This city was sacked by Brennus after its forces were defeated at the Allia River.

On the orders of Hadrian, the Pantheon was built in this city in 126 AD.

The fall of the Etruscans came with the rise of this civilization. After killing his twin Remus, Romulus founded this city on Palatine Hill.

The Trevi Fountain is located in this Italian city.

Soldiers raised in this city were trained on a large field known as the Campus Martius, and its Temple of Janus only opened its doors in times of war.

Romulus Augustulus was deposed after the capture of this city in 476 AD. name this city that was sacked several times during the fall of its Italy-based empire.

Empire that governed Israel as the province of Judea.

This city was situated on seven hills and was legendarily founded by Romulus and Remus. name this city on the Tiber River, the namesake of an Italian empire.

Piedmont-Sardinia’s capture of this city was unsuccessfully resisted by Papal zouaves, leading to the capital of a new country being moved here from Florence. name this capital city of Italy.

Later fighting forces of this empire were comprised of ten cohorts and carried an eagle standard. name this ancient empire whose basic fighting unit, called a legion, defended the Italian peninsula.

This city’s sewer, the Cloaca Maxima, drained a swamp that became the site of the first forum.

Capital city that was the target of a fascist march.

The European Economic Community and European Atomic Energy Community were both created by treaties signed in which European capital in 1957?

In 410 AD, King Alaric of the Visigoths sacked this city shortly after it had lost its status as capital to Ravenna.

An amphitheatre in this city was built during the Flavian dynasty near the site of chariot racing at the Circus Maximus. Name the city that contains St. Peter's Basilica and the Colosseum.

The Delian League’s treasury was held in the Parthenon on this city’s Acropolis. name this ancient Greek city-state whose wealth funded broad cultural movements and the birth of democracy.

Cleisthenes [klay-iss-thuh-neez] reformed this city’s constitution in 508 BCE, and may have introduced the process of ostracism to this city.

One leader of this city faced a revolt in Miletus, which led to the treasury of the Delian League being transferred to this city.

Citizens of this city could vote to expel others by depositing pottery shards in urns, a process known as ostracism that was used against statesmen like Themistocles.

This city’s leader, Peisistratus, funded its Dionysia festivals, during which Thespis became the first named man to represent a character on stage.

Representatives of this city declared “the weak suffer what they must” before destroying the town of Melos.

After a storm prevented this city’s ships from rescuing drowning sailors, this city sentenced six of its generals to death.

Piraeus and Phalerum were connected to this city by the Long Walls.

This city was briefly ruled by the Thirty Tyrants, a client government of their rival.

Cleisthenes [kl’ice-theh-neez] reformed the constitution of this ancient Greek city whose other political leaders included Solon, Draco, and Pericles.

This city once employed a law code written in blood during the reign of the harsh-handed Draco.

This city won the Battle of Sphacteria, but it was later subjected to the rule of the Thirty Tyrants after losing the Battle of Aegospotami.

City-state which Pericles led at the beginning of the Peloponnesian War.

This city was ruled by the Thirty Tyrants after being defeated in the Peloponnesian War.

This city’s leaders included Cleisthenes and Solon, who developed the system of popular government it is known for. name this Greek city-state known for developing democracy.

Once defended by the Theodosian Walls, this city was conquered by Mehmed II in 1453. name this city, the capital of the Byzantine Empire.

A chain across the Golden Horn failed to stop Mehmed II from conquering this capital of the Eastern Roman Empire.

Enrico Dandolo died in this Byzantine capital after his troops infamously sacked it during the Fourth Crusade.

Enrico Dandolo redirected the Fourth Crusade to attack this city, the location where Belisarius slaughtered a mob in the Hippodrome during the Nika Riots.

Theodosius II used the help of fans who watched chariot racing in this city’s Hippodrome to build this city’s famous double walls.

In 1453, Mehmed II captured this capital of the Eastern Roman Empire that was renamed Istanbul.

Its capital city, originally known as Byzantium and now known as Istanbul?

This city was protected by the walls of the Golden Horn and defenders utilizing Greek Fire.

In 2004, then-Pope John Paul II apologized to the Orthodox Church for the 1204 sacking by Crusaders of this city that was once the capital of the Byzantine Empire.

Vladimir the Great converted to Christianity after a visit to this city’s Hagia Sophia. This capital of the Byzantine Empire is now called Istanbul.

An emperor legendarily turned into marble after the fall of this city, which was assaulted by the massive Dardanelles gun built by Orban.

A famed column moved to this city from Delphi is made up of three intertwined snakes and stands next to an obelisk built by ThuRtmose III.

This city was sacked in 1453 by Mehmet II, who stormed into the Hagia Sophia. name this capital of the Byzantine Empire.

Constantine XII [[the TWELFTH]] died in this city where Mehmed II led an Ottoman siege. name this capital of the Byzantine Empire whose name was later changed to Istanbul.

This city lost control of the Bosphorus prior to its fall to Mehmed II in 1453. what capital of the Byzantines fell to the Ottoman Empire?

The Albizzi family came to power in this city after Michele di Lando led a rebellion of wool carders, the Revolt of the Ciompi [“Chee-om-pi”].

This city was ruled by the Albizzi family following a 1378 revolt by carders of wool. name this Tuscan city home to Savonarola and the Medici.

The Medici family dominated 15th century politics in this Italian city-state.

Supporters of the Pope plotted the Pazzi Conspiracy to overthrow this city’s ruling family.

It was betrayed by Bocca degli Abati in a battle against its archrival Siena, leading to its defeat at Montaperti.

As papal vicar, Angevin royal Robert the Wise intervened in a war in this city between Guelphs and Ghibellines.

In the Battle of Montaperti, Siena’s Ghibellines defeated this city’s Guelphs.

Girolamo Savonarola ruled briefly in this Tuscan city-state that was ruled by the Medici.

Michele [mik-ay-lay] di Lando was the first leader of a group of angry wool workers in this city during the Revolt of the Ciompi.

That event in this city was the Pazzi Conspiracy.

Later, this city fought the War of the Eight Saints against Pope Gregory XI, leading to the end of the Avignon Papacy.

Another museum in this city holds La Primavera and The Birth of Venus by Sandro Botticelli, who primarily worked in this city.

Sandro Botticelli was patronized by a leader of this city known as Lorenzo the Magnificent. name this Italian city ruled by the Medici family.

In this city, a campaign to burn art in what was known as the Bonfire of the Vanities was overseen by the Dominican friar Girolamo Savonarola.

A family of art patrons in this city included Lorenzo the Magnificent and Cosimo I, who commissioned this city’s Uffizi Gallery. name this Italian city once controlled by the Medici family.

In 1871, government forces reclaimed this city during the “Bloody Week” after it was seized by a namesake commune.

The patron saint of this city is said to have picked up his head after being martyred and walked for 6 miles, That man names a suburb of this city, St. Denis.

In this city, Adolphe Thiers clashed with a namesake commune during an 1871 uprising.

The European Coal and Steel community was established by a treaty in this city, in which an 1856 treaty demilitarised the Black Sea.

Four days after a series of events in this city, a similar event was avoided in Hanover thanks to the findings of a paramedic. After the events in this city, a grey Volkswagen Polo with foreign license plates was recovered which served as evidence that led to a raid on the Molenbeek [moh-lun-bek] area of Brussels.

During a siege of this city, National Guard troops bivouacked in a partially-built opera house designed by Charles Garnier.

The European capital where the treaty ending the war was signed?

City where an 1871 socialist “Commune” was suppressed following its country’s loss to Prussia.

The Bataclan theater was attacked in this city, the site of the January 2015 Charlie Hebdo shooting and a November 13th attack claimed by ISIS.

Its namesake university was founded in 1150 and is sometimes called the Sorbonne.

Baron Hausmann oversaw a set of renovations in this city, which was the site of a massacre at Père- Lachaise [PAIR luh-SHAYS] Cemetery in 1871.

The events in this city occurred despite heightened security following an attack earlier that year in this city at the offices of Charlie Hebdo.

In 1789, citizens in this city stormed the Bastille in this capital of France.

In converting to Catholicism, Henry IV claimed that this city was “well worth a mass.” name this capital city, the site of much strife during the French Wars of Religion.

Baron Haussmann led a renovation of this city during which he widened the streets to prevent the construction of barricades.

A secret 1915 treaty signed in this city established Italy as a member of the Allies.

In 1858, this city experienced a “Great Stink” that resulted in the construction of a new sewer system.

This city’s police force was found to be institutionally racist in a 1998 report ordered after the stabbing of Stephen Lawrence at a bus stop.

In this city’s Battle of Cable Street, Oswald Mosley’s Fascists clashed with counter-protesters in the East End.

Joseph Bazalgette designed this city’s sewer system, which reduced the frequency of cholera outbreaks and prevented a recurrence of the 1858 “Great Stink.” This city was one of first sites for rubber to be grown outside of South America, as part of a botanical research project at Kew.

Thomas Bloodworth was the governor of this city during a calamity that began here on Pudding Lane.

This city was home to a gang of Latvian immigrants led by Peter the Painter, who gained fame for allegedly surviving the Siege of Sidney Street.

Samuel Pepys’ diary records this city’s last bubonic plague pandemic, as well as the devastating Great Fire of 1666.

Capital city that hosted a League trading post at the Steelyard until Elizabeth I ended their license.

This is the largest city to have a “destruction horizon” of red ash, marking a 61 A.D. disturbance in which it was burned to the ground by the forces of Boudica. name this capital of Roman Britain.

The Steelyard was built by the Hanseatic League in this city, which was later home to a police force known as the Bow Street Runners.

A landmark known as this city’s Eye was built to commemorate the millennium in 2000; that Ferris wheel became a common sight in television coverage of the 2012 Summer Olympics. name this city whose less modern architecture includes Westminster Palace, the meeting place of British Parliament.

Its Whitechapel district was home to a series of unsolved murders. the Great Exhibition of 1851 took place in what city this was also home to the Jack The Ripper killings.

Canaletto painted The Thames and the City depicting this English capital city that contains the Tate Modern.

A follow-up to the Washington Naval Conference was this agreement named for the capital city of the UK.

During one event, the defenders of this city stripped the guns from the Aurora to combat an encroaching army.

After its deployment in the Crimea, the Gustav rail gun was to be used for the second time in fighting over this city.

During a siege of this city, one of the only access points for supplies was the “Road of Life” through Lake Ladoga.

This city was known as its country’s “Window to the West” after its founding in 1703, and this city’s Senate Square was the site of a Decembrist revolt.

An equestrian statue of this city’s founder was camouflaged with sandbags to protect it during World War II and sits on the massive Thunder Stone.

The Finnish Army indirectly participated in the 872 day Nazi siege of this city that is currently called Saint Petersburg.

Domenico Trezzini created a grid of canals for this city, which was constructed under Jean-Baptiste Alexandre le Blond.

A supply route called the Road of Life helped resupply this city by ferrying supplies across Lake Lagoda.

Target of Army Group North during the invasion. The siege of this city lasted 872 days.

Army Group North and their Finnish allies retreated after 900 days of fighting in this Soviet city that was besieged from 1941 to 1944.

In this city’s Senate Square, rebels declared support for Grand Duke Constantine in the Decembrist Revolt.

Dmitri Karakazov failed to kill a ruler in this city who was ultimately killed here by a bomb in 1881.

This city’s defenders were resupplied by the Road of Life, where vehicles would travel across a frozen lake east of this besieged city.

The Bloody Sunday massacre occurred outside this city’s Winter Palace, the home of the Romanovs. name this one time capital of Imperial Russia founded by Peter the Great.

An event in this city started with cannon fire from the Aurora and included an attack on the Winter Palace. name this city on the Baltic Sea founded by a namesake westernizing Tsar of Russia.

A forest near this city is named for Bulgarians deported from Belgrade after a 1521 siege.

That landmark was completed in 1348 by Genoese colonists and is a conical-topped stone tower located in this city’s Galata district.

Dozens of ethnic Uyghurs were arrested in this city’s district of Zeytinburnu for alleged connections to Abdulkadir Masharipov’s shooting attack of the Reina night club on New Year’s Day 2017.

This city was the site of a controversial election recount after the opposing Republican People’s Party defeated the AK Party. the Faith Mosque was built in this city of Mehmed the Conqueror who captured it in 1453.

In 2016, a leader gave a speech in this city blaming “those in Pennsylvania” for threatening his power. 45 people were killed after an ISIS attack on this city’s airport in June 2016.

In another film, a man travels to this city to accept the defection of Tatiana Romanova, who plans to steal a Soviet Lektor machine.

In this city, the characters Duman, Pskiopat, and Bengü are among the seven cats depicted in the 2016 documentary Kedi.

This city’s Fatih Sultan Mehmet and Bosphorus Bridges were closed during a July 2016 coup attempt against President Recep Tayyip Erdogan [AIRD-oh-wan]. name this largest city in Turkey.

Home of Topkapi Palace and the Hagia Sophia, identify this city lying on both sides of the Bosphorus Strait, the largest city in Turkey.

The film Fetih 1453 depicts Mehmet II's conquest of, what Turkish city, formerly the capital of the Byzantine Empire? name this city whose conquest from the Byzantine Empire is the subject of the film

The 19th-century “Straits Question” concerned the passage of warships at this city, where a reforming ruler mandated that civil servants wear the fez. the Sublime Porte governed the “sick man of Europe” from what Ottoman capital?

It’s not Rome, but its seven hills house such buildings as a palace which has a highest structure known as the Tower of Justice as well as a Byzantine church dedicated to Logos capped with a pendative-supported dome.

Also known as the Seraglio, this city’s Topkapi Palace was constructed six years after its fall to Mehmed. name this Turkish city once known as Constantinople.

The Sipahis cavalry assisted in putting down a revolt in this capital during the Auspicious Incident.

This city was renamed after the fall of the Eastern Roman Empire. name this city, formerly known as Constantinople, the most populous city in Turkey.

A prince of this city defeated the Teutonic Knights on the frozen Lake Peipus in the 1242 Battle of the Ice. name this powerful medieval Russian city, the home of Alexander Nevsky.

Prince Oleg moved the capital of the Rus from this city, his home, to Kiev.

Among the thousands of birch bark manuscripts excavated in this city are homework assignments from a six-year-old named Onfim.

Major city in which that secret police force committed a massacre in 1570

This city’s Archbishop Gennadius was responsible for a belief that the Heresy of the Judaizers was solely an attempt to introduce Judaism to this city. :Name this city, ruled by Alexander Nevsky, whose name was often prefaced with Veliky.

This city was home to the easternmost kontor built by the Hanseatic League.

This home of Sadko held the easternmost outpost of the Hanseatic League and fought a series of wars against Sweden for control of the Gulf of Finland.

A Slavic Republic named for this city was the easternmost member of the Hanseatic League.

This city’s namesake republic was annexed by Muscovy under Ivan III.

Princely state of Kievan Rus’, the capital of its namesake republic and major rival of Muscovy.

This city defeated a Swedish invasion in the Battle of the Neva, and defeated the Teutonic Order at the [*] Battle on the Ice.

A coalition led by this city won a battle against the Livonian Order over the frozen Lake Peipus.

One leader from this city defeated the Swedish at the Battle of the Neva before defeating the Bishop of Dorpat and the Livonian Order on Lake Peipus at the Battle on the Ice. name this Russian city which was eventually eclipsed and conquered by its rival, Moscow, and which was the home of Alexander Nevsky.

As Prince, Yaroslav the Wise briefly united Kiev with this city.

The oprichniki killed hundreds of people and dumped them in the Volkhov River in a 1570 massacre in this city.

In 1529, Suleiman the Magnificent’s forces failed to take this city, ending their westward expansion into Europe.

Lifted a 1683 siege of what Austrian capital city after the arrival of Jan III Sobieski’s hussars?

Gabriel D’Annunzio dropped thousands of propaganda leaflets over this city during a “flight over” it.

After backing the forces of the Croatian leader Josip Jelačić , Count Baillet von Latour was lynched in this city.

Austrian city that names the original version of the Concert, created following the Napoleonic wars.

Austrian capital city he besieged in 1529.

A leader of a "Circle" named for this city, Moritz Schlick, was gunned down by a fascist-leaning former student who took offense to his anti-metaphysical philosophy.

The croissant was allegedly invented during a battle for this city that was saved from Kara Mustafa by the arrival of Jan III Sobieski in 1683.

John III Sobieski led a charge of Winged Hussars during a defeat for Kara Mustafa Pasha here.

One siege of this city was ended when John Sobieski led a cavalry charge of 20,000 Winged Hussars.

During a battle, this city was saved by a timely charge led by John III Sobieski [John the third soh-bee-ess-kee] and his Winged Hussars.

It's not Berlin, but this city's Burgtheater re-opened after the end of its division between Soviet and Allied Forces.

The Kahlenberg hill lies within this city, where King Jan Sobieski of Poland repelled Ottoman forces in 1683. name this former resident city of the Habsburgs and capital city of Austria.

This largest city on the Danube contains the Schönbrunn Palace as well as the imperial palace of the Hapsburgs. name this capital of Austria.

Suleiman the Magnificent's conquest of Europe was stopped at this city. name this city from which the Habsburgs ruled central Europe.

Oleg was the founder of a state based in this city according to the Primary Chronicle, a history traditionally attributed to the monk Nestor.

Boleslaw the Brave intervened in a succession crisis in this empire, during which he chipped his sword after striking its capital's Golden Gate.

Nestor chronicled the history of this city in his Primary Chronicle, and this city was founded at the intersection of the Desna and the Dnieper Rivers.

The Church of the Tithes replaced a pagan temple in this city after a mass conversion, according to a history attributed to the monk Nestor, the Primary Chronicle.

A state named for this city was defeated by the generals Jebe and Subutai at the Battle of the Kalka River.

Shostakovich's 13th symphony takes its name from a poem by Yevgeny Yevtushenko [[yehv-too-SHEHN-koh]] this itself is named for Babi Yar, the site of the Nazi massacre of over one hundred thousand Jews in what Ukrainian city.

This city was once attacked by Boleslaw the Brave, who chipped the Polish coronation sword on this city’s gate.

This Ukrainian city ruled by Vladimir the Great was the base of power of the greatest of the Rus’ states.

Harald Hardrada had previously served in the army of Yaroslav the Wise, a Grand Prince of Novgorod and this other city, which was also ruled by Vladimir the Great.

This state’s close relations with the Byzantine Empire were solidified when Emperor Basil II’s sister Princess Anna married the ruler of this state in 988.

Vladimir the Great Christianized this state, which moved its capital from Novgorod under Oleg, its first Grand Prince.

Boleslaw Chobry struck this city’s Golden Gate with his sword.

This city’s Prince Oleg greatly expanded its influence, and Christianity was brought to this city by Vladimir the Great. name this city where the medieval state of Rus was based and is now the capital of the Ukraine.

City where Vladimir the Great converted a namesake state to Christianity before it became the Ukrainian capital?

A large portion of the original Varangian Guard were recruited from this city’s Rus population. This city is the modern-day capital of Ukraine.

Edmund of Langley was first in line of a cadet branch of the House of Plantagenet named for this city, whose reign ended with the death of Richard III.

Jews in this city committed mass suicide rather than burn alive in Clifford’s Tower during an 1190 pogrom.

Royalist cathedral city stronghold in Northern England, besieged by the Covenanters for two months in 1644.

A bust of this explorer mysteriously appeared in Mt. Tabor Park in 2021. :Name this explorer whom that bust honored as “the first African-American to cross North America and reach the Pacific Coast.” At the conclusion of that expedition in 1806, this explorer’s master refused to free him.

The Danes captured this important Northumbrian city in 866, and Scandinavian leaders continued to rule Northumbria from here until 954. It would grow to be the second most populous city in England by the twelfth century.

British General George Cockburn, alluded to in the "hireling and slave" line, burned Washington, D.C. in part due to the Americans' burning of this city earlier in the war. Zebulon Pike was killed in the battle named for this city.

This walled city in northern England saw immense destruction during the “Harrowing,” including numerous castles torn down. This city is located at the confluence of the Ouse {OOZE} and Foss Rivers.

Septimius Severus died in this city when it was named Eboracum which is also where Constantine the Great was crowned as Emperor.

That man’s son, a member of the house named for this city, was victorious in the Battle of Barnet, in which he defeated Richard Neville, and in the Battles of Towton and Tewkesbury; that man’s brother, however, was eventually defeated in the 1485 Battle of Bosworth Field.

Native Americans were very taken with the appearance of this member of the Corps, Clark’s personal slave. No one really knows what happened to him, but he probably wound up escaping and living with the Crow Indians.

In the 1800s, fancy egg dishes came to The Shambles in this Northern English city, which became England’s center for confectionary brands. This city on the River Ouse was where Rowntree’s was established in 1862.

Eisner and Brown’s Medieval Murder Map of this other city includes a report of a battery committed by the skinner Robert Pancake. A scholar from this city led the Palace School of Aachen.

An early version of the Instructions was drafted by a man with this ducal title. A house of this name lost the English throne when Richard III was killed at the Battle of Bosworth Field.

Athelstan finally became king of all England after conquering a kingdom named for this northern city. Richard III was the last king of a house named for this city, which fought the Lancasters in the Wars of the Roses.

This man, William Clark’s slave, accompanied the expedition on its journey. Some Native Americans thought he was magical because of his black skin.

Ottone was an archbishop who founded the rule of one family in this city by winning the Battle of Desio and ousting the Della Torre family.

Emperor Maximian ruled the Western Roman Empire from this city before moving the capital to Ravenna due to invading Visigoths.

Swiss mercenaries betrayed the forces of this city to the forces of Louis XII in the Treason of Novara.

Francis I was victorious at the battle of Marignano, which allowed him to capture this Italian city.

Eventually was hung upside down outside a gas station in which largest Northern Itailan city?

Twelve “captains and defenders of liberty” were elected to write this city’s laws when it was briefly reorganized into the Golden Ambrosian Republic following the fall of the Visconti family.

This city fell under the rule of the patron Ottone’s [oh-toh-nay’s] family after he won the Battle of Desio against Napo della Torre.

Following a war of succession in this city, members of the University of Pavia established the short-lived Golden Ambrosian Republic. That republic founded in this city was abolished by the condottiero-turned-duke, Francesco Sforza, who later signed the Peace at Lodi [[LOH-dee]] with Naples and Florence. name this northern Italian city, known to the Romans as Mediolanum.

This city changed hands after the battle of Desio, but the winning family died out after Filippo Maria Visconti bore no heirs, leading to the creation of this city’s Golden Ambrosian Republic. The Peace of Lodi ended this city’s wars with Venice and established the Sforza family as the rightful rulers of this city. name this city in Northern Italy, the capital of Lombardy.

The Sforza family ruled over this city, which once was capital of the Western Roman Empire. name this capital of Lombardy.

The Sforzas ruled this Italian city during the latter half of the 15th century. This city is the modern capital of Lombardy.

In this city in 1805, Napoleon, who was about to be crowned king, ordered the facade finished on a cathedral, and one of the spires was topped with a statue of him.

City ruled by the Sforzas, where Leonardo da Vinci painted the Last Supper.

After that republic fell, this city was ruled by the Sforzas. name this capital of Lombardy, a city in Northern Italy.

City-state led by Ludovico Sforza at the start of the Wars.

In this city, a new tax on fruit brought about the revolt of the fisherman Masaniello, who was soon shot.

A pro-French revolt in this city led to the formation of the Parthenopean Republic, which was opposed by the lower class lazzaroni.

A queen who ruled from this city was accused of murdering her first husband Andrew of Hungary.

An attempt to tax fruit by this city's Spanish rulers led to the rebellion of Masaniello.

One leader of a kingdom centered at this city was executed at Castello de Pizzo after an ill-advised expedition that ended at the Battle of Tolentino; that man was Joachim Murat.

The Battle of Cerignola confirmed Bourbon Spanish rule of this city, which was abandoned just before the Battle of the Volturnus.

Pompeii is close to this modern Italian city, which was conquered by the Romans during the Samnite Wars.

One of the characters in The Mute Girl of Portici is the fisherman Masaniello, who led a 1647 revolt in this Italian city against the Habsburgs.

A kingdom with capital at this city was ended at the Siege of Gaeta.

Later in the Napoleonic era, this home of the Camorra was ruled by Joseph Bonaparte and Joachim Murat.

Republics based in this city include one led by the fisherman Masaniello, and a six-month state called the Parthenopean Republic in 1799, before it was ruled by Joachim Murat under Napoleon. name this capital of the Campania region just west of the slopes of Mount Vesuvius.

The embargo cut both ways, as the end of Dutch grain imports caused famine in this Habsburg city, the second largest in Europe, which declared itself an independent republic in 1647 but was soon crushed by the Spanish viceroy.

The Sicilian Vespers removed Sicily from the control of this city, which was targeted by the Expedition of a Thousand. name this southern Italian city, the capital of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

This target of Garibaldi’s Expedition of the Thousand was the seat of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. name this Italian city in the environs of Vesuvius.

This city’s law code was reformed under the rule of Napoleon’s brother-in-law, Joachim Murat.

This city’s Gauleiter for two decades was Joseph Goebbels, and a famous photo taken by Yevgeny Khaldei shows a soldier raising a Soviet flag over this city’s Reichstag.

Due to his actions in this city, Colonel Gail Halvorsen gained the nicknames “Uncle Wiggly Wings” and “The Chocolate Flier.” Supplies were given to this city’s residents during Operation Little Vittles by Americans, who flew planes over this city during a 1948 Soviet blockade. name this European capital city that was divided by the Allies following World War II.

The communist Marinus van der Lubbe was convicted of arson in this city in 1933.

The Four Power Agreement concerned this city, where the Basic Treaty was signed.

German city where that chancellor held an 1878 congress to address the Balkans.

The once-divided German capital city?

In 1963, JFK claimed that it was the “proudest boast” of a free person to be a citizen of this city.

Lucius D. Clay led relief during Operation Vittles which was known as this city’s “Airlift”. name this capital of Germany.

A structure in this city contains the mural “My God, Help Me to Survive This Deadly Love;” that structure was once crossed at Checkpoint Charlie.

One event in this city was codenamed Operation Vittles and was overseen by General Curtis LeMay.

This city was the site of a 1948 airlift which sought to relieve a blockade of it by Soviet forces.

The Herero genocide was an event in the Scramble for Africa, which started after an 1884 conference in this European capital.

Ronald Reagan asked Mikhail Gorbachev to “tear down” a structure in this European capital city that was divided by a namesake wall.

“Checkpoint Charlie” was a notable crossing point at this city’s namesake “Wall,” which was torn down in 1989. name this city, the capital of Germany.

name this city which became divided by a namesake wall, which is the capital of Germany.

This city was sacked and razed by Lucius Mummius in 146 BC, establishing Roman dominance in the region.

The King's Peace ended a war named for this city that broke out shortly after the Peloponnesian War and pitted Sparta against a Greek-Persian alliance.

One of the first Greek tyrants, Cypselus , took power in this city after overthrowing this city’s ancient Bacchiadae ruling family, who claimed descent from Heracles.

This city became famous for its hetairai at the extravagant Temple of Aphrodite, leading Horace to write that “not everyone is able to go to [this city.]” Periander was responsible for creating the coinage of this city.

The early history of this polis saw the rise to power of a tyrant named Cypselus, who expelled its ruling aristocratic clan, the Bacchiadae.

After Lucius Mummius burnt this city to the ground, a namesake alloy was discovered from this city’s melting bronze.

This city became ruled by tyrants after the establishment of the Cypselid clan.

Ships could be moved across the massive diolkos [dee-OL-kos] ramp constructed by this city’s tyrant Periander.

Cypselid rulers of this city included its second tyrant, Periander.

The Bacchiadae originally ruled this city but were overthrown by the tyrant Cypselus and his son Periander. identify this Greek city-state located on a namesake Isthmus.

The Peace of Antalcidas ended a war named for this Greek city-state, which lies on a namesake isthmus roughly halfway between Athens and Sparta.

This city constructed a paved road used to transport boats overland called the Diolkos.

This city names a type of column, that with ones named Doric and Ionic, was a Classical order. name this city located on a namesake Isthmus.

This city was burned to the ground after its capture by Romans under Lucius Mummius, and gives its name to a league created by Phillip II of Macedon. name this Greek city, located on a namesake isthmus between the Peloponnese and Athens.

The Isthmian Games were held in this ancient Greek city-state.

During a festival to Artemis, this city was captured by Marcus Claudius Marcellus after a protracted siege.

A ruler of this city built the fortress of Ortygia.

In the early fifth century BC, this city was defeated by Hippocrates of Gela, returning to power its social elite, the gamoroi.

A ruler of this city tortured prisoners in a cave known as his "ear" and drank himself to death after his play Ransom of Hector won a prize.

Archimedes allegedly used a parabolic reflector to defend this city from a Roman attack, inventing the first "heat ray." name this ancient Greek colony in the southeast of Sicily.

A former general of Pyrrhus of Epirus, Hiero II, served as a tyrant of this city, becoming a client of Rome during the First Punic War.

This city was targeted during the Peloponnesian War by the Sicilian Expedition. name this major Greek city of ancient Sicily that was home to Archimedes.

Sicilian city where Archimedes was killed during the war.

Timoleon fought to free this city, which won the Battle of Himera under the tyrant Gelon.

The Long Walls ran from Athens to this nearby port city on the Aegean Sea.

Thrasybulus [[thrass-ih-BYOO-luss]] and his pro-democracy exiles occupied this city in an attempted last stand against the troops of Pausanias, who fought in support of the puppet government known as "The Thirty Tyrants." Cleisthenes [[KLY-stheh-neez]] established this city as a deme [[DEH-meh]] in the 5th century BCE, and this port in Attica is where Plato's Republic begins.

The modern iteration of this city is the largest passenger port in Europe, while its ancient counterpart served as the primary port of the Delian League.

It had three major parts, Munichia [moo-NIK-yuh], Zea [ZEE-uh] and Cantharus, the first two of which were exclusively military, while the last was mainly commercial.

Lysander won the Peloponnesian War by blockading this city, which was connected to its mother city by the Long Walls. name this major port city of Athens.

The wealthy metic Cephalus owned a house in this city that was the setting of Plato’s Republic, which begins “I went down yesterday to [this city].” This city, which largely supplanted Phaleron in its primary purpose, acted as Thrasybulus’s base in his resistance to the oligarchy of the Thirty Tyrants.

Archaeologists are divided as to whether the Heruli also pillaged the countryside and this port of Athens, which was put under siege later when Sulla was chasing the tyrant Aristion.

Its street plan was laid out by Hippodamus of Miletus, who may not have intended for it to contain a disproportionate number of its city's foreign residents.

A plague that hit Athens during the Peloponnesian War entered through this port, which replaced Phaleron, and was connected to Athens by the Long Walls.

Similarly named events in 1419 and 1618 in this city both precipitated wars, the first the Hussite Wars and the second the Thirty Years War.

Czechoslovak city whose liberalizing "Spring" was crushed by the Warsaw Pact.

In 1620, the Count of Tilly routed Frederick V at White Mountain near this city.

Popular uprisings in this city began after the student Jan Palach [yan pahl-ahk], a free speech protester, set himself on fire in Wenceslas Square.

Alexander Dubcek tried to lead a liberalization of this city in the spring of 1968, which became named for it. name this capital of the Czech Republic.

Alexander Dubcek [doob-check] implemented “socialism with a human face” as part of a period of liberalization in 1968 known as this city’s “Spring.” Soviet tanks eventually rolled into this capital city of Czechoslovakia.

According to legend, the Devil left his footprint in a church in this city after being tricked by its architect.

Despite receiving concessions at a conference in this city, one side regardless launched Operation Southeast.

The SA and Adolf Hitler led the "Beer Hall Putsch" in this city. name this southern German city, which is the capital and largest city of Bavaria.

This city was targeted by Black September in a 1972 incident that occurred while it was hosting the Summer Olympics. name this German city, the site of a namesake “Massacre” of Israeli athletes.

In 1972, members of Black September murdered several Israeli athletes during the Olympics hosted in this city.

Adolf Hitler led an insurrection in this Bavarian city where Neville Chamberlain declared “peace for our time” after a 1938 meeting.

An architect working in this city was blinded so he could never design anything as beautiful as his work on St. Basil’s Cathedral.

In the 17th century, this city suffered Salt and Copper Riots over taxes and currency debasement.

Special forces were criticized for indiscriminately killing 130 civilians with poison gas while trying to resolve a hostage crisis in a theatre in this city.

Ivan the Great ruled this city, in which he built the Kremlin. After marrying a Byzantine princess, he declared this capital of Russia to be the Third Rome.

This city won the Great Stand on the Ugra River, thus breaking the “Tatar yoke.” A Grand Duchy centered at this city was ended by a ruler who was crowned as the Tsar of All Rus. name this city which Ivan the Terrible made the capital of Russia.

Count Rostopchin ordered that this city be set on fire after Napoleon won the Battle of Borodino. name this difficult to conquer city, the capital of Russia.

Polish capital which names a "Pact" of Communist nations led by the Soviet Union.

Local writer Isaac Singer wrote an account of his time in this city during the interwar period titled A Day of Pleasure.

The Home Army launched a 1944 uprising in this city, which was defeated and led to the planned destruction of 90% of this city’s buildings.

In this city, the Z.O.B. and the Z.Z.W. fought a losing battle against troops under the command of Jürgen Stroop.

Mordechai Anielewicz [ahn-yail-eh-vitch] led an uprising against the Nazis in this city’s Jewish Quarter, the largest Jewish ghetto in World War II Europe. name this capital of Poland.

Polish capital city whose ghetto was liquidated after a Jewish uprising.

Swiss city where the League was headquartered and where Conventions against war crimes were signed.

For preaching Sabellianism and anti-infant baptism, Michael Servetus was burned at the stake on the orders of this Protestant city’s council.

Swiss city that hosted multiple conventions that established the rights of the wounded and civilians in wartime.

Calvin became the spiritual leader of this Swiss city, where he instituted many reforms.

John Calvin preached his namesake doctrine in this city, which was an independent canton at the time. This city lies on a namesake lake on the border between Switzerland and France.

When exiled from England, John Knox went to this city, then governed by the author of the Institutes of the Christian Religion.

Answer the following about a controversy per part.In 1309, the papacy was moved to this city, bringing about the period known as the “Babylonian Captivity.”

Petrarch described this city as a place “where all the muck of the universe collects.” A trial overseen by a resident of this city centered on Guillaume de Nogaret’s conflict with the author of the bull Unam Sanctam, Boniface VIII.

Shortly after Boniface VIII’s death, Clement V, an ally of King Philip, was elected Pope and moved the court from Rome to this French city.

The Western Schism began after a major religious office was removed from this city in 1376, ending the period dubbed the Babylonian Captivity. name this French city to which Clement V moved the home of the Papacy.

French city was Pope Clement VI living in thanks to the "Babylonian captivity"?

Gil Sánchez Muñoz y Carbón was appointed bishop of Mallorca after abdicating a position of power in this city, where he was known as Clement the Eighth.

Margaret of Savoy tried to calm demonstrators in this city but was ultimately forced out of the country.

A ruler in this city became paranoid of living in buildings and kept his court on the hills of Ajuda.

The Marquis of Pombal oversaw this city’s reconstruction following an earthquake on All Saints Day in 1755.

While returning to this city’s Ajuda Hills, a royal carriage was fired upon during an assassination attempt on Joseph I, which resulted in the Tavora family’s public execution.

In 1755, a 9.0 quake centered on Cape St. Vincent struck this capital city of Portugal.

Pombaline buildings were constructed in this city after it was ravaged on All Saints Day.

Mortar shell explosions filled with red resin were used to make “roses” named after this city, where the Markale massacres took place.

This city was the home of Admira Ismic and Bosko Brkic, who were known as its “Romeo and Juliet” after they were killed crossing Sniper’s Alley.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in this city, the capital of Bosnia.

This city was besieged by Republika Srpska for almost four years, before it was relieved by the Dayton Accords.

Gavrilo Princip fatally shot Archduke Franz Ferdinand in this city, the modern capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The Black Hand failed to bomb a carriage in this city, but their goal was achieved by Gavrilo Princip. name this Bosnian capital where Franz Ferdinand was assassinated.

Richard Arkwright’s experimentation with cotton mills in this city led to it being known as “Cottonopolis”.

The many textile mills in this city led it to be called “Cottonopolis”.

Was the setting for The Condition of the Working Class in England by Engels?

The introduction of the Corn Laws led to this city’s Peterloo Massacre.

Friedrich Engel’s observations in this city formed the basis of his The Condition of the Working Class in England.

The first steam railway in the world connected this city with Liverpool. name this Lancashire city that was home to many Industrial Revolution-era mills and is now home to namesake United and City soccer teams.

Following the 1209 lynching of two students from this institution, many scholars left to found its rival, Cambridge. name this university, the oldest in the English- speaking world.

A group of "Martyrs" named for this city were burned at the stake on Broad Street and included Hugh Latimer, Nicholas Ridley, and Thomas Cranmer.

City where a set of 1258 “Provisions” created more representation, and where the oldest English- speaking university is found.

Rhodes Scholars are given full-rides to this university, which initially grew after Henry II banned his countrymen from attending the University of Paris.

Hugh Latimer, Nicholas Ridley, and Thomas Cranmer were burnt at the stake in this city. name this English city home to a university which has a rivalry with Cambridge.

She studied at this oldest university in the English-speaking world

The Codex Gigas was transported to this city after a sack of Prague.

This city is located on Riddarfjärden, the easternmost bay of the lake of Mälaren.

The Caps and Hats were based in this city, where supporters of Sten Sture the Younger were massacred by Christian II’s soldiers.

After seeing a movie with his wife, Prime Minister Olof Palme was gunned down in this city in 1986.

The Tre Kronor Castle in this city was replaced by a namesake castle by Gustavus Adolphus in the early 17th century.

In 1520 the Archbishop Trolle instigated this city’s namesake “bloodbath.” identify this capital city of Sweden.

Abd al-Rahman I was the first ruler of this capital of Al-Andalus and former Umayyad capital. name this Spanish city on the Guadalquivir River.

A mosque in this city with a south-facing mihrab was decked out with bells captured from Santiago de Compostela - construction of that Great Mosque in this city began under Abd al-Rahman I. Three decades after the greatest Islamic state based in this city dissolved, it was sacked by the Almoravids.

After the fall of the Umayyad Caliphate and the rise of the Abbasids, Abd-ar-Rahman I re-established the Umayyads in this southern Spanish city.

The Jahwarid dynasty included the “lords of the province” of this city, which contained the Madinat al-Zahra or “shining palace” that was destroyed by Berbers.

Andalusian city which was once the capital of a namesake Caliphate.

In 929, Abd al-Rahman III converted this territory from an emirate into a caliphate.

Gaston of Foix [], the Duke of Nemours, was killed in a battle in this city which resulted in the Sforzas being returned to power in Milan.

Gregory was forced to deal with the Byzantine Exarchate located in Italy that was named after this city, which had previously served as the final capital of the Western Roman Empire.

A mosaic in this city’s San Vitale Basilica depicts Belisarius, Justinian, and Theodora.

This city served as the capital of the Ostrogothic kingdom until it was reconquered by the Byzantines in 540 AD, after which its Basilica of San Vitale [[vee-TAH-leh]] became home to a mosaic of Justinian and Theodora. name this city in the Emilia-Romagna region of modern Italy.

Odoacer died after a siege of this city, which was made the capital of the Western Roman Empire by Honorious. name this city in northeast Italy.

That battle in this city resulted in a victory for Louis the Twelfth over the combined Spanish and Papal State forces during the War of the League of Cambrai.

This city’s Viking rule ended after the Battle of Clontarf, at which Brian Boru’s forces defeated those including the King of Leinster.

Thomas Henry Burge and Lord Frederick Cavendish were murdered in Phoenix Park in this city, and this city is home to a war memorial known as the Garden of Remembrance located on Parnell Square.

The assassinations of the Cairo gang, a group of British intelligence officers, by the IRA sparked Bloody Sunday in this city. name this capital of Ireland.

This city’s General Post Office was the hub of a rebellion led by Patrick Pearse and the IRB whose defeat led to greater Sinn Féin sentiment.

This city, along with Monaghan, was the site of numerous bombings in 1974 orchestrated by the Loylaist Ulter Volunteer Force. name this city that became the capital of the Irish Free State in 1922.

In 1916, residents in this city, supported by German weapons, launched the Easter Rising.