.
  • Legal landmarks — Ohio was the defendant in Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969), which established the "imminent lawless action" test for violent speech, and Mapp, which applied Fourth Amendment protections.

Runs with

Northwest Ordinance
governed Ohio as part of Northwest Territory before statehood open card →
American Railway UnionJohnWilliam McKinley

The ladder · 15 clues

H

This state was home to presidents Rutherford B. Hayes and James Garfield, and aside from Virginia has sent more presidents to the White House than any other.

H

A case originating in this state gave rise to the “imminent lawless action” test and arose after a reporter was asked to cover a KKK rally.

H

This territory was expanded by the Symmes Purchase.

H

The site of the 1794 Battle of Fallen Timbers in the Northwest Territory?

H

Home state of Senator Warren Harding and Governor Rutherford B. Hayes.

H

The downtown of one city in this state was flooded in 1913 by the Great Miami River.

H

The northeastern part of this state was originally part of the Connecticut Western Reserve.

M

State sued by Clarence Brandenburg in a 1969 case about violent speech.

M

Both candidates in 1920, Harding and James Cox, hailed from this state, as did Harding advisors Joseph Foraker and Harry Daugherty.

M

Midwestern state in which Connecticut had its "Western Reserve."

M

Co-sponsor Benjamin Wade was a senator from this state, which was also the home state of John Sherman and William McKinley.

M

Rob Portman and Sherrod Brown represent this state, which is governed by John Kasich. name this state also represented by John Boehner.

E

The Kent State Massacre occurred in this US state where environmental activism increased after the Cuyahoga [ky-uh-ho-ga] River caught fire in Cleveland.

E

In this state, Mad Anthony Wayne defeated a Shawnee-Miami alliance at the 1794 Battle of Fallen Timbers.

E

The Supreme Court ruled that prosecutors could not use evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment in this state, the defendant in the Mapp case.

10 more clues from the record
H

The Fort Ancient culture is believed to have built the Great Serpent Mound found in this state.

H

A court case from this state was the origin of Potter Stewart’s comment “I know it when I see it” with respect to pornography.

H

A 1968 Supreme Court case upheld this non-New York state’s use of “stop and frisk”-style policing, which is thus known as a Terry stop after that case.

H

In a 2021 special election, the loser of a contest for this state's 11th District attributed her loss to "evil money." One of this state's congressional districts has been compared to a duck, and another has been described as "the snake on the lake." Jim Jordan has served as the representative for this state's 4th District, while Senator Sherrod Brown formerly represented its 13th.

H

Carl and Louis Stokes, a pair of politicians from this state, testified before Congress after two railroad bridges were damaged near the Republic Steel Mill in an oil fire that inspired the creation of Earth Day.

H

A 1964 Supreme Court decision dealt with the constitutionality of whether this state could prohibit theaters from running Louis Malle’s film The Lovers.

H

A former member of the Connecticut General Assembly stumbled across a river in this state in 1796, finding a site to found a city along it.

H

An amendment proposed by a senator from this state led Walter George to complain that it would block him from killing cats in his back alley.

H

A senator from this state names the act that gave Puerto Rico its first civilian government after the Spanish-American War, the Foraker Act.

H

That law was meant to shield "Domestic Institutions" according to its writer from this state, the "Wagon Boy," Tom Corwin.

Watch out: Connecticut Western Reserve was in northeastern Ohio, not a separate state
#122 · Subnational Regions, Provinces, and Territories · Level 1

America

America
Vector file created by Dbenbenn /a , Zscout370 /a , Jacobolu · Public domain

Two-continent region · populated ~Last Glacial Maximum · Western Hemisphere

America is the two-continent region named by cartographer Martin Waldseemüller following explorations by a 15th-century Florentine merchant.

The kit

  • Population — America was populated during the Last Glacial Maximum using the Bering Land Bridge, according to widely accepted theory.
  • Pre-Columbian demographics — America likely had 90 to 95 percent of its population killed by smallpox after contact, with early estimates placing pre-contact population around 2 million.
  • Exploration theories — America's exploration is addressed by the Solutrean hypothesis and the Kelp Highway Hypothesis, which attempts to explain pre-Clovis sites.
  • Early visitors — America was the site of Vinland settlement by Leif Erikson and was long said to have been discovered by Christopher Columbus.

Runs with

The ladder · 7 clues

H

Epidemics of smallpox and cocoliztli are major complications in trying to estimate the early modern population of this broad region. :Name this region whose history is divided into “pre-Columbian” and “Columbian” eras, which likely had 90 to 95 percent of its population killed by smallpox. The earliest estimates of this two-continent region’s pre-contact population hovered around 2 million.

H

The Kelp Highway Hypothesis attempts to explain the pre-Clovis sites in this region.

H

The exploration of this region is the subject of the Solutrean hypothesis.

M

Martin Waldseemüller (VALHD-see-moo-lur) was the first cartographer to use this word in maps as the name of a landmass, following explorations by a 15th-century Florentine merchant.

M

A questionable book by Gavin Menzies claims this region was first visited by the Chinese.

E

The population of this region is widely believed to have occurred during the Last Glacial Maximum using the Bering Land Bridge. name this region that was long said to have been discovered by Christopher Columbus.

E

The settlement of Vinland by Leif Erikson is generally accepted to have occurred in this region.

Watch out: Leif Erikson settled Vinland in this region, but Columbus is traditionally credited with its discovery
#124 · Subnational Regions, Provinces, and Territories · Level 1

Alabama

Alabama
Steve Hall · Public domain

U.S. state · 1819–present (statehood) · Deep South

Alabama was the epicenter of 1960s civil rights struggles including the Birmingham church bombing and Selma-to-Montgomery marches.

The kit

  • Civil Rights Violence — Alabama saw four black girls killed in the 1963 16th Street Baptist Church bombing in Birmingham by white supremacists.
  • Selma Campaign — Alabama's Edmund Pettus Bridge was the site where civil rights marchers were attacked while walking from Selma to Montgomery.
  • Segregationist Resistance — Alabama Governor George Wallace organized the Stand in the Schoolhouse Door to block black students from the state's flagship university.
  • Civil War Naval Action — Alabama was where Union Admiral Farragut shouted 'damn the torpedoes, full steam ahead!' while capturing the port of Mobile.

Runs with

George Wallace
Governor who led segregationist resistance including the Stand in the Schoolhouse Door open card →
church
16th Street Baptist Church bombing killed four girls in Birmingham open card →
American Railway Union
Raphael
Raphael Semmes commanded CSS Alabama sunk at Cherbourg open card →

The ladder · 15 clues

H

Bull Connor was a notorious city commissioner in this state, where the Stand in the Schoolhouse Door was organized by its Governor George Wallace.

H

State where the Union Admiral Farragut shouted “damn the torpedoes, full steam ahead!” and captured the port of Mobile.

H

The civil rights era in this state included the deaths of Denise McNair, Carole Robertson, and two others in the bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church.

H

William Yancey spearheaded a platform named for this state that held that the Federal government could not restrict slavery in territories.

H

A black man named James Wilson was sentenced to death for stealing $1.95 from a white woman in this state, although Governor “Big Jim” Folsom commuted the sentence.

H

This state’s aforementioned platform was written by congressman William Yancey.

H

Gayle ruled against this state’s segregation laws, and the Anniston police looked the other way while the Ku Klux Klan attacked the Freedom Riders in this state.

M

Four black girls were killed after the 16th Street Baptist Church was bombed by white supremacists in this state’s most populous city.

M

This state was the site of the “stand in the schoolhouse door” in which black students were prevented from attending its flagship university.

M

This state’s peonage laws were overturned in a 1911 13th Amendment case, Bailey v. this state.

M

A ship named for this state was sunk at Cherbourg while under the command of Raphael Semmes and was the subject of a series of claims in which the United States demanded restitution from Great Britain.

M

Fred Shuttlesworth and James Bevel co-led a campaign in this state that was opposed by Bull Connor's firehoses.

E

Civil rights marchers were attacked on this state's Edmund Pettus Bridge while walking from Selma to its capital. name this state where racial unrest was centered in Birmingham.

E

Protestors marched from this state’s city of Selma to a city where Rosa Parks refused to give up a bus seat. name this state where civil rights efforts were organized in its capital of Montgomery.

E

In this state, Rosa Parks refused to move to the back of a bus leading to a massive boycott. name this state where protesters marched from Selma to Montgomery.

10 more clues from the record
H

Fred Shuttlesworth, a co-founder of the SCLC, was targeted by a bombing in this state after his role in a campaign against a law eventually struck down by Browder v.

H

Five women from this state, including Claudette Colvin, were plaintiffs in the Supreme Court case Browder v.

H

In 1977, in this state’s town of Alexander City, the Reverend Willie Maxwell was killed at the funeral for his stepdaughter, his fifth relative to have mysteriously died after Maxwell took out life insurance polices on them.

H

In January 2017, a representative from this state named Mike Rogers introduced the “American Sovereignty Restoration Act,” a bill that would end the United States’ membership in the UN.

H

The Senate Committee on Rules and Administration is chaired by one of this state’s senators, who changed parties after the 1994 Republican Revolution; that man is Richard Shelby.

H

Jeremiah Haralson and James Rapier, two black representatives from this state, split the Republican vote and lost to Charles Shelley in a gerrymandered 1876 election.

H

Operation Oak Tree moved over 18,000 soldiers into this state following civil disorder that included the bombing of A.G. Gaston's motel.

H

Kuntrell Jackson and Evan Miller, two teenagers convicted for murder, were petitioners in a case against this state.

H

The Independent Treasury Act was passed with the help of Senate Finance chair Dixon Lewis, a politician from this state.

H

In this state, Cole Cannon was severely beaten and had his home lit on fire by a fourteen-year-old.

Watch out: The CSS Alabama (Confederate raider) shares the state's name but was a warship sunk at Cherbourg
#125 · Subnational Regions, Provinces, and Territories · Level 1

Indiana

Indiana
The Indiana state flag was designed by Paul Hadley in 1917. · Public domain

U.S. Midwestern state · territory 1800, statehood 1816 · east of Illinois, capital Indianapolis

Indiana is a Midwestern state that experienced major industrialization during its 1880–1920 gas boom and became a KKK stronghold in the 1920s.

The kit

  • Early history — Indiana's territorial governor William Henry Harrison built a fort on the Wabash River before the Battle of Tippecanoe.
  • Industrialization — Indiana's Trenton gas field boom from 1880–1920 drove industrialization, enriching alloy tycoon Elwood Haynes and attracting Eli Lilly's headquarters.
  • KKK dominance — Indiana became a major KKK base in the 1920s under D.C. Stephenson, whose branch counted over 250,000 members statewide.
  • Notable institutions — Indiana is home to Purdue University, founded with John Purdue's $150,000 donation, and cities including Fort Wayne and South Bend.

Runs with

William Henry Harrison
served as Indiana's first territorial governor open card →
Ku Klux Klan
established major 1920s base with 250,000+ members open card →
Battle of Tippecanoe
Harrison built fort in preparation for battle open card →
John
John Purdue donated $150,000 to found university open card →

The ladder · 15 clues

H

Madge Oberholtzer was kidnapped from a train station in this state and ultimately murdered by D.C. Stephenson.

H

This state was the site of a voter fraud campaign to elect Benjamin Harrison, the Blocks of Five Scandal.

H

Based in this state’s capital, Madam C.J. Walker became the first black female self- made millionaire with her cosmetics company.

H

In the 1920s this state became a major base for the KKK under the leadership of D.C. Stephenson.

H

Ryan White was from this state, which suffered its largest AIDS outbreak in 2015.

H

George Rogers Clark won a Revolutionary War battle at this state’s Fort Vincennes, and this state’s city of Muncie was the subject of the 1920s Middletown Studies.

H

After being convicted on murder charges, a prominent resident of this state released documents that implicated governor Ed Jackson: the Little Black Boxes.

M

The first governor of this territory, William Henry Harrison, constructed a namesake fort overlooking the Wabash River in preparation for the Battle of Tippecanoe.

M

D.C. Stephenson’s branch of the KKK counted well over 250,000 members in this US state, where Stephenson operated in Evansville and addressed a crowd of over 100,000 in Kokomo in 1923.

M

George Rapp originally founded a utopian community in this state that banned money and religion.

M

A gangster imprisoned in this state used a fake gun to escape from the Crown Point jail.

M

In this state, over 200,000 people may have gathered to hear the Grand Dragon speak in the city of Kokomo in 1923.

E

This state was home to the New Harmony commune, as well as a university founded after a large donation from John Purdue.

E

Cities in this state include Fort Wayne and South Bend, where presidential candidate Pete Butigieg is mayor. name this Midwestern state located east of Illinois.

E

In its city of Lafayette, businessman John Purdue donated $150,000 to found a namesake university. name this home of President Benjamin Harrison, with capital at Indianapolis.

10 more clues from the record
H

A Republican senator representing this state interrupted the two non- consecutive terms of Grover Cleveland by winning the Election of 1888.

H

The state that Secretary of the Interior Caleb Blood Smith came from, becoming the first ever cabinet member from that state

H

In this state, Ed Jackson offered governor Warren McCray a $10,000 bribe to corrupt public offices.

H

The Reno Gang formed in this state, committing the first train robbery in U.S. history in its town of Seymour.

H

Another Revolutionary War hero names this state’s city of Fort Wayne.

H

In 2008, FiveThirtyEight.com only failed to predict this state's Presidential result.

H

This was the easternmost state home to the possibly Crypto-Muslim Ben Ishmael Tribe.

H

In 1813, this territory moved its capital to Corydon in fear of increasing native attacks.

H

This state’s city of Evansville was the birth place of its own branch of the Ku Klux Klan.

H

The Great Flood of 1913 damaged Eli Lilly’s headquarters in this state’s capital, where streetcar workers led a successful Halloween night strike near the end of its literary “golden age.” :Name this state where rural terrorists called “White Caps” arose. The alloy tycoon Elwood Haynes exploited the Trenton field gas boom that drove this state’s 1880–1920 industrialization, as depicted by Booth Tarkington.

Watch out: D.C. Stephenson led Indiana's KKK branch, not the national organization
#1596 · Subnational Regions, Provinces, and Territories · Level 3

Colorado

Colorado
Original: /div Andrew Carlyle Carson /span /a /div Vector: / · Public domain

U.S. state · 1858–present · Rocky Mountain region

Colorado is a U.S. state where the 1868 Sand Creek Massacre killed approximately 150 Cheyenne and Arapaho people under John Chivington.

The kit

  • Gold rush — Colorado attracted thousands of miners during the Pikes Peak Rush, creating towns like Denver and Cripple Creek.
  • Labor conflicts — Colorado saw violent labor wars in 1903-1904, including the 1914 Ludlow Massacre where Rockefeller-organized forces killed striking coal miners.
  • Political turmoil — Colorado had three governors in one day after a corrupt 1904 election with the slogan 'Anybody but Peabody'.
  • Modern development — Colorado developed a successful ski industry along I-70 at resorts like Vail and Copper, and legalized marijuana growing in 2012.

Runs with

American Railway Union
Gold
Pikes Peak Rush brought thousands of gold miners to the state open card →
Uruguay
John
John Chivington led volunteers at Sand Creek; John Galen Locke was KKK Grand Dragon open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

This present-day state was the location of an 1868 event in which approximately 150 Cheyenne Indians were massacred by troops under John Chivington, the Sand Creek Massacre.

H

In this state, John Chivington led a group of “Volunteers” during a mass killing of Arapaho and Cheyenne people.

M

During a conflict in this state, the “Death Special,” an armored car with a mounted machine gun, was used by the Baldwin–Felts Detective Agency.

M

This state later developed a successful ski industry along I-70 including resorts such as Copper and Vail. name the state in which Katherine Lee Bates was inspired to write “America the Beautiful” while viewing the landscape from the summit of Pikes Peak.

E

The Pikes Peak Rush led to thousands of gold miners flocking to this state. name this state where miners created towns like Denver.

E

The Sand Creek Massacre occurred in this state, where a John D. Rockefeller-organized attack on striking workers became known as the Ludlow Massacre.

10 more clues from the record
H

Cripple Creek was a popular mining settlement during this state’s gold rush.

H

Many “lungers” came here to be treated for tuberculosis, giving it the nickname the “World's Sanatorium”.

H

Cripple Creek is in this state, which saw much unrest during the “Labor Wars” of 1903-1904. A famous poster of the time asked “Is [this state] in America?” alluding to the suspension of habeas corpus there.

H

Coal miners in this state were killed in the 1914 “Black Hole of Ludlow”.

H

In this state in 1914, two women and eleven children who suffocated in a pit under a tent that was set afire were among the many miners and labor activists killed by company guards in the Ludlow massacre.

H

A corrupt 1904 election in this state that included the slogan “Anybody but Peabody” led to this state having three governors in one day.

H

What American state is home to the world’s largest coin mint and, with Washington, legalized marijuana growing in 2012?

H

This state’s Grand Dragon John Galen Locke engineered the election of Clarence Morley as governor of this state in 1924.

H

A car known as Death Special was used to target a group in this state led by Louis Tikas.

H

The Ten-Day War was fought in this state, where Ed Boyce unionized residents of Cripple Creek.

Watch out: John Chivington led troops at Sand Creek, not to be confused with other Johns in Colorado history
#1683 · Subnational Regions, Provinces, and Territories · Level 3

Utah

Utah
The State of Utah · Public domain

Western U.S. state · statehood 1896 · Rocky Mountain region

Utah is a Western state founded by Mormon pioneers under Brigham Young in 1847, with a majority LDS population.

The kit

  • Settlement — Utah was settled in 1847 when Brigham Young led Mormon pioneers to found Salt Lake City.
  • Religion — Utah is the only U.S. state with a majority belonging to one church, over half Mormon.
  • Transcontinental Railroad — Utah's Promontory Summit hosted the Golden Spike ceremony joining the first Transcontinental Railroad in 1869.
  • Geography — Utah contains the Great Salt Lake, Uinta Mountains with Dinosaur National Monument, and Arches National Park.

Runs with

Brigham Young
led Mormon pioneers to Utah in 1847 open card →
church
majority of Utah's population belongs to LDS church open card →
Mountain Meadows Massacre
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
settled Utah and comprise majority of state population open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

This state is the site of Promontory Summit, where two lines from Sacramento to Omaha were joined to create the first Transcontinental Railroad.

H

The Mountain Meadows Massacre, in which the Paiute tribe slaughtered over 100 members of the Baker-Fancher train, took place in what is now this US state.

M

This state was home to the “Miracle of the Gulls” where a flock of birds ate a swam of katydids.

M

Western state where women’s suffrage was removed by Congress as a punishment for the Mormon practice of polygamy.

E

This US state is the only one to have a majority of its population belonging to a single church. name this Western U.S. state where, in 1847, Brigham Young founded Salt Lake City.

E

The Mountain Meadows Massacre occurred in this state, which was settled by pioneers led by Brigham Young. name this state whose population is over half Mormon.

10 more clues from the record
H

This state's Uinta Mountains contain the Dinosaur National Monument, site of a 1950s activism campaign against the proposed Echo Park Dam.

H

This state's Nutty Putty Cave was permanently filled in with concrete after John Jones became fatally stuck upside down in a narrow passageway in 2009. 19th century French fur trapper Étienne Provost inspired the name of a city in this state after he followed the Green River to discover this state's largest body of water.

H

Leland Stanford hit the “Golden Spike” to signify the linking of the Transcontinental Railroad in this state’s town of Promontory.

H

A territory in this modern state had its first capital in the town of Fillmore in the Pahvant Valley until raids made settlers flee to Cove Fort.

H

The Senate held three years of hearings on whether to seat this state’s Reed Smoot.

H

In 1970, Robert Smithson built a 1,500 foot long earthwork sculpture titled Spiral Jetty in this state’s largest body of water.

H

A man who lived in this state dated teenage widow Nicole Baker after being paroled from an Illinois prison.

H

In 2002, an Olympic torch relay passed under the Delicate Arch in this state’s Arches National Park.

H

This state contains a clonal colony of quaking aspen called Pando that is the heaviest known organism.

H

This state is home to a film festival sponsored by Robert Redford which is named for a character Redford famously played.

Watch out: Mountain Meadows Massacre sometimes misattributed solely to Paiute tribe rather than Mormon militia involvement