The 1648 Codex

Far East in Ancient Times

90 terms · 753 ladder clues · every clue is a real line from national play.

Swipe or use the arrows. Tap a clue to rate it; your taps shape what comes back.

#34 · Historic Cities · Level 1

Chang'an

Chang'an
Unknown Tang-era tomb artist · Public domain

Ancient Chinese capital · Han through Tang dynasties · Shaanxi province (modern Xi'an)

Chang'an was the capital of multiple Chinese dynasties including the Han and Tang, serving as the eastern terminus of the Silk Road.

The kit

  • Geography — Chang'an is located at the site of modern-day Xi'an in Shaanxi province, where Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi was buried with his Terracotta Army.
  • Political center — Chang'an served as capital of the Western Han Dynasty until the capital moved to Luoyang after Wang Mang's death.
  • Tang prosperity — Chang'an was the largest city in the world during Tang times, possibly reaching a million residents and housing the Great Wild Goose Pagoda.
  • Modern history — Chang'an was the site of the 1936 Xi'an Incident when Zhang Xueliang held Chiang Kai-shek hostage to force cooperation against Japan.

Runs with

Silk Road
eastern starting point of the route open card →
Terracotta Army
buried nearby with Qin Shi Huangdi open card →
China
capital of multiple dynasties open card →
Han Dynasty
first capital until move to Luoyang open card →

The ladder · 15 clues

H

First capital of the Han Dynasty until it was moved to Luoyang; the site of modern-day Xi’an [shee-an].

H

The Great Wild Goose Pagoda was built in this city to hold valuable scriptures brought by the monk Xuanzang [sh’uan-zang].

H

This capital of the Tang dynasty, modern Xi’an, is home to the Wild Goose Pagodas and was in Tang times the largest city in the world.

H

Zhang Xueliang [jahng shweh-leeahng] held Chiang Kai-shek hostage in a 1936 incident named after this city, trying to force him to work with the Communist Party to resist Japanese invasion.

H

This city’s Dàcí'ēn Temple complex includes a leaning pagoda whose interior walls were engraved by the artist Yán Lìběn. :Name this city, home to the Giant Wild Goose Pagoda. An archaeological site near this city contains high levels of mercury in its soil, corroborating the model rivers described in an account by Sīmǎ Qiān .

H

Many courtesans were trained at a performing arts academy in this city nicknamed “the Pear Garden.” :Name this city, where an imperial consort held a comic ceremony whereby she wrapped a general in a large silk diaper. This city also contains the Great Wild Goose Pagoda.

H

Yangdi moved the capital to Luoyang from this city, which his father Wendi named Daxing, or “Great Peace.” Both the Han and Tang dynasties ruled from this city; during the latter’s rule, it may have had a million residents.

M

The Silk Road had its eastern origin in this city, where Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi was buried with his Terracotta Army. name this city also referred to as Chang’an, an ancient capital of several Chinese dynasties, including the Han and Tang.

M

After the death of Wang Mang, Luoyang replaced this city as capital.

M

This city in Shaanxi province was formerly a capital of China called Chang'an. It is home to the Wild Goose Pagoda as well as Qin Shi Huang Di's terra cotta army.

M

Four of the reliefs are in the Stele Forest in this city, where Xuanzong spent his later life translating Buddhist texts. Yan Liben designed Buddha statues for this city’s Giant Wild Goose Pagoda.

M

A monument built in this city contained both rivers of mercury and over 8,000 terracotta soldiers. name this city that was the capital of both the Qin and Western Han dynasties.

M

The mausoleum of Shi Huang Di was found near this city. Zhang Xueliang plotted a 1936 event in this city.

E

This other Silk Road city, now the capital of Shaanxi province, served as the starting point for the Silk Road. The Terracotta Army was later discovered here.

E

Many travelers along the Silk Road journeyed towards this Chinese city, which was the capital of the Han, Sui and Tang dynasties. The Terracotta Army was constructed in this city.

4 more clues from the record
H

Another ruler changed this city’s name from one meaning “eternal peace” to “constant peace” as part of an urban redesign in accordance with the Kaogongji.

H

The tomb of a sabao named Wirkak discovered in this city has relief carvings depicting both Hephthalites and the Chinvat Bridge.

H

One ruler built twelve monumental bronze statues to decorate the Epang Palace in this city.

H

That ruler was dismembered at this city’s Weiyang Palace after it was stormed by Lulin rebels.

Watch out: Luoyang, which replaced Chang'an as capital after Wang Mang and during other periods
#89 · Physical Geographic Features · Level 1

Indus Valley Civilization

Indus Valley Civilization
Avantiputra7 · CC BY-SA 3.0

Bronze Age civilization · c. 3300–1300 BCE · Indus River valley, Pakistan/India

Indus Valley Civilization was a Bronze Age culture in modern Pakistan and India known for advanced urban planning and sanitation.

The kit

  • Major cities — Indus Valley Civilization's principal urban centers were Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, with ports including Lothal and Dholavira.
  • Urban planning — Indus Valley Civilization possessed the most advanced urban sanitation systems of the ancient world, including the earliest known public water tank.
  • Artifacts — Indus Valley Civilization produced the Pashupati Seal, the "Dancing Girl" bronze statue with bangles, and a soapstone "Priest-King" figure.
  • Trade & writing — Indus Valley Civilization traded carnelian beads through Lothal and used approximately 400 undeciphered symbols including a mysterious unicorn.

Runs with

Mohenjo-Daro
major city with Great Bath and Pashupati Seal open card →
Pakistan
located in Indus River basin of modern Pakistan open card →
Bronze Age
flourished during Bronze Age period open card →
Water
built earliest known public water tank open card →

The ladder · 15 clues

H

Mohenjo-Daro was a city in this early civilization centered on its namesake waterway, whose other notable sites include Harappa.

H

Mortimer Wheeler excavated the Great Granary of this civilization, whose ports included Lothal and Dholavira .

H

An old name for one of this civilization’s cities may have been “the place of the cockerel,” where chickens were bred for religiously motivated fights rather than food.

H

This civilization traded carnelian beads through its port city of Lothal.

H

The late stages of this civilization grew into the Cemetery H culture. :Name this Bronze Age river civilization of modern-day Pakistan. Its centers included Mohenjo-Daro.

H

Its major cities included Harappa, and it featured extensive city planning and the first known urban sanitation systems. :Name this ancient civilization located in the basin of the major river of Pakistan.

H

Sir John Hubert Marshall, who first excavated this civilization’s ruins, proposed that it worshipped a “Mother Goddess” based on several clay female figurines.

M

The “priest-king” statue and Pashupati seal were artifacts from this civilization, which also constructed the earliest known public water tank.

M

Ernest Mackay discovered a sculpture from this civilization showing a long-armed girl with about thirty bangles in a natural position.

M

The Great Bath was built by this culture, which possessed the most advanced urban planning and sanitation systems of the ancient world.

M

Another major city for this culture is found on the banks of the Ravi river and was the first to be excavated, Harappa.

M

Name the following ancient civilizations .Primarily located in the Sindh region, vestiges of it were found at the cities of Mohenjo-Daro in Pakistan and Harappa in the Punjab.

E

Civilization that developed around a river in modern Pakistan and included the city of Harappa.

E

This civilization was centered around Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. identify this Bronze Age civilization centered around a namesake river in India and Pakistan.

E

The Pashupati Seal and Great Bath were discovered in this civilization’s settlement of Mohenjo Daro. name this civilization along an Indo-Pakistani river valley that encompassed the city of Harappa.

10 more clues from the record
H

Ernest JH Mackay discovered a steatite (STEE-tite) seal created by this civilization that depicts a three-headed figure, unlike the majority of their square seals.

H

This civilization was succeeded by the Cemetery H culture and was preceded by the settlement and archaeological site of Mehrgarh.

H

One artwork created by this civilization is a bronze statue of a young girl with bangles standing in a confident pose, and is titled “Dancing Girl”.

H

A “Priest King” statue from this civilization’s late period is missing both of its arms, and steatite seals of elephants and unicorns have been discovered at the civilization’s two main cities.

H

The development of Mehrgarh was a direct predecessor to this culture. Deciphering the approximately 400 symbols in this culture's writing system, including a mysterious unicorn, is an important open question in archaeology.

H

This civilization was referred to as Meluhha in the Gudea [[goo-DEH-ah]] cylinder, which described this civilization's trading relationship with Sumer.

H

This civilization’s artifacts included a soapstone “Priest-King” figure as well as the Pashupati Seal.

H

The Great Bath is a relic of this society, which used some of the first known sewer systems.

H

One site of this civilization, Dholavira, is located in the salt marsh of Kutch.

H

This society used precise 1 to 2 to 4 ratios to make bricks.

Watch out: Cemetery H culture (this was the successor culture to the Indus Valley Civilization, not the civilization itself)
#187 · Authors, Poets, and Playwrights · Level 1

Sima Qian

Sima Qian
Public domain

Han Dynasty historian · c. 145–86 BCE · Han China

Sima Qian authored the Records of the Grand Historian, a foundational chronicle covering Chinese history from the Yellow Emperor to Emperor Wu.

The kit

  • Rise — Sima Qian served as Grand Historian under Emperor Wu of Han and orchestrated adoption of the Taichu calendar system.
  • Conflicts — Sima Qian was imprisoned and castrated for defending general Li Ling, whose campaign against the Xiongnu ended disastrously.
  • Achievements — Sima Qian completed his 130-chapter masterwork divided into five parts including Chronological Tables and Treatises after choosing castration over suicide.
  • Legacy — Sima Qian is known as the Father of Chinese Historiography for his comprehensive chronicle spanning legendary sovereigns to his contemporary era.

Runs with

Records of the Grand Historian
authored this comprehensive chronicle open card →
Han Dynasty
served as Grand Historian during this dynasty open card →
China
chronicled Chinese history from Yellow Emperor forward open card →
Bakumatsu Period

The ladder · 14 clues

H

Han historian who claimed they buried over 400 Confucian scholars alive in his Records of the Grand Historian.

H

You can read about the beginning of China’s Grand Canal in the work of this Han-era historian, who authored the Records of the Grand Historian.

H

This man was ostracized from court and imprisoned after defending the defeated general Li Ling, whose campaign against the Xiongnu [] went disastrously.

H

This court official orchestrated the adoption of the Taichu calendar system, used up until the 17th century by the Ming Dynasty.

H

This man wrote that mercury was used to model China’s waterways in the Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huangdi, a finding corroborated by the site’s unusually high mercury levels. :Name this scholar who opted for castration over suicide as punishment for defending Li Ling in order to finish his magnum opus.

H

His major work consists of 130 chapters divided into five parts, including "Chronological Tables" and "Treatises." :Name this man known as the “Father of Chinese History,” who was castrated for defending the disgraced general Li Ling.

H

Incurring the wrath of Han emperor Wu Ti, this historian was forced to choose between suicide and the completion of his masterwork, the Shi chi. He chose the latter. The moral? History is better than death.

H

This Chinese writer’s magnum opus, the Records of the Grand Historian, records how the legendary sovereign Shen Nong discovered how to use dàmá, or cannabis, as an herbal remedy.

H

This "Grand Historian" of the Han Dynasty recorded an appearance of Halley's Comet in the Shiji, a masterwork that he completed after the death of his father.

H

The Records of the Grand Historian is the most famous historical work of this man, who was in fact the grand historian of the emperor Wudi.

M

Author of the Records of the Grand Historian, a Han-era chronicle.

M

This court eunuch wrote a biography of emperors starting with Huangdi, also known as the Yellow Emperor, to his contemporary Emperor Wu of Han. name this "Father of Chinese Historiography," the writer of Records of the Grand Historian.

M

Wu is the last emperor mentioned in the Shiji or Records of the Historian, written by this contemporary historian whom Wu imprisoned and castrated for defending a disgraced general.

E

Bai Qi’s bloody campaigns were chronicled by this Han Dynasty eunuch, the author of the Records of the Grand Historian.

Watch out: Not to be confused with the Bakumatsu Period historians of Japan, who wrote millennia later
#301 · Historic Buildings and Museums · Level 1

Angkor Wat

Angkor Wat
Bjørn Christian Tørrissen · CC BY-SA 4.0

Khmer temple complex · early 12th century · Yasodharapura, Cambodia

Angkor Wat is a 400-acre Hindu temple complex built by Suryavarman II to represent Mount Meru and dedicated to Vishnu.

The kit

  • Design & symbolism — Angkor Wat was designed to resemble Mount Meru, the mythical mountain at the center of the universe in Hindu cosmology.
  • Astronomical alignment — Angkor Wat features a central tower positioned so the sun rises directly over it during the equinoxes.
  • Artistic features — Angkor Wat's eastern gallery displays a bas-relief of 92 asuras and 88 devas pulling Vasuki during the Churning of the Sea of Milk.
  • Later history — Angkor Wat was sacked by the Chams in the 12th century, after which the Bayon replaced it as state temple.

Runs with

Nanda Empire
Cambodia
appears on Cambodia's national flag open card →
Khmer Empire
built during Suryavarman II's reign open card →
Common

The ladder · 15 clues

H

This complex was built in Yasodharapura [yaso-dara-pura] as a depiction of Mount Meru during the reign of Suryavarman II, a ruler of the Khmer Empire. name this 400-acre temple complex of Cambodia.

H

An early visitor to this site, Zhou Daguan, wrote that it was built in one night by a divine hand.

H

This structure’s design represents a mythical mountain at the center of the universe, Mount Meru.

H

This site was allegedly built in a single night to serve as housing for Ket Mealea.

H

Explorer Henri Mouhot [[moo-HOH]] was the first westerner to discover this site while serving as a missionary in Battambang, and he claimed it was a temple which "rivalled Solomon's." This site, a representation of Mount Meru, was built by Suryavarman II [[soor- yah-VAHR-mahn the second]] under the influence of Chola advisors from the Indian subcontinent.

H

SIR-yuh-VAHR-mun the second) in the early twelfth century and dedicated to Vishnu, though it was later used for Buddhist worship. identify this Khmer (pr. kuh-MARE) Kingdom temple complex, or "wat," in what is now Cambodia.

H

This westward-facing building is the largest in a similarly-named city that also houses the Bayon, the Ta Prohm, and artificial lakes called baray.

M

During the vernal and autumnal equinoxes, the sun is positioned to rise directly over this location’s central tower, and this complex appears on the national flag of the country where it is located.

M

The city of Thom became the new capital after the Chams sacked this site in the 12th century, while the Bayon replaced this site as state temple.

M

This complex’s eastern gallery features a relief depicting 92 asuras and 88 devas using Vasuki during the Churning of the Sea of Milk.

M

Jayavarman VII ordered the construction of this temple which was originally designed to mimic India’s Mount Meru.

M

This site was dedicated to Vishnu, but it was later converted into a Buddhist temple.

E

This complex is the site of a bas-relief showing Vasuki being pulled by 92 asuras and 88 devas in the “Churning of the Sea of Milk.” This complex was built to resemble Mount Meru and dedicated to Vishnu as a Hindu temple by Suryavarman II, but was later transformed into a Buddhist temple. name this Khmer temple complex in Cambodia.

E

The Khmer [] Empire built this palatial complex seen on the modern flag of Cambodia.

E

This was the aforementioned complex built by the Khmer emperor Suryavarman II. This large Hindu temple complex appears on Cambodia’s flag.

10 more clues from the record
H

This site’s inner gallery, or Bakan, is speculated to have been flooded as a form of art depicting the supposed center of the universe.

H

Its cross-shaped Grand Terrace stands in front of five towers laid out like the dots on a die.

H

The Preah Poan, or Hall of a Thousand Gods, within this complex, once contained numerous images of the Buddha.

H

Inscriptions at this site tell of a visit from the monk Ukondafu Kazufusa, who confused this site with the Jetavana Garden.

H

A desire to control this site sparked a brief 1860s war between France and Siam.

H

According to Chinese sources, this structure was ruled by a queen with the body of two snakes.

H

A new capital was established at the Bayon after this site was sacked by the Cham people.

H

After this complex was sacked by Chams, it was replaced in function by the nearby Bayon.

H

This complex was built by Suryavarman II (pr.

H

Identify some architectural sites in Asia, :This temple complex built for Jayavarman II has a wall around it, and contains a set of five towers in its center. It’s located in its namesake city in Cambodia.

Watch out: One clue attributes construction to Jayavarman VII, but most sources confirm Suryavarman II as the builder
#307 · Historic Buildings and Museums · Level 1

Forbidden City

Forbidden City
Pixelflake · CC BY-SA 3.0

Imperial palace complex · 1420–1924 · Beijing, China

Forbidden City was the imperial palace complex in Beijing built by the Ming dynasty and used by Chinese emperors for five centuries.

The kit

  • Construction — Forbidden City was begun by the Yongle Emperor after he moved the capital to Beijing in 1420.
  • Access restrictions — Forbidden City was surrounded by a 32-foot-tall wall and people could neither enter nor leave without the emperor's permission.
  • Imperial residence — Forbidden City housed emperors of both the Ming and Qing dynasties and is said to contain 9,999 rooms.
  • Modern era — Forbidden City held Puyi until 1924 after the Qing fall and today serves as a museum.

Runs with

Ming Dynasty
built the complex in 1420 open card →
Beijing
location of the palace complex open card →
Yongle Emperor
began construction after moving the capital open card →
China
center of Chinese government until Qing end open card →

The ladder · 15 clues

H

Reginald Johnston was a tutor in this place and wrote about its Twilight.

H

This imperial palace in Beijing was built during the Ming dynasty. It was the center of Chinese government until the end of the Qing dynasty.

H

Vietnamese architect Nguyen An [] helped built this location from precious Phoebe zhennan [[FEE-bee ZHEN-AHN]] wood.

H

The Gate of Divine Might is part of this royal residential complex in Beijing, which was built under the Ming dynasty and housed China’s rulers for five centuries. Today, it is a museum.

H

P’u Yi lived his young life in this complex, not leaving until he was forced to in 1924. Aside from royals, the only males allowed in the inner palace were court eunuchs.

H

A resident of this place noted that when he traveled around it, there would be a servant who acted as a “motor horn”, repeating the syllable “chir” to clear the path.

H

Answer the following related to the Ming Dynasty, FTPE:This city-within-a-city was constructed during the Ming Dynasty in Beijing and was surrounded by a 32-foot-tall wall to keep out commoners.

H

It is said to contain 999 rooms and is fronted by the Gate of Heavenly Peace. :Name this large living complex in the middle of Beijing which was set on fire in 1644.

M

Complex in Beijing that served as the Ming imperial palace after it was built in 1420.

M

The Ming dynasty constructed this Beijing imperial palace. It is said to have 9,999 rooms and its name referred to the policy that people could neither enter nor leave without the emperor's sayso.

M

This complex was built after the Yongle emperor moved the capital to Beijing and subsequently served as the symbolic home and center of emperors in both the Ming and Qing dynasties.

M

Tiananmen means "Heavenly Peace Gate", referring to a gate on the north of the square which is the main entrance to this ancient, restricted-access imperial residence of Chinese emperors.

M

Dorgon officially took the title of Prince-Regent in the Wǔyīng Palace at this place after much of it was burned by Lǐ Zìchéng (tsuh-chung).

M

After the fall of the Qīng Dynasty, Pǔyí was required to live in this place until 1924. what is this palace complex in the center of Bĕijīng?

E

The Yongle emperor began construction of this Beijing palace complex, which was off-limits to most of his subjects.

2 more clues from the record
H

The earth removed in the construction of the moat around this place was used to create Jǐngshān Hill, the place where the Chóngzhēn Emperor committed suicide.

H

In a likely distorted account by Edmund Backhouse, Consort Zhēn was pressured to drown herself in a well in this place.

Watch out: Tiananmen Gate, which is the main entrance to the complex, not the square itself
#323 · Religious Founders, Saints, and Reformers · Level 1

Siddhartha Gautama

Siddhartha Gautama
พระมหาเทวประภาส วชิรญาณเมธี (ผู้ถ่าย-ปล่อยสัญญาอนุญาตภาพให้น · CC BY-SA 3.0

Indian religious founder · c. 563–483 BCE · Lumbini, Nepal; northern India

Siddhartha Gautama was an Indian prince who founded Buddhism after achieving enlightenment under the Bodhi tree at Bodh Gaya.

The kit

  • Rise — Siddhartha Gautama was born in Lumbini after his mother dreamed of a white elephant piercing her side.
  • Achievements — Siddhartha Gautama achieved enlightenment at Bodh Gaya and first preached the Eightfold Path at Sarnath's Deer Park.
  • Conflicts — Siddhartha Gautama's cousin Devadatta was compared to a plantain destroyed by its own fruit.
  • Legacy — Siddhartha Gautama's birthday is celebrated as Vesak, and massive statues stood at Bamiyan until dynamited.

Runs with

Buddhism
founded this religion teaching Four Noble Truths and escape from samsara open card →
India
born prince in region now Nepal, achieved enlightenment at Bodh Gaya open card →
York
Kent, New York houses largest indoor Western statue of him open card →
China
plump smiling statues scattered throughout this country open card →

The ladder · 15 clues

H

This man’s first two disciples made golden caskets in order to preserve the hairs given to them by this man, who later preached at a Deer Park.

H

This figure’s previous animal incarnations are depicted in the Jataka Tales.

H

Religious figure that was the subject of two massive statues that were dynamited in Bamiyan by that group.

H

During one sermon, this man was not understood by anyone except Mahakashyapa, who smiled when this man held up a white lotus.

H

In response to hearing about his cousin Devadatta’s wealth, this figure compared him to a plantain that is destroyed by its own fruit.

H

This person gave his first sermon at Sarnath, or the Deer Park, and had a major epiphany at Bodhgaya.

H

This figure’s mother dreamt of a white elephant with six tusks entering her body when he was conceived.

M

This figure’s mother had a dream of a white elephant piercing her side before this figure’s birth.

M

This religious figure’s birthplace is located in modern day Lumbini, Nepal.

M

This person was supposedly born a prince and renounced his position when he encountered disease, aging, and death. name this person who founded a world religion by teaching the Eightfold Path and the Four Noble Truths.

M

After this figure’s enlightenment, he described the Eightfold Path as a method of escaping samsara and attaining nirvana. name this religious figure whose teachings form the basis for an Asian religion.

M

This figure is depicted sitting in a half-lotus position in a 302-foot tall statue in Thailand. name this ancient Indian religious figure, who was formerly depicted at Bamiyan.

M

This man’s religion gained popularity for its opposition to the caste system in India. name this founder of an religion that promotes the Four Noble Truths.

E

This figure achieved enlightenment while sitting underneath a Bodhi tree. name this Indian Prince who founded a namesake meditative religion.

E

With his servant Channa, this figure observed the Four Sights and was made aware of suffering in the world.

10 more clues from the record
H

A statue of this figure faces the Kala Wewa reservoir in the village of Avukana [[AH- vue-KAH-nah]].

H

The largest stone statue of this figure was built to protect sailors at the confluence of the Min and Dadu Rivers.

H

This man gathered a small handful of early followers at a deer park near Sarnath.

H

The town of Kent, New York is home to the largest indoor statue of this figure in the West.

H

This figure’s birthday is celebrated as “Vesak” in some countries.

H

This figure raises his right arm in a statue of him located at the center of a lake in Hyderabad, India. :Name this religious figure. Plump, smiling statues of him are scattered throughout China and India.

H

Attempts to date this person’s life include Dotted Chronology, which is based on the Five Patriarchs, and a Corrected Long Chronology based on rock carvings.

H

Magadha was home to this religious leader who experienced enlightenment under a bodhi tree in Bodh Gaya.

H

In 1998, the LTTE attacked a building housing this person’s left canine tooth.

H

In 2018, a statue of this person was discovered in the ruins of a harbor at Berenike in Egypt.

Watch out: Confused with smiling 'Laughing Buddha' statues depicting the later figure Budai
#337 · Other Families and Dynasties · Level 1

Ming Dynasty

Ming Dynasty
Albert Herrmann Creator:Q1509115 /a & Georg Westermann · Public domain

Chinese dynasty · 1368–1644 · China

Ming Dynasty was a Chinese dynasty founded by Hongwu Emperor after the Red Turban Rebellion that preceded the Qing Dynasty.

The kit

  • Rise — Ming Dynasty gained power after the Battle of Lake Poyang when founder Zhu Yuanzhang defeated rivals in the Red Turban Rebellion.
  • Achievements — Ming Dynasty constructed the Forbidden City and restored the Grand Canal under the Yongle Emperor, who also sponsored Zheng He's voyages.
  • Conflicts — Ming Dynasty waged the Imjin War against Japan under the Wanli Emperor and dispatched Chen Lin to aid Joseon against Toyotomi Japan.
  • Fall — Ming Dynasty fell in 1644 when Li Zicheng's Shun Dynasty caused its downfall and the last Chongzhen Emperor hung himself.

Runs with

Zheng He
led expeditionary voyages for Ming open card →
Yongle Emperor
moved capital to Beijing, expanded exams open card →
Forbidden City
constructed under Yongle Emperor open card →
Hongwu Emperor
founded dynasty, executed Hu Weiyong open card →

The ladder · 15 clues

H

During this dynasty, the Zhengtong Emperor was captured during the Tumu Crisis and later abdicated in favor of the Jingtai Emperor.

H

Li Zicheng of the Shun Dynasty helped cause the downfall of this empire, which was founded by the Hongwu Emperor.

H

This dynasty’s founder executed the chancellor Hu Weiyong and established the Embroidered Uniform Guard police to secure power.

H

One emperor of this dynasty, the Jingtai Emperor, succeeded an older brother who was captured during the Tumu Crisis.

H

The missionary Matteo Ricci was active during this dynasty.

H

This dynasty accepted the surrender of the Kotte kingdom.

H

The first ruler of this dynasty rose to power after winning the battle of Lake Poyang, and this dynasty crushed the Miao rebellions.

M

This dynasty, which gained power after the Battle of Lake Poyang, was founded by a leader of the Red Turban Rebellion who became Emperor Hongwu.

M

After achieving victory at the Battle of Lake Poyang, Hongwu was able to establish this dynasty at the end of the Red Turban Rebellion.

M

The restoration of the Grand Canal and the construction of the Forbidden City occurred under this dynasty’s Yongle Emperor, who also oversaw the expeditionary voyages led by Zheng He [zhung HUH].

M

The last emperor of this dynasty hung himself at the “guilty pagoda tree” and was the Chongzhen Emperor.

M

This dynasty was founded after the Red Turban Rebellion by a peasant named Zhu Yuanzhang who took a name meaning “vast military,” the Hongwu Emperor.

E

The Yongle Emperor expanded the examination system and moved his capital to Beijing during this dynasty, which constructed the Grand Canal and the Forbidden City and sponsored Zheng He’s voyages.

E

Overthrown in 1644, name this Chinese dynasty that preceded the Qing Dynasty and is known for its porcelain vases.

E

The eunuch Zheng He led voyages for this dynasty. name this Chinese dynasty that preceded the Qing [ching] and is commonly known for its porcelain vases.

10 more clues from the record
H

The Great Bao’en Temple was repaired by this dynasty’s Xuande Emperor, who was the successor of the Yongle [“Yong-le”]Emperor.

H

During this dynasty, Wei Zhongxian destroyed a group of scholars called the Donglin Academy Faction.

H

During this dynasty, one of its emperors commissioned the “Impossible Black Tulip of Cartography” after he was visited by the Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci.

H

This dynasty dispatched Chen Lin to aid the Joseon against Toyotomi Japan, and Li Zicheng’s short-lived Shun dynasty succeeded it.

H

This dynasty waged the Imjin War against Japan under the Wanli emperor.

H

Liu Jin led the Eight Tigers during this dynasty.

H

An encyclopedia commissioned during this dynasty was the world’s largest general encyclopedia until it was surpassed by Wikipedia in 2007.

H

This dynasty allowed the Portuguese to set up a colony at Macau.

H

This dynasty took power after the Red Turban Rebellion.Name this Chinese dynasty that succeeded the Yuan. Artisans during this dynasty’s reign produced remarkably popular blue-and-white pottery.

H

An emperor of this dynasty was presented a qilin(tsee-LIN) that was actually a giraffe.

Watch out: Yuan Dynasty (immediately preceded Ming, not to be confused with successor Qing Dynasty)
#338 · Other Families and Dynasties · Level 1

Han Dynasty

Han Dynasty
DannamEmpire · CC BY 4.0

Chinese dynasty · around 200 BCE to 200 CE · China

Han Dynasty was a Chinese dynasty founded by Liu Bang after overthrowing the Qin that lends its name to China's largest ethnic group.

The kit

  • Rise — Han Dynasty was founded when Liu Bang defeated the state of Chu at the Battle of Gaixia after the Qin dynasty collapsed.
  • Achievements — Han Dynasty's Emperor Wu defeated the Xiongnu Confederation and established the Four Commanderies in Korea, the only successful Chinese occupation of the peninsula.
  • Conflicts — Han Dynasty was interrupted by Wang Mang's Xin dynasty for more than a decade, during which peasants painted their eyebrows red in resistance.
  • Fall — Han Dynasty ended when the Yellow Turban Rebellion kicked off the Three Kingdoms Period, following earlier unrest including the Five Pecks of Rice revolt.

Runs with

China
Xiongnu
defeated the Xiongnu under Emperor Wu open card →
Bakumatsu Period
no connection stated in clues open card →
Liu Bang
founded by Liu Bang open card →

The ladder · 15 clues

H

Wang Mang’s Xin dynasty interrupted this dynasty for more than a decade.

H

This dynasty’s Emperor Jing crushed the Rebellion of the Seven States, allowing him to centralize the government around Chang'an.

H

Li Ling was a general who served this dynasty.

H

SHEE-ang) Yu of the Chu, winning the Battle of Gaixia (pr.

H

Its emperor Wudi defeated the Xiongnu Confederation, and this dynasty was founded when Liu Bang defeated the state of Chu.

H

Its "western" and "eastern" periods are divided by the Xin dynasty and the movement of the capital from Changan to Luoyang. :Name this dynasty, founded by the revolt of Liu Bang.

H

Emperor Ling of this dynasty faced a Daoist uprising led by a man known as “The General of Heaven” in the Yellow Turban Rebellion.

M

Sima Qian [see-ma chee-ahn] wrote the Records of the Grand Historian during the reign of this dynasty’s Emperor Wu.

M

Sima Qian served as a court astrologer during this dynasty, whose history he recorded to finish his massive Records of the Grand Historian.

M

The Yellow Turban Rebellion brought this dynasty to an end, leading to the Three Kingdoms Period.

M

Wang Mang attempted to usurp this dynasty by establishing the Xin [shin] line.

M

After the Qin dynasty collapsed in 206 BCE, it was succeeded by this dynasty. It shares its name with the majority ethnic group in China.

E

Liu Bang founded this dynasty after the downfall of the Qin. name this Chinese dynasty that cultivated the Silk Road.

E

The history of this dynasty, which also names China’s largest ethnic group, was chronicled by Sima Qian [su-mah chee-en].

E

This dynasty came to an end when the Yellow Turban rebellion kicked off the Three Kingdoms Period. name this Chinese dynasty once ruled by Emperor Wu, which gives its name to the main Chinese ethnic group.

10 more clues from the record
H

This dynasty came to power after its founder overthrew the Qin Dynasty name this dynasty that names China’s majority ethnicity.

H

Peasants painted their eyebrows red to stand against a court official who rebelled and interrupted this dynasty with the Xin [“shin”].

H

The founder of this dynasty fought against Xiang (pr.

H

An emperor of this dynasty established the Four Commanderies in Korea, the only successful Chinese occupation of the peninsula.

H

The Celestial Masters launched the Five Pecks of Rice revolt against this dynasty in an attempt to rid the world of decadence.

H

The Chanyu Modu defeated this dynasty at the Battle of Baideng, forcing this dynasty to accept marriage alliances called Heqin [he-chin].

H

In accounts of this dynasty, the wife of its first emperor locked a concubine named Qi in a latrine.

H

Wang Mang, who usurped this Chinese dynasty, attempted to revive the Well-Field System. This dynasty held power from around 200 BCE to 200 CE and lends its name to China’s largest ethnic group.

H

Many proto-Hunnic peoples like the Yuezhi were pushed West in part due to the expansion of this Chinese Dynasty, which largely subdued the Xiongnu under Emperor Wudi.

H

This dynasty’s official Sāng Hóngyáng instituted state control of grain and liquor under an emperor who established Gojoseon’s “Four Commanderies” and Tàixué’s Imperial Academy.

Watch out: Wang Mang's Xin dynasty interrupted the Han, dividing it into Western and Eastern periods
#339 · Other Families and Dynasties · Level 1

Tang Dynasty

Tang Dynasty
Kanguole /a · CC BY-SA 4.0

Chinese dynasty · 618–907 CE · China

Tang Dynasty was a Chinese dynasty ruling 618–907 CE, renowned for cultural achievements including poetry by Li Bai and Du Fu.

The kit

  • Rise — Tang Dynasty succeeded the Sui Dynasty after its founder's son Li Shimin seized power in the Xuanwu Gate Incident.
  • Achievements — Tang Dynasty fostered poetry's growth with masters Li Bai and Du Fu, and produced distinctive sancai lead-glazed pottery.
  • Conflicts — Tang Dynasty faced the devastating An Lushan Rebellion led by general An Lushan, forcing Emperor Xuanzong to execute consort Yang Guifei.
  • Legacy — Tang Dynasty transmitted papermaking to the Western world when its soldiers were captured at the Battle of Talas River.

Runs with

Wu Zetian
briefly interrupted Tang with Second Zhou reign open card →
An Lushan Rebellion
devastated Tang during Emperor Xuanzong's rule open card →
China
ruled China 618–907 CE open card →
Sui Dynasty
succeeded Sui Dynasty after usurpation open card →

The ladder · 15 clues

H

One of the Four Beauties of China, Yang Guifei, was blamed for a rebellion faced by this dynasty.

H

Answer the following about Chinese dynasties, :This dynasty followed the Sui Dynasty but was interrupted by Empress Wu Zetian. name this dynasty which fostered the growth of poetry.

H

This dynasty began to collapse after the rise of jiedushi military governors.

H

Li Jiancheng was assassinated in a coup during this dynasty called the Xuanwu [shu-an-wu] Gate Incident.

H

The Silla kingdom unified Korea against opposition from this dynasty, whose forces gave up the secret to making paper after being defeated by Muslim troops at the Talas River.

H

An alliance between this dynasty and Silla allowed it to oust Goguryeo and end the Three Kingdoms of Korea period.

H

This dynasty, the last to use the "equal field" system of farming, was crippled by the peasant uprising of Huang Chao.

M

The Abbasid Dynasty began making paper after defeating this dynasty at the Battle of the Talas River.

M

This dynasty’s emperor Xuanzong was forced to execute his consort, Yang Guifei, during a massive rebellion led by An Lushan.

M

This dynasty usurped the Sui and was interrupted by the short reign of Empress Wu Zetian.

M

This dynasty’s Xuanzong Emperor faced the rival Yan Dynasty in the An Lushan Rebellion, and it beat the Abbasids at the Battle of the Talas River.

M

Yang Guifei, one of the Four Beauties, lived during this dynasty and was killed after she was accRused of aiding an enemy general.

E

Du Fu and Li Po were poets during this Chinese dynasty that succeeded the Sui Dynasty and experienced the An Lushan Rebellion.

E

The An Lushan Rebellion coincided with famines during this dynasty that was once led by Emperor Xuanzhong. name this Chinese dynasty that followed the Sui.

E

Its first emperor was Taizong, and Li Po and Dufu were famous poets who lived during this dynasty. name this Chinese dynasty that lasted from 618 to 907.

10 more clues from the record
H

One ruler of this dynasty required visitors to perform oral sex on her as a sign of respect, and briefly interrupted this dynasty with the Second Zhou.

H

The Six Steeds of Zhao Mausoleum was made in this dynasty, and a form of lead-glazed "egg-and-spinach" pottery known as sancai is particularly associated with this dynasty.

H

A collection of artifacts from this dynasty was discovered after an Arab dhow carrying its namesake “treasure” shipwrecked off the coast of Belitung.

H

The Jinghai Military Command was a polity controlled by this dynasty in present-day Vietnam prior to the Battle of Bach Dang River.

H

Li Shimin seized power in this dynasty during the Xuanwu Gate Incident.

H

This dynasty’s founder abdicated after Li Shimin killed his brothers at Xuanwu Gate.

H

Papermaking spread to the Western world when soldiers from this dynasty were captured at the Talas River.

H

This dynasty established various Protectorates General to pacify the East, West and North.

H

answer these questions about the apex of Chinese culture.This dynasty that ruled China from AD 618 to 907 was renowned for cultural achievements such as the poetry of Li Bai and Du Fu.

H

This dynasty changed its currency from copper coinage to a form of cheques nicknamed “flying cash”.

Watch out: Empress Wu Zetian briefly interrupted Tang Dynasty with the Second Zhou, but she ruled within the dynasty's timeframe
#341 · Other Families and Dynasties · Level 1

Yuan Dynasty

Yuan Dynasty
Cattette · CC BY 4.0

Mongol-ruled Chinese dynasty · 1271–1368 · China

Yuan Dynasty was the Mongol-ruled Chinese dynasty founded by Kublai Khan after completing the conquest his grandfather Genghis Khan began.

The kit

  • Rise — Yuan Dynasty was established in 1271 by Kublai Khan after he won the Toluid Civil War against Ariq Boke.
  • Achievements — Yuan Dynasty implemented the first paper currency not based on precious metals, called chao, and moved the capital to Dadu.
  • Conflicts — Yuan Dynasty launched two failed invasions of Japan thwarted by kamikaze storms and crushed the Ispah Rebellion in Quanzhou.
  • Fall — Yuan Dynasty fell to the Red Turban Rebellion, which included the future Hongwu emperor and ended Mongol rule in China.

Runs with

Kublai Khan
founded Yuan in 1271 after Toluid Civil War open card →
Mongols
ruling ethnic group placed atop four-tier caste system open card →
China
capital moved to Dadu until Ming rise open card →
Marco Polo

The ladder · 15 clues

H

This dynasty was ended when the Red Turban Rebellion forced Emperor Huizong from office.

H

The Red Turban Revolt, which included the future Hongwu emperor, successfully overthrew this dynasty.

H

Zhang Hongfan put down a resistance against this dynasty at the naval Battle of Yamen, but this dynasty ultimately fell to the Red Turban Rebellion.

H

Arab and Persian merchants led the Ispah Rebellion against this dynasty and were crushed in Quanzhou, the city where Marco Polo began his return trip to Venice after visiting this dynasty.

H

The monk Drogon Phagpa created a namesake alphabet for the founder of this dynasty.

H

This dynasty, which gained power after winning the Battle of Yamen, built its capital at Dadu.

H

This was the first dynasty to implement a paper currency not based on precious metals, a legal tender known as chao.

M

Genghis Khan initiated the Mongol invasions of China; the invasions were completed by his grandson Kublai Khan, who established this Mongol-ruled Chinese dynasty, which succeeded the Song.

M

Under this dynasty, the capital was moved to Dadu until the Red Turban rebellion eventually destroyed this dynasty, leading to the rise of the Ming.

M

Ibn Battuta and Marco Polo visited China during the reign of which dynasty founded by the Mongols?

M

This dynasty used a four-tier caste system that favored northerners over southerners and foreigners over natives.

M

One man who accompanied this dynasty’s princess Kököchin to Persia served as a tax collector here and wrote extensively of this dynasty’s salt trade.

E

This dynasty’s failed invasions of Japan were thwarted by Kamikaze winds. name this dynasty of China founded by Kublai Khan.

E

Strong storms called kamikazes prevented two invasions from this dynasty into Japan. name this Chinese dynasty that was established in 1271 by Kublai Khan.

E

This dynasty named Taizu its honorary first emperor, although it was founded by his grandson, Kublai. name this Chinese dynasty visited by Marco Polo and founded by the Mongols.

10 more clues from the record
H

This dynasty’s theatergoers enjoyed zájù performances of works such as Guān Hànqīng’s The Injustice to Dòu É .

H

Qu lyrics were incorporated into the many popular zaju plays written during this dynasty, such as Li Qianfu's The Chalk Circle.

H

Wang Meng, one of this dynasty’s Four Great Masters of landscape painting, refused to serve this dynasty’s ruling ethnic group.

H

That ruler of this dynasty devised a four-tier social hierarchy, which placed foreigners of the Semu caste above its Han subjects.

H

A ruler of this dynasty asked the monk Drogon Chogyal Phagpa to create an alphabet to unify the written languages of the empire.

H

One leader from this dynasty scored a decisive victory against the chained-up ships of his rival in the Battle of Yamen.

H

Early in the reign of this dynasty, Bamboo Groves in Mist and Rain was painted by artist and poet Guan Daosheng.

H

The founder of this dynasty had previously won the Toluid Civil War after Mongke Khan died.

H

The Manichaeist White Lotus Society expanded its influence during this dynasty, eventually toppling it in the Red Lotus Rebellion.

H

This dynasty’s leadership was forced to consolidate power in a civil war against Ariq Boke.

Watch out: Red Lotus Rebellion (clues mention both Red Turban Rebellion and White Lotus Society)
#344 · Other Families and Dynasties · Level 1

Qin Dynasty

Qin Dynasty
Ian Remsen · CC0

Chinese imperial dynasty · 221–206 BCE · China

Qin Dynasty unified China under Shi Huangdi, adopted Legalism, built the Great Wall, and burned Confucian books.

The kit

  • Rise — Qin Dynasty ended the Warring States period by implementing Shang Yang's Legalist philosophy and land reforms.
  • Achievements — Qin Dynasty's founder Shi Huangdi constructed the Terracotta Army and began building the Great Wall.
  • Conflicts — Qin Dynasty faced assassination attempts including Jing Ke's dagger concealed in a map scroll and Gao Jianli's lead-weighted lute.
  • Legacy — Qin Dynasty collapsed after burying Confucian scholars and burning books, criticized for not altering its Legalist governance style.

Runs with

China
first imperial dynasty to unify China open card →
Terracotta Army
built by founder Shi Huangdi open card →
Chancellor
Li Si served as Legalist chancellor open card →
Mercury
Shi Huangdi drank mercury elixir open card →

The ladder · 15 clues

H

This dynasty adopted Legalism and book-burning under a ruler who began construction of the Great Wall.

H

Land reforms under this dynasty were implemented by Shang Yang.

H

An early member of this dynasty was Duke Mu, one of the Five Hegemons who preceded this dynasty’s dominance.

H

RA eunuch who served this dynasty named Zhao Gao acted as its de facto ruler in the third century BC.

H

This dynasty had a ruler who used a decoy carriage that was destroyed when a strongman assassin threw a heavy metal cone on it.

H

The blind lute player Gao Jianli failed to kill a ruler of this dynasty, whose dead body was concealed in a fish cart so his chancellor, Li Si, could forge his will.

H

One of its rulers visited Zhifu Island in search of immortality and in an attempt to pacify the Ordos region, dispatched General Meng Tian’s forces.

M

Shang Yang's philosophy of Legalism was the primary ideology of this dynasty, which ended the Warring States period.

M

The Warring States period came to an end with the rise of this of this dynasty, whose king Zheng adopted the title Shi Huangdi, or First Emperor, after he united the country.

M

This dynasty, whose chancellor Li Si instituted Legalist policies, was led by a man who supposedly drank an “elixir of life” that was just mercury.

M

Jing Ke [kuh] nearly assassinated a ruler of this dynasty by concealing a dagger inside a map scroll.

M

The burying of the Confucian scholars and burning of the books took place under this Chinese dynasty, as described by Sima Qian’s Records of the Grand Historian.

E

A terracotta army was built for a ruler of this dynasty in which the Great Wall was built under the rule of Shi Huangdi.

E

This dynasty’s founder constructed the Terracotta Army. name this dynasty which first unified China under Shi Huangdi, and was succeeded by the Han.

E

Shi Huangdi was the founder of what first imperial dynasty of China this came before the Han dynasty.

10 more clues from the record
H

One official from this dynasty had an opponent executed using the “Five Pains” method but was himself executed on the orders of this dynasty’s final ruler, Ziying.

H

A prominent chancellor and merchant who served as regent for this dynasty's first ruler was Lu Buwei, who wrote the text Lushi Chunqiu.

H

An emperor from this dynasty, who faced a rebellion from Chen Sheng, allegedly ordered anyone who called a deer a deer executed.

H

Chen Sheng and Wu Guang lead The Daze Village Uprising during the reign of this dynasty.

H

Rebellions near Hanguguan led this dynasty's "Gentleman of the Palace," Zhao Gao, to lead a coup to assassinate the emperor.

H

The statesman Shang Yang made many legal reforms to this dynasty, which helped it end the Warring States period.

H

Jia Yi claimed that this dynasty collapsed because it did not alter its style of government after taking power.

H

A work about the Ten Crimes of this dynasty criticized it using Confucian reasoning.

H

This dynasty’s Legalist minister, Li Si, ordered the burning of many Confucian and political texts.

H

An attempt to assassinate a ruler of this dynasty involved putting lead at the end of a lute.

Watch out: Han Dynasty (immediately succeeded Qin)
#345 · Other Families and Dynasties · Level 1

Song Dynasty

Song Dynasty
p China - Song Dynasty - cs.svg /a : User:Mozzan /a /p ul li · CC BY-SA 3.0

Chinese dynasty · 960–1279 CE · China

Song Dynasty was a Chinese dynasty that ruled between the Tang and Yuan dynasties, pioneering gunpowder, paper currency, and movable type.

The kit

  • Rise — Song Dynasty rose to power after the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period when founder Zhao Kuangyin overthrew the Later Zhou.
  • Achievements — Song Dynasty introduced paper currency, gunpowder, and movable type printing invented by Bi Sheng, and established China's first standing navy.
  • Conflicts — Song Dynasty lost northern China to the Jurchen-led Jin Dynasty in the Jingkang Incident, forcing the capital from Kaifeng to Hangzhou.
  • Legacy — Song Dynasty saw a Confucian resurgence led by Zhu Xi, who canonized the Four Books as the basis for civil service examinations.

Runs with

Jurchen
Jurchen Jin Dynasty conquered northern Song territories in the Jingkang Incident open card →
Gunpowder
Song Dynasty was the first Chinese dynasty to use gunpowder open card →
Jin Dynasty
Song Dynasty fought and lost northern China to the Jin Dynasty open card →
Kublai Khan
Song Dynasty was conquered and succeeded by Kublai Khan's Mongol Yuan Dynasty open card →

The ladder · 15 clues

H

Doubts of Yue Fei’s loyalty to this dynasty led to his execution.

H

During this dynasty, Kaifeng was sacked by the Jirchen in the Jingkang Incident, forcing the capital to be moved to Hangzhou and beginning the Southern period of this dynasty.

H

Wang Anshi created the baojia system for this dynasty. :Name this Chinese dynasty that was followed by the Yuan dynasty. This dynasty fought against the Jin dynasty.

H

The first dynasty to have a standing navy and the inventor of gunpowder was this major Chinese dynasty that came before the Yuan and after the Tang.

H

During this dynasty, Chancellor Wang Anshi implemented the “New Policies,” which were criticized by poet Su Shi, leading to Shi’s eventual exile.

H

That general serving this dynasty had four words tattooed onto his back and was named Yue Fei.

H

The scroll painting Along the River During the Qingming [] Festival was created during this dynasty.

M

During this dynasty, the philosopher Zhu Xi [] formulated the philosophy of the "investigation of things." This dynasty rose to power after the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period.

M

The Jingkang incident occurred during this dynasty, which saw Sima Guang oppose civil service exams introduced by Wang Anshi .

M

Following the short-lived Qingli reforms, this dynasty introduced the New Policies under reformer Wang Anshi, who was opposed by Sima Guang.

M

A feud broke out between Sima Guang and Wang Anshi during this dynasty which broke into “Northern” and "Southern" regions after the Jurchens established the Jin. name this Chinese dynasty which was eventually replaced by the Yuan after falling to the Mongols.

M

During this dynasty, a resurgence of Confucianism was led by Cheng Yi and Zhu Xi [].

E

This was the first dynasty to use gunpowder and introduce paper currency. name this Chinese dynasty that came after the Tang and was succeeded by the Mongol Yuan.

E

The Jingkang Incident began the Southern period of this dynasty, which lost its capital Kaifeng to the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty. name this dynasty conquered by the Mongol Yuan dynasty.

E

This dynasty's Southern period began after it lost control of northern China to the Jurchen Jin Dynasty, moving its capital from Kaifeng to modern-day Hangzhou [].

10 more clues from the record
H

Though this dynasty was the first to establish a standing navy, it was partially conquered by the Jurchen Jin, leading it to be divided into Northern and Southern periods.

H

Advancements made during the reign of this dynasty included the first use of moveable type and paper money.

H

A general from this dynasty was able to escape charges of treason by removing his shirt to reveal a tattoo reading “serve the country with the utmost loyalty.” This dynasty was founded by Yuanlang who led a coup d’etat against Emperor Gong.

H

During this dynasty, Bi Sheng invented the world's first movable type technology.

H

An emperor of this dynasty signed the Shanyuan treaty, elevating the Khitan state of Liao as equals to the imperial dynasty.

H

The forces of this dynasty emerged victorious at the Battle of Fishing Town.

H

This dynasty’s first emperor, Zhào Kuāngyìn , took power after overthrowing the Later Zhōu in the capital of Kāifēng .

H

The Northern, more prosperous period of this dynasty ended after Qinzong's misadventures in bribery led to his abduction in the Jingkang incident by unruly Jurchens.

H

Under this dynasty, Zhang Zeduan created the painting Along the River During the Qingming Festival, and Bi Sheng made the first moveable type.

H

During this dynasty, the scholar Zhu Xi canonized the Four Books and made them the basis of all subsequent civil service examinations.

Watch out: Confused with Tang Dynasty (immediately preceded Song) or Yuan Dynasty (immediately followed Song)
#350 · Other Families and Dynasties · Level 1

Zhou Dynasty

Zhou Dynasty
ul li Territories_of_Dynasties_in_China.gif /a : Ian Kiu /a · CC BY-SA 3.0

Chinese dynasty · 1046–256 BC · China

Zhou Dynasty was the longest-lasting Chinese dynasty, ruling from 1046 to 256 BC after defeating the Shang at Muye.

The kit

  • Rise — Zhou Dynasty was founded when King Wu defeated the Shang at the Battle of Muye in 1046 BC.
  • Achievements — Zhou Dynasty introduced the Mandate of Heaven as legitimacy and implemented the feudal fengjian system with regional marquesses.
  • Conflicts — Zhou Dynasty's capital moved from Xi'an to Loyang after a barbarian attack in 771 BC, ending the Western period.
  • Legacy — Zhou Dynasty saw the Hundred Schools of Thought including Confucius and Laozi before declining into the Warring States period.

Runs with

Spring and Autumn Period
occurred during Zhou's decline open card →
Bakumatsu Period
Wu Zetian
claimed ancestry from King Ping open card →
Tang Dynasty
Wu Zetian moved away from Tang name open card →

The ladder · 15 clues

H

This dynasty was founded after a victory at the Battle of Muye, which allowed King Wu to consolidate power.

H

This dynasty came to power following its victory over Chouhsin at the Battle of Mu-ye.

H

answer these questions about dynasties of China:This longest-ruling Chinese dynasty followed the Shang and preceded the Qin [“chin”]. This dynasty’s Western and Eastern periods ended during the Warring States Period.

H

Philosophers like Confucius flourished during this dynasty's Hundred Schools of Thought. :Name this longest reigning Chinese dynasty, which took power after Ji Fa won against the Shang dynasty at the Battle of Muye (moo-yuh).

H

This dynasty saw the rise of vassal states through the feudal fengjian [fuhng-jeeuhn] system.Name this longest-reigning Chinese dynasty, whose “Western” period ended in 771 BCE.

H

This dynasty’s fēngjiàn system, in which imperial family members ruled as regional marquesses, was originated by a duke of the same name.

H

This dynasty originated from the Wei River, and after a barbarian attack the capital moved from Xi’an to Loyang, ending this dynasty’s Western period.

M

Confucius lived during the Spring and Autumn period, in which what Chinese dynasty, nominally in power from 1046 to 256 BC, was in decline?

M

The Eastern version of this dynasty featured the Hundred Schools of Thought during the Spring and Autumn Period, and this dynasty faded when the Warring States were unified into the Qin dynasty. name this longest-lasting Chinese dynasty.

M

A duke’s suppression of the Rebellion of the Three Guards during this dynasty led to the rise of the decentralized Fengjian system.

M

This dynasty’s King Wu defeated the previous dynasty at the Battle of Muye.

M

This dynasty’s first ruler defeated the previous dynasty at the Battle of Muye, a victory that Jiang Ziya helped King Wu achieve.

E

The civil service of Confucius occurred at the tail end of this dynasty during the Spring and Autumn period. name this early Chinese dynasty after the Shang that gave way to the chaos of the Warring States period.

E

This dynasty was the first to use the Mandate of Heaven, and their decline led to the Warring States Period. They were eventually subsumed by the Qin.

E

Thinkers like Laozi and Confucius lived during this dynasty, the first to claim the Mandate of Heaven as a source of legitimacy, that supplanted the Shang in 1046 BC and was the longest lasting dynasty in Chinese history.

10 more clues from the record
H

Rulers of this dynasty introduced the well-field system and the five-tiered fengjian system of nobility to streamline agriculture.

H

A king of this dynasty named You disgraced the Marquis of Shen after divorcing his daughter for Bao Si, which led to the sacking of Hao.

H

Usurper Wu Zetian claimed ancestry from this dynasty’s King Ping, temporarily moving away from the Tang name.

H

This dynasty legendarily began when Ku’s wife stepped into a giant footprint left by Shangdi.

H

According to one document during this dynasty, the reign of King Yi was marked by a day of the “double dawn” as well as the “day of the double sunset.” That document, The Bamboo Annals was interred with another ruler of this dynasty who themselves believed that their ancestor was an ancient god saved by an eagle who knew about one hundred types of grain called Houji.

H

More successful rulers included Cheng Wang, and at one point this dynasty was threatened by the "Five Overlords." This dynasty saw the introduction of iron farming implements and was the first to implement chariots in battle, scoring its first victory at the battle of Mu-ye.

H

The Warring States period took place during this dynasty. This dynasty was succeeded by the Qin (cheen) dynasty which was initially ruled by Qin Shi Huang Di (cheen she huang dee) who had formerly led the state of Qin to victory over the other states.

H

Knife-shaped money called daobi was widely circulated under this dynasty. :Name this longest-lasting Chinese dynasty, which lost most of its power during the Warring States period. It followed the Shang.

H

Empress Wu proclaimed herself ruler of a new iteration of this dynasty. This dynasty was founded by a namesake duke who created the fengjian feudal system, and included the Spring and Autumn Period.

H

name these things from Chinese history.This dynasty defeated the Shang and built their capital at Xi'an. Originating from the Wei River valley, they are generally regarded as originating the idea of the "Mandate of Heaven.”

Watch out: Qin Dynasty (succeeded Zhou after Warring States unification)
#351 · Other Families and Dynasties · Level 1

Sui Dynasty

Sui Dynasty
Ian Kiu · CC BY 3.0

Chinese dynasty · 581–618 CE · China

Sui Dynasty was a short-lived Chinese dynasty that reunified China after the Southern and Northern Dynasties and built the Grand Canal.

The kit

  • Rise — Sui Dynasty's founder Emperor Wen conquered the Chen Dynasty south of the Yangtze, ending the Southern and Northern Dynasties period.
  • Achievements — Sui Dynasty built the Grand Canal connecting the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers and established the Three Departments and Six Ministries system.
  • Conflicts — Sui Dynasty lost the Battle of Salsu against Goguryeo after four failed Korean campaigns weakened the empire under Emperor Yang.
  • Legacy — Sui Dynasty promulgated a 500-article legal code and the equal-field farming system before falling to the Tang in 618.

Runs with

Tang Dynasty
succeeded Sui in 618 CE open card →
Grand Canal
built by Sui linking Hangzhou to Beijing open card →
China
reunified by Sui after centuries of division open card →
Buddhism

The ladder · 15 clues

H

This dynasty established the standard form of the Three Departments and Six Ministries system, and it promulgated the equal-field system of farming.

H

This dynasty’s capital of Luoyang was connected to Chang’an by the Grand Canal that this dynasty created. name this dynasty that was supplanted by the Tang.

H

This dynasty lost the Battle of Salsu against the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo. :Identify this short-lived dynasty that oversaw the construction of the Grand Canal around the year 600.

H

Eulji Mundeok defeated this dynasty when it tried to attack Pyongyang.

H

The Tang Dynasty was the successor of this other dynasty, which was led by the tyrannical Emperor Yang. During this dynasty, the construction of the Grand Canal began.

H

Wikipedia notes that the founder of this dynasty only had two concubines. :Name this Chinese dynasty founded by Emperor Wen and probably best known for creating the Grand Canal.

H

Its first emperor built the new capital Daxing [“dah-shing”] on the site of Chang’an, and its second emperor rebuilt Luoyang.

M

A period known as "The Southern and Northern Dynasties" was ended after this dynasty's founder, Wen, conquered the Chen Dynasty south of the Yangtze.

M

The Tang Dynasty succeeded this short-lived imperial dynasty which reunited China in the late 6th century.

M

This dynasty’s ruler Yangdi invaded Vietnam, and is accused of killing the founder of this dynasty, Emperor Wen.

M

This dynasty invaded the Champa kingdom to begin the third domination of Vietnam.

M

The dynasty’s last emperor, Yang, was the son of its first, Yang Chien, who took the royal name of Wen Ti.

E

Succeeded what short-lived dynasty that managed to reunify China and built the Grand Canal?

E

This dynasty’s emperor Yangdi [yahn dee] continued its founder Wendi’s [wun dee’z] project to link the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers with the Grand Canal. name this dynasty that unified China after the Han dynasty before falling to the Tang dynasty.

E

The Battle of the Salsu River was a major defeat for this dynasty, which completed construction on a waterway connecting Hangzhou to Beijing. name this dynasty that fought a series of wars against the Goguryeo Dynasty of Korea, built the Grand Canal, and was succeeded by the Tang in 618 AD.

10 more clues from the record
H

The Wenxian [wun-shen] empress helped this dynasty’s founder choose his successor, who invaded one neighboring state after finding that it had sent an embassy to the Tujue [too-dreh] people, also known as the Celestial Turks.

H

During this dynasty, imperial architect Yuwen Kai [] built Daxing [] as an expansion of the Han capital of Xi'an [].

H

This dynasty was weakened after losing a series of wars against Korea’s Goguryeo during the reign of Wen and Yang.

H

Wei Zheng wrote the Book of [this dynasty], which included his own participation in Li Mi's Rebellion.

H

Despite only ruling for 37 years, this Chinese dynasty married off 6 different family members via heqin, primarily to build relations with Turkic and Tuyuhun peoples. It was succeeded by the Tang.

H

A military objective undertaken by this dynasty’s troops involved soldiers carrying their own meal rations, which failed utterly as many dropped the burden behind and eventually suffered from a lack of supplies.

H

This dynasty’s founder promulgated a 500-article legal code which limited harsh punishments like the cangue, and started the “Rule of Avoidance” to prevent officials from ruling their native provinces.

H

This dynasty threw ludicrous amounts of money at a series of four military campaigns, only to consistently end up on the receiving end up an ass kicking by Eulji Mundeok, the greatest Goguryeo general.

H

A book named for this dynasty records how for many generations prior to the conquest, the Turks “engaged in metal working for the Rouran”. This dynasty’s Emperor Wen supported the rise of Yami Qaghan.

H

Answer some questions about a Chinese dynasty :Name this dynasty which oversaw the rebuilding of Chang’an as a planned city with curfews and systematic wards. Among its leaders were Wen Di and Yang Di.

Watch out: Emperor Yang (second ruler) vs. Emperor Wen (founder); both from Yang family
#354 · Other Families and Dynasties · Level 1

Kamakura Shogunate

Kamakura Shogunate
Artanisen · CC BY-SA 4.0

Japanese military government · 1185–1333 · Japan (capital at Kamakura)

Kamakura Shogunate was Japan's first shogunate, established by Minamoto no Yoritomo after the Genpei War and dominated by Hojo regents.

The kit

  • Rise — Kamakura Shogunate began after Minamoto no Yoritomo's victory at the Battle of Dan-no-Ura in 1185 broke Taira power.
  • Achievements — Kamakura Shogunate repelled two Mongol invasions aided by kamikaze typhoons and adopted the Goseibai Shikimoku legal code.
  • Conflicts — Kamakura Shogunate defeated Emperor Go-Toba's forces at the Third Battle of Uji during the Jokyu Disturbance in 1221.
  • Death & succession — Kamakura Shogunate fell in 1333 when Emperor Go-Daigo overthrew it in the Kenmu Restoration, succeeded by Ashikaga rule.

Runs with

Heian Period
Kamakura Shogunate succeeded the Heian Period in 1185 open card →
Bakumatsu Period
Japan
first shogunate government in Japanese history open card →
Ashikaga Shogunate
overthrew Kamakura Shogunate in 1333 open card →

The ladder · 15 clues

H

In an attempt to reassert imperial authority during this period, Emperor Go-Toba started the Jokyu War against the Hojo regency.

H

The ascension of Minamoto no Yoritomo started this period of Japanese history that succeeded the Heian.

H

The battle of Dan-no-Ura allowed this period to begin when the power of the rival Taira clan was broken.

H

One revolt during this period was ended at the Third Battle of Uji and its leader, Go-Toba, was exiled to the Oki Islands.

H

This first shogunate lasted from 1185 to 1333. It came to power after the Genpei War, and was overthrown by Emperor Go-Daigo in the Kenmu Restoration.

H

During this period, the first military code of law of the country, the Goseibai Shikimoku, was adopted.

H

The Northern and Southern Courts were started during this period, which was dominated by the shikken regents from the Hojo clan.

M

During this period's Jokyu Disturbance, the Hojo family defeated Go-Toba's forces at the Third Battle of Uji.

M

The Minamoto family established this shogunate which was later dominated by the Hojo clan and fought off two Yuan dynasty invasions of Japan.

M

The Heian period was followed by this Shogunate, during which the Mongol invasions of Japan were repulsed.

M

Following the battle of Dan No Ura in 1185, this period of Japanese history began. It is named for the military capital established by the Minamoto clan.

M

Seeing the rule of the Minimoto and Hojo families, identify this first Japanese Shogunate, which was succeeded by the Ashikaga Shogunate and is named for a city near Tokyo.

E

This first shogunate was established by Minamoto no Yoritomo following the Genpei War. This government was overthrown by the Ashikaga shogunate.

E

This period proved to be the first establishment of a bakufu, or tent government, by the shogun Minamoto Yoritomo. name this Japanese period where the first shogunate was established.

E

"Divine winds," called kamikaze, thwarted two Mongol invasions during this first shogunate of Japan.

10 more clues from the record
H

Modernizations to the judicial system during this period included the establishment of Hyōjōsho and Hikitsuke [[hee-kee-TSOO-kee]] courts.

H

During this period, there were two Mongol invasions, and the money spent preparing for a third invasion led to its downfall.

H

Due to an earthquake, Sadaoki ordered his troops to purge his nominal superior at Heizen Gate.

H

Kusunoki Masashige led forces in the Genko War during this period.

H

This period’s Shimotsuki Incident targeted the Adachi.

H

ThisperiodallowedtheHojoregenttogainpowerbyrebellingagainst“cloisteredemperor”Go-Toba.

H

This era, beginning in 1192, was the first in which a shogun held real power rather than the emperor. The Minamoto, Fujiwara, and Hojo clans all held power during this shogunate, which followed after the Genpei War.

H

Before a major battle one leader of this polity meditated to find the source of cowardice in himself, and one conflict during it occurred when the cloistered emperor Go-Toba attempted to take the throne.

H

This regime’s warriors included Yoichi, who shot a fan off an enemy warship from horseback, and Kumagai, who tearfully killed his enemy’s boy commander, as told in Tales of the Heike.

H

During this period, two Mongol invasions were defeated thanks to some timely typhoons. FTPE:Name this period of Japanese history, which is named for the city where Minamoto Yoritomo established his capital.

Watch out: Ashikaga Shogunate (second shogunate, not first)
#357 · Other Families and Dynasties · Level 1

Han

Han
Rhododendrites · CC BY-SA 4.0

Chinese dynasty and ethnic group · 202 BCE–220 CE · China

Han was China's second imperial dynasty, founded by Liu Bang, and the name of China's dominant ethnic group.

The kit

  • Rise — Han was founded by Liu Bang, who cemented power by defeating Western Chu at the Battle of Gaixia in 202 BCE.
  • Achievements — Han Emperor Wu sent expeditions westward seeking "blood-sweating" heavenly horses and first conquered Silk Road city-states in Xinjiang.
  • Conflicts — Han forces defeated the Xiongnu in conflicts lasting from 133 BCE to 89 CE, though General Li Ling defected during a disastrous attack.
  • Legacy — Han created four commanderies in Korea under Emperor Wu and was the first dynasty to incorporate the Five Classics in training officials.

Runs with

China
Han ruled China as its second imperial dynasty open card →
Xiongnu
Han defeated Xiongnu in wars from 133 BCE to 89 CE open card →
Sima Qian
Sima Qian wrote Records of the Great Historian during Han open card →
Yellow Turban Rebellion
Yellow Turban Rebellion fatally weakened Han dynasty open card →

The ladder · 15 clues

H

The rebels in the Revolt of the Three Feudatories largely belonged to this ethnic group, the dominant one in China. A dynasty of this name was succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period.

H

Bàn liǎng were replaced in 118 BCE by the Wu Zhu during this dynasty’s Western period. This dynasty shares its name with China’s largest ethnic group.

H

This dynasty launched an invasion under Gen. Ban Chao in which itcaptured the cities of Kucha and Kara Shahr.

H

Ruled millions of people with this ethnicity this shares its name with the second imperial dynasty of China.

H

This dynasty took increasing interest in the Western Regions, or Xiyu [shee-yoo], during its wars with the Xiongnu [shung-noo] people. :Name this Chinese dynasty whose emperor Wudi sent a military expedition to the west in search of “blood-sweating” heavenly horses.

H

The Xiongnu were ultimately defeated by the forces of this Chinese dynasty in a series of conflicts lasting from 133 BCE to 89 CE. Emperor Wu of this dynasty, born Liu Che, began the offensive campaigns against the Xiongnu.

H

This dynasty’s Emperor Wu had to wait for the death of Grand Empress Dowager Dou to launch his campaign against the Xiongnu . :Name this Chinese dynasty that came to power shortly after the fall of the Qin .

M

Another military campaign under this dynasty was a disastrous attack under General Li Ling, who defected to the Barbarian tribe he was attacking.

M

This dynasty was interrupted by a succession crisis caused by Emperor Ai's homosexuality.

M

That interruption was ended by Red Eyebrow rebels.

M

The use of this syllable and seong to refer to Seoul came for its meaning of “great” and not affiliation with China. what Korean syllable is homophonous with the Chinese dynasty that conquered Gojoseon in 108 BCE?

M

This was the name of the fief owned by a daimyo. They were at least large enough to produce enough rice to feed ten thousand and were replaced by prefectures during the Meiji restoration.

M

This syllable follows Sam to describe the three kingdoms unified by Silla.

E

The Yellow Turban rebellion fatally weakened, ---- this Chinese dynasty that succeeded the Qin and preceded the Era of the Three Kingdoms.

E

This dynasty, whose leaders practiced “Imperial Confucianism,” was founded a by Liu Bang. name this Chinese dynasty that succeeded the Qin.

10 more clues from the record
H

Stony Brook professor Sandra Kim traced a concept named for this syllable to a section of the Beauty of Everyday Things describing a nation’s utilitarian white pottery.

H

This syllable followed the syllables Jin, Byeon, and Min in the name of three confederations that began sourcing iron from the sands of the Nakdong River during the first century BCE.

H

During the Japanese colonial period, a place name starting with this syllable was replaced with Keijō and a concept named for this syllable came to represent intergenerational sorrow and resentment.

H

The Silk Road city states of the Xīnjiāng were first conquered by China under this dynasty, which shares its name with China’s largest ethnic group.

H

Name these Chinese dynasties from the years they ruled and their founders, .202 BCE to 220 CE, Liu Pang

H

The founder of this dynasty cemented his power by defeating the Western Chu power at the Battle of Gaixia .

H

This dynasty was the first to incorporated The Five Classics in training state officials.

H

Records of the Great Historian was written during this dynasty by Sima Qian .

H

This dynasty heavily fortified its first capital of Chang’an.

M

Four commanderies in Korea were created during the reign of Emperor Wu of this dynasty.

Watch out: Qin dynasty (immediately preceded Han; students confuse the order of early Chinese dynasties)
#412 · Political Offices and Titles · Level 1

Shogun

Shogun
bdi Utagawa Yoshitora /span /a · Public domain

Japanese military dictators · 1192–1868 · Japan

Shoguns were the de facto military rulers of feudal Japan who held real power while emperors remained ceremonial figureheads.

The kit

  • Rise — Shogun originated as shorthand for 'barbarian-subduing generalissimo' and was first held by Minamoto no Yoritomo in 1192.
  • Authority — Shoguns governed through the bakufu 'tent government' and exercised supreme power over regional lords called daimyo.
  • Policies — Shoguns required daimyo to alternate living between the capital and home regions and licensed red-seal ships for trade.
  • End — Shoguns lost power in the Boshin War and the final shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu resigned in 1868 during the Meiji Restoration.

Runs with

Japan
military dictators of Japan from 1192 to 1868 open card →
Bakumatsu Period
period ending shogunal rule by Tokugawa open card →
Daimyo
regional lords over whom shoguns held supreme authority open card →
Meiji Restoration
1868 restoration ending shogunal power under Yoshinobu open card →

The ladder · 15 clues

H

Ieyasu’s victory at Sekigahara allowed him to take this position as the military ruler of Japan who held real power compared to the emperor.

H

The final holder of this title was Tokugawa Yoshinobu. :Prior to an 1868 restoration of imperial rule this title was held by military rulers of Japan.

H

A power vacuum created after the death of a holder of this title led to the Onin War, which initiated the Sengoku period.

H

Figurehead holders of this title included Kujo Yoritsune. :Identify this title, also held by Japanese military dictators like Tokugawa Ieyasu.

H

This title originated as shorthand for the “barbarian-subduing generalissimo” who fought against marauding horsemen.

H

This office was at the head of the "tent government" and originated as the "barbarian-quelling generalissimo." Holders of this title established the Kamakura and Ashikaga eras. name this office which wielded actual power for most of the recorded history of Japan, in the name of the figurehead emperor.

H

Military position first held by Minamoto no Yoritomo [[mih-nah-MOH-toh noh toh- ree-TOH-moh]], making him the de facto head of Japan.

M

People with this title gave up power in 1868 due to the Meiji Restoration.

M

Leaders with this title lost their power in the Boshin War.

M

Holders of this title required less powerful nobles to alternate living between the capital and their home region.

M

These people held power in the Muromachi and Kamakura periods.

M

Minamoto no Yoritomo was the first Japanese ruler to take this title. These military dictators supplanted the Emperor for several centuries following the rise of the Minamoto.

E

The title of the de facto military rulers of feudal Japan?

E

The Kamakura period marked the beginning of these rulers, who had overarching power over Daimyos. name these military rulers of Japan which include Tokugawa Ieyasu.

E

Oda overthrew the Ashikaga government, which was ruled by military dictators with this title. Tokugawa Ieyasu also held this title.

10 more clues from the record
H

This political leader reigned supreme over local lords known as daimyo, and the last ones were descendants and relatives of Tokugawa Ieyasu. :Name this warlord who had real power in Japan prior to the Meiji restoration.

H

A man who seized this title backed a series of six royal pretenders at the “Northern Court.” Governments led by people with this title were, despite occasional royal advice, essentially a continuation of the “cloistered rule” system.

H

A man killed by the soldiers of one holder of this position was found with his corpse standing upright, while another holder of this office was assassinated by his nephew after being nominated as Minister of the Right.

H

Minamoto no Yoritomo proceeded to establish a bakufu, using this title that denotes the military dictators who held real power in medieval Japan rather than the emperors.

H

Minamoto no Yoritomo vastly expanded the administrative purview of this position. :Name this position, the military ruler of feudal Japan. Tokugawa Ieyasu ascended to this position near the end of the Sengoku period.

H

The red-seal ships were commissioned by a holder of this position, who required his feudal lords to send hostages to the capital in the policy of alternative attendance.

H

This political title names a book by Jacob Schlesinger that discusses machines run by retired prime ministers known as “shadow” examples of them.

H

In the seventeenth century, these people licensed "red seal ships," limited outside ideas to "Dutch Learning," and led the persecution of Kirishitans.

H

The rule of these non-emperors was known as bakufu. :Name these military rulers of Japan. The bakumatsu ended a period of rule by these types of rulers which was begun by Tokugawa Ieyasu.

H

A species of crab is said to resemble the faces of those defeated by the brother of one of these people at a naval battle in which a sword was thrown into the sea.

Watch out: Emperor of Japan—shoguns held actual military and political power while emperors were ceremonial figureheads
#455 · Named Literary Works · Level 1

Records of the Grand Historian

Records of the Grand Historian
Zhonghua Book Company · Public domain

Chinese historical text · c. 109–91 BCE · Han Dynasty China

Records of the Grand Historian is Sima Qian's comprehensive history spanning from the Yellow Emperor to Emperor Wu of Han.

The kit

  • Structure — Records of the Grand Historian is divided into five sections: Basic Annals, Tables, Treatises, Hereditary Houses, and Ranked Biographies.
  • Sources & scope — Records of the Grand Historian compiled sources on the Han Dynasty and earlier periods, with its Shang king list later confirmed by oracle bones.
  • Historical impact — Records of the Grand Historian established conventions for Chinese historiography and became the first of the Twenty-Four Histories.
  • Notable content — Records of the Grand Historian includes accounts of assassin-retainers, merchants, the Nine Tripod Cauldrons, and Bai Qi the "Human Butcher."

Runs with

Sima Qian
authored by Sima Qian after his castration open card →
Han Dynasty
written during the Han Dynasty open card →
China
chronicles Chinese history from legendary times open card →
Annals
Basic Annals is one of its five sections open card →

The ladder · 15 clues

H

Historical work by Sima Qian [chee-ahn] in which he compiled a variety of sources on the Han Dynasty.

H

Hereditary Houses and the Basic Annals make up two of its five sections.

H

During a mountaintop sacrifice in this text, a king decrees an inscription extolling how he “rises early, sleeps late” to work for his subjects, whom he calls the “black-headed people.” This text’s preface describes its author’s desire to use the office he inherited from his father to continue his father’s dream, rather than the office’s main job of astronomy.

H

One episode in this work relates how a ruler entered his outhouse to find the dismembered, rotting corpse of his father's lover, traumatizing him into a life of sexual deviancy and leaving the throne in the hands of his mother.

H

This text is also known as the Shiji. :Name this historical text that discusses Chinese history from the legendary Yellow Emperor to Emperor Wu. It is divided into “Basic Annals,” “Tables,” “Treatises,” “Hereditary Houses,” and “Ranked Biographies.”

H

This work imagines a worm eating a mulberry leaf to explain the rapid success of one figure; that man's near-murder with a knife concealed in a scroll appears in this work's catalogue of assassinations.

H

The historically controversial chapter of this text about merchants condemns governments that “block up the eyes and ears of people” and opposes a thinker’s ideal state of isolated self-sufficient communities.

M

Much of what is known about the Shang dynasty is derived from this massive Han era history written by Sima Qian.

M

The anecdote about the Bai Qi (bye chee), "The Human Butcher," appears in this text by Sima Qian (suh-mah chee-EN), which claims that the Xia (sh’YAH) Dynasty were the first rulers in the lands that comprise modern-day China.

M

Much of the extant information about the Nine Tripod Cauldrons, including their supposed loss in the Sì River, is recorded in this text written by Sīmǎ Qiān during the Hàn Dynasty.

M

The discovery of oracle bones defended this text from criticism that its description of 30 Shang dynasty rulers was not based on written fact.

M

Running from the Yellow Emperor to Wudi, name this most famous history of China, compiled by Han historian Sima Qian.

M

To finish this work, its author refrained from suicide after Li Ling's failed attack on the Xiongnu led to his castration.

M

The Shang dynasty is recounted in this masterpiece of Sima Qian, which begins by describing the reign of the Yellow Emperor.

E

Exaggerated accounts of King Zhou’s reign come from this history written by Sima Qian . It spans from the reign of the Yellow Emperor to Emperor Wu.

10 more clues from the record
H

In an essay about this text, UNC historian Grant Hardy analyzes its five conflicting narrations of one man’s defection as a favourable alternative to unified narratives.

H

Modern critics of this first of the 24 Histories were shocked after excavations at Anyang mostly matched its early king list with Shang-era oracle bones.

H

The Spring and Autumn Annals were cited by this work written by Sima Qian . This work established many of the conventions used in later works of Chinese historiography.

H

Burton Watson’s translation of this text included a section on the “Assassin-Retainers” but left out its chapters on bells and calendars.

H

This work used the eyewitness account of Xia Wuju to recount an attempted assassination with a knife concealed within a map.

H

This text includes an essay written by the writer’s father characterizing six philosophical schools like the Naturalists.

H

The first figure described in this work affixed a compass to a chariot to defeat a bronze-headed tyrant.

H

Future works emulated the last 69 chapters of this text dedicated to characterization-heavy “Ranked Biographies”.

H

Modern editions of this text often incorporate a series of commentaries on it known as the Sanjiazhu , or the “Commentaries of the Three Experts”.

H

One chapter of this work describes how the Sovereign of Earth is sacrificed to on Mount Tai.

Watch out: Spring and Autumn Annals (cited as a source by this work, but a separate earlier text)
#460 · Named Literary Works · Level 1

Romance of the Three Kingdoms

Romance of the Three Kingdoms
周曰校(Before 1640) · Public domain

Chinese historical novel · 14th century (events: 169-280 CE) · China

Romance of the Three Kingdoms is a 14th-century novel by Luo Guanzhong chronicling the fall of the Han dynasty and the wars among Wei, Wu, and Shu.

The kit

  • Opening events — Romance of the Three Kingdoms begins with the Yellow Turban Rebellion and corrupt eunuchs, then depicts Liu Bei, Guan Yu, and Zhang Fei swearing the Oath of the Peach Garden.
  • Central conflict — Romance of the Three Kingdoms features protagonist Liu Bei and antagonist Cao Cao battling for control after the Han collapse, with warlord Dong Zhuo seizing Luoyang early in the conflict.
  • Battle of Red Cliffs — Romance of the Three Kingdoms climaxes at the Battle of Red Cliffs, where Zhuge Liang obtains arrows using straw dummies and a Sun Quan-Liu Bei alliance defeats Cao Cao.
  • Legacy — Romance of the Three Kingdoms is one of the Four Great Classical Novels of China alongside Journey to the West, Water Margin, and Dream of the Red Chamber, inspiring Dynasty Warriors games.

Runs with

China
set during period of Chinese history after Han fall open card →
Han Dynasty
chronicles end of Han dynasty to reunification century later open card →
Yellow Turban Rebellion
opens with Yellow Turban Rebellion against corrupt eunuchs open card →
Water Margin
fellow member of Four Great Classical Novels of China open card →

The ladder · 15 clues

H

In this book, Liu Bei, Guan Yu, and Zhang Fei make the Oath of the Peach Garden. :This is what historical novel in which the Shu Han, Wu, and Wei principalities fight?

H

In this book, two friends are turned against each other after a south wind fails to materialize, and one of those men constructs the Stone Sentinel Maze in battle.

H

Liu Bei and Cao Cao are the protagonist and antagonist of this Luo Guanzhong novel, which details the conflict between Wu, Wei, and Shu after the fall of the Han dynasty.

H

A video game series created by Omega Force and Koei that is based on this novel lets you kill opponents to fill your musou bar to perform special attacks, and is called Dynasty Warriors.

H

A character in this novel, based on a historical warlord also known as Xuande [], throws his infant son to the ground after General Zhao Yun [] risks his life to save him during the Battle of Changban [].

H

The Battle of Red Cliffs appears in this novel which relates the campaigns of Cao Cao [] and Zhuge Liang [[TCHOO-guh LYAHNG]].

H

In this novel, one character obtains arrows by sending out dummies in boats, and then collecting the arrows shot at the dummies.

M

This work describes a corrupt set of eunuchs as well as the Yellow Turban Rebellion.

M

A general in this work convinces his enemies that he can perform magic by praying to an alter for three days until a southeasterly wind appears. name this book where a Sun Quan-Liu Bei alliance defeats Cao Cao at Red Cliffs, a classic novel by Luo Guanzhong.

M

In this novel, Dong Zhou seizes Luoyang , prompting battles between himself and Cao Cao. name this ancient work by Luo Guanzhong about the feuding Shu, Wu, and Wei families.

M

Luo Guanzhong [] wrote this historical “Romance” set during a namesake period of Chinese history.

M

That same character becomes head of the Five Tiger Generals, swears the Oath of the Peach Orchard with two other characters, and becomes the god of war at the end of this work.

E

This book’s climactic scene is the Battle of Red Cliffs. name this historical Chinese novel partially named after the states of Wei, Wu, and Shu.

E

Liu Bei, Guan Yu, and Zhang Fei become sworn brothers in this novel, which features the manipulative Cao Cao. name this work, which along with Journey to the West, Water Margin, and The Dream of the Red Chamber, is one of the four classical novels of China.

E

Beginning with the Yellow Turban Rebellion and describing the personages of militaristic figures like Cao Cao, name this early Chinese novel that is one of the four Chinese Classics, set in the titular time period.

10 more clues from the record
H

Three men in this novel agree to becomes brothers when they swear an oath in a peach garden.

H

A character in this novel receives a book of Great Peace from the spirit of an old man with a walking stick.

H

An extremely fast horse in this book refuses to eat and starves to death after its original owner is killed.

H

The characters in this novel became Japanese schoolgirls in the series Ikki Tousen, or Battle Vixens.

H

A character in this novel is given the horse Red Hare from his foster father.

H

In this work. a pirate who attaches bells to his clothing terrorizes the Ba Commandery.

H

It is preceded and concluded by a brief song noting how the events of the story failed to inspire lasting change upon the world: “same are loss and gain.” In the beginning of this work, three strangers declare eternal brotherhood and get exceedingly drunk, and later their leader is informed that another has tied up and begun thrashing a prominent official.

H

One character in this novel uses the Stone Sentinel Maze to stop another character from advancing, and uses straw figures to retrieve ten thousand arrows upon Zhou Yu’s request.

H

answer the following about a Chinese book.It was written by Luo Guanzhong and details the end of the Han dynasty to the reunification over a century later.

H

Other events include a minister’s use of his adopted daughter in a palace plot and the triumph of Dong Zhuo over Zhang Rang and the eunuchs.

#464 · Named Literary Works · Level 1

Tale of Genji

Tale of Genji
Imperial Palace Kyoto · Public domain

Heian-era Japanese novel · early 11th century · Heian Japan

Tale of Genji is a Heian-era novel by Lady Murasaki Shikibu often considered the world's first novel.

The kit

  • Protagonist — Tale of Genji follows the "shining prince," son of Emperor Kiritsubo, who marries Princess Aoi and has an affair with Lady Fujitsubo.
  • Plot elements — Tale of Genji includes a character whose jealousy manifests as a spirit to kill the protagonist's love interest.
  • Scope — Tale of Genji chronicles the amorous affairs and social relationships of over 400 characters across multiple generations.
  • Translation — Tale of Genji was first translated into English by Arthur Waley, who believed it was finished, unlike later translators such as Edward Seidensticker.

Runs with

Bakumatsu Period
written centuries before this period open card →
Heian Period
written during this era open card →
Japan
set in this country open card →
Kyoto
set in the Heian capital open card →

The ladder · 8 clues

H

Lady Murasaki work that may be the world's first novel.

H

This novel’s protagonist adopts the daughter of his brother-in-law and Yugao [yoo-gah-oh]; his own daughter, the younger Akashi Lady, becomes an empress after being adopted by the protagonist’s wife.

H

Arthur Waley, the first translator of this work into English, believed that it was finished, but other translators such as Edward Seidensticker disagree.

H

This work includes a character whose jealousy manifests as a spirit to kill the protagonist’s love interest.

H

It was written for the yokibito and is often considered the first novel. :Name this Japanese work that focuses on the amorous affairs of an emperor’s son and chronicles the development and social relationships of over 400 characters.

M

The protagonist of this work marries Princess Aoi in its first chapter and has an affair with Lady Fujitsubo. name this Heian-era work by Lady Murasaki, often considered the world’s first novel.

M

A character in this work is married to the daughter of the Minister of the Left, Aoi.

E

The protagonist of this novel, the son of Emperor Kiritsubo, is so beautiful at his birth that he is labeled the “shining prince.” name this Japanese novel by Murasaki Shikibu.

#474 · Religious Groups and Denominations · Level 1

Buddhism

Buddhism
Dirk Beyer · CC BY-SA 3.0

Asian religion · founded c. 500s BCE · originated India, spread across Asia

Buddhism is an Asian religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama after he gained enlightenment under the Bodhi tree in modern-day Nepal.

The kit

  • Founding & core teachings — Buddhism centers on the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path taught by Siddhartha Gautama after his enlightenment.
  • Major sects — Buddhism split into Mahayana and Theravada sects, with Ashoka overseeing the founding of Theravada after the Kalinga War.
  • Spread to East Asia — Buddhism spread from India and China throughout Vietnam and Japan, where Prince Shotoku practiced it and Shinbutsu-shugo mixed it with Shinto.
  • Political adoption — Buddhism gained royal support when Ashoka converted after the Kalinga War's bloodshed and when Greek Bactrian leader Menander I converted.

Runs with

Ashoka the Great
converted after Kalinga War victory open card →
Nanda Empire
Japan
practiced by Prince Shotoku, Tendai school open card →
Bakumatsu Period

The ladder · 15 clues

H

During a revival of this religion in Dalit, B.R. Ambedkar began implementing mass conversion to this religion.

H

The Three Disasters of Wu were a set of attempted persecutions of this religion.

H

World religion that spread throughout Vietnam from India and China. It is split into the Mahayana and Theravada sects.

H

Monasteries of this religion in China were heavily taxed during the Tang Dynasty.

H

Religion originating in India that he suppressed by banning monks.

H

Greek coins featuring symbols from this religion attest to the Bactrian leader Menander I’s conversion to it.

H

The Book of Zambasta, a philosophical and literary collection of this religion, complains that the language it is written in was not widely considered an appropriate medium for transmitting this religion.

M

The Kalinga War was a victory for the Mauryan ruler Ashoka, who was so disturbed by the bloodshed that he converted to this religion.

M

Prince Shotoku developed this religion in Japan, and the Rock and Pillar Edicts are early evidence of this religion in India, where the Kalinga War convinced Ashoka to convert to this religion.

M

Ashoka oversaw the founding of the Theravada sect of this religion, which he converted to after his victory in the Kalinga War. This religion follows the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama.

M

Most Tibetans follows a regional variation of this faith which adheres to the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama.

M

This religion’s title Arhat is given to a person who has followed the Eightfold Path in this religion’s Theravada sect.

E

This religion’s founder was born in modern day Nepal and gained enlightenment while sitting under the Bodhi tree. name this Indian religion founded by Siddartha Gautama.

E

The Four Noble Truths are central to this Indian religion that was founded after Gautama became enlightened.

E

Shinran founded Jodo Shinshu, a “True” sect of the Pure Land form of this Asian religion that also includes Theravada and Mahayana branches.

10 more clues from the record
H

Mentions in ancient documents of a god named Bhatro suggest syncretism of this religion with local traditions in the Shanshan Kingdom.

H

In The Eye Opener, one thinker from this school argued for the use of the “gentle arguments” and “break and subdue” methods after his followers in Kamakura were persecuted.

H

Members of this religion in Myanmar have committed human rights violations against the Rohingya people.

H

This other form of Buddhism, which uses koans to teach Buddhist principles, is commonly practiced in Japan

H

In Japan, Shinbutsu-shugo is a syncretism, or mixed religion, of aspects of Shinto with this other world religion.

H

The Sohei warriors adhered to this religion, as did Rennyo, a leader of the ikko-ikki.

H

A temple on Mount Hiei [hee-ay] for this religion was part of the Tendai school in Japan.

H

The city of Bagram was originally the capital of an ethnically Greek state that practiced this religion.

H

BAY-mee-yahn) were destroyed by the Taliban. name this religion whose Vajryana (pr.

H

A traveling monk of this religion named Ennin visited Tang Dynasty China.

Watch out: Confusing Mahayana and Theravada sects or their regional distributions
#629 · Explorers and Navigators · Level 2

Zheng He

Zheng He
Marcin Konsek · CC BY-SA 4.0

Ming admiral and explorer · early 15th century · Indian Ocean, Southeast Asia, East Africa

Zheng He was a Muslim eunuch admiral who led seven treasure fleet voyages for the Ming Dynasty across the Indian Ocean.

The kit

  • Rise — Zheng He served as a eunuch to the eventual Yongle Emperor, who later dispatched him on diplomatic missions across the Indian Ocean.
  • Voyages — Zheng He commanded the treasure fleet on seven voyages documented in the Mao Kun map, reaching the Swahili Coast cities of Malindi and Mombasa.
  • Conflicts — Zheng He defeated the pirate Chen Zuyi at the Battle of Palembang and captured King Vira Alakeshwara during a war with Kotte.
  • Legacy — Zheng He spread worship of the sea goddess Mazu across Asia and erected a trilingual inscription at Galle commemorating his Sri Lankan visit.

Runs with

Ming Dynasty
commanded treasure fleet for Ming open card →
Yongle Emperor
sent by Yongle on seven voyages open card →
Africa
visited Swahili Coast cities open card →
Indian Ocean
led diplomatic missions across region open card →

The ladder · 9 clues

H

During a war with the Kingdom of Kotte, this man captured King Vira Alakeshwara and placed a trilingual inscription at Galle [[GAH-luh]].

H

The Mao Kun map accurately depicts this man’s journey to cities on the Swahili Coast like Malindi and Mombasa.

H

Eunuch [yoo-nuk] explorer whose massive “treasure fleet” went on 7 voyages.

H

A stone monument built at Galle commemorates this man’s visit to Sri Lanka and describes in three languages how he made offerings to local gods.

M

This man was gifted a giraffe by the Sultan of Bengal which he promptly brought back to the Yongle Emperor. name this Muslim eunuch, a 15th century Chinese admiral who led many treasure voyages for the Ming.

M

This man defeated Chen Zuyi’s pirate fleet at the Battle of Palembang.

M

This leader brought back a giraffe from Malindi after visiting the Swahili Coast.

E

This man was eunuch servant to the eventual Yongle Emperor, who sent him on many diplomatic missions in the Indian Ocean. name this Ming explorer who led a massive treasure fleet.

E

This man served the Yongle emperor on a series of seven journeys in the early 1400s. name this Chinese navigator known for his sea voyages.

10 more clues from the record
H

This man defeated the pirate Chen Zuyi at the Battle of Palembang during a series of expeditions documented in the Mao-Kun map.

H

Answer the following about a eunuch and an envoy of the Ming Dynasty, :This man, who claimed descent from an early Mongol governor of Yunan, commanded the Treasure Fleet on seven voyages of diplomacy and exploration in and around the Indian Ocean.

H

A more famous Hui was this Muslim admiral, who made numerous voyages to Southeast and South Asia as well as Africa thanks to the patronage of the Yongle emperor.

H

The Yǒnglè Emperor dispatched the first treasure fleet voyages led by this man, who traveled across the Indian Ocean to project Chinese power.

H

This man’s family claimed descent from King Mohammed of Bukhara; while in Ceylon he was challenged by, but later captured, King Alagonakkara.

H

This leader installed Parakramabahu VI [[pah-rah-krah-mah-BAH-hoo the Sixth]] as the final king of a united Sri Lanka.

H

This man’s forces fought against the army of King Alakeshvara in a war that overthrew the ruling family of Kotte.

H

This man’s political interventions included capturing the usurper Sekandar of Semudera and capturing King Alagonakkara of Kotte.

H

This man is credited with spreading the worship of the shamaness-turned-sea goddess Mazu across Asia.

H

This man did not personally go on a voyage he organized that installed Mana Vikraman as king of Calicut.

Watch out: A giraffe gift came from the Sultan of Bengal, not from Malindi despite Zheng He visiting both locations
#631 · Explorers and Navigators · Level 2

Marco Polo

Marco Polo
Unknown author Unknown author · Public domain

Venetian merchant and traveler · 13th century · Venice to China

Marco Polo was a Venetian merchant who traveled to China and served at Kublai Khan's court in the Yuan Dynasty.

The kit

  • Journey — Marco Polo traveled the Silk Road with Niccolo and Maffeo to reach the court of Kublai Khan.
  • Service — Marco Polo's final duty was delivering Princess Kököchin to Persia, after which he returned to Venice with riches.
  • Imprisonment — Marco Polo was captured at the Battle of Curzola and imprisoned, where he dictated his memoirs to cellmate Rustichello da Pisa.
  • Legacy — Marco Polo's credibility has been questioned because he never mentioned footbinding, walls, or chopsticks in his accounts.

Runs with

Kublai Khan
served at his court and was his patron open card →
China
traveled there and provided Europeans first in-depth information open card →
Silk Road
traveled this route to reach China open card →
Yuan Dynasty
served at its court under Kublai Khan open card →

The ladder · 9 clues

H

This man wrote a work with the help of cellmate Rustichello da Pisa after his capture, which possibly took place at the Battle of Curzola.

H

This man told his stories to Rustichello da Pisa [[roo-stee-KEH-loh dah PEE-sah]] who wrote The Travels of [this man] in 1300.

H

A book repudiating this man’s most famous achievement is marred by errors, including a claim that Giovanni de Marignolli was mentioned by name in a period document.

H

Tradition holds that this man was captured at the Battle of Curzola and thrown into prison, where he began work on his memoirs.

M

the Venetian trader and met Kublai Khan at his court?

M

This man’s claims may have been embellished with the help of Rustichello, a fellow author.

M

This man’s final duty to a certain empire was the delivery of Princess Kököchin to her husband in Persia, after which he returned to Venice with his riches. name this world-traveling Venetian merchant who spent time in the court of Kublai Khan.

E

Kublai Khan was supposedly the patron of this Italian merchant who traveled to the Yuan Dynasty in China.

E

This man’s lack of reference to the Great Wall has caused speculation that he never met with Kublai Khan. name this Venetian merchant who recounted his time in China in his Travels.

10 more clues from the record
H

In one work. this man claimed he visited Cipangu, an island chain with roads paved with gold.

H

the 13th century Italian traveler who was a guest of its court?

H

This Italian merchant wrote about the Far East in his Travels after he served in the court of Kublai Khan. He traveled the Silk Road with Niccolo and Maffeo.

H

name some early explorers:Rustichello da Pisa wrote a travelogue about this man’s journey to China, where he lived in the court of Kublai Khan.

H

While in prison, this man's cellmate was the author of Romance of King Arthur, a Pisan known as Rusticiano. Historians have accused this man of exaggeration in stories such as having accompanied Princess Kokochin to Persia.

H

This Italian was welcomed at the court of Kublai Khan, and later provided Europeans with their first in-depth information about Far Eastern culture. name this Venetian explorer, namesake of a swimming pool game.

H

While en route to Western Europe, this man had 4,000 denarii seized in the port of Trebizond, retaining some of his wealth by sewing precious stones into his coat.

H

According to a possibly apocryphal story, this man fled his home when Michael VIII Palaiologos ordered the Venetian Quarter of Constantinople burned down.

H

This man’s credibility was brought into question by historians who noticed that this man never wrote about footbinding, walls, or chopsticks.

H

This man first met his father and uncle in 1269 when they returned home after the Nicaean siege of Constantinople.

Watch out: Rustichello da Pisa was his cellmate and scribe, not a co-traveler to China
#665 · Recurring Games, Festivals, and Ceremonies · Level 2

Divination

Divination
Amcaja · CC BY-SA 3.0

predicting the future · ancient times · worldwide

Divination was the practice of determining omens or predicting the future through interpreting signs from gods or nature.

The kit

  • Methods — Divination included haruspicy (reading sheep entrails), augury (watching bird flight), and pyromancy (using tortoise shells).
  • Babylonian texts — Divination in Babylonia made use of Enuma Anu Enlil and involved haruspicy to interpret omens.
  • Chinese practice — Divination was performed by the Shang dynasty using oracle bones and involved cleromancy with the I-Ching.
  • Roman practitioners — Divination was performed in Rome by augurs and haruspices who interpreted bird flight patterns, entrails, dreams, and auspices.

Runs with

Oracle Bones
Shang Dynasty
attempted divination through oracle bones open card →
Rongorongo ScriptNanda Empire

The ladder · 9 clues

H

Methods of doing this in Babylonia made use of texts like Enuma Anu Enlil [Ehn- U-muh AH-nu EN-leel] and entailed the practice of haruspicy [har-OO-spih-see].

H

Jamshid [Jum-SHEED] could perform this action using a cup filled with an elixir of immortality.

H

Ennigaldi-Nanna was chosen as an entu of Sīn via this general process, which Roman religious figures like haruspices and augurs performed by interpreting entrails, auspices, dreams, and oracles.

M

This action was performed by augurs in Rome and could involve watching birds or reading the entrails of sheep. name this action that involved determining omens or predicting the future.

M

This action was performed by priests of Zeus at Dodona [duh-DO-nuh].

M

Tortoise shells were used as bones used for pyromancy, a form of this practice. The I-Ching is a manual dedicated to cleromancy, a form of this practice using random numbers.

E

Other possibly Druidic artifacts include bronze spoons carved in the La Tène style that may have been used for this purpose. In ancient Rome, augurs engaged in this practice by watching the flight patterns of birds.

E

Diego de Landa was horrified by group genital bloodletting rituals like those depicted in the Madrid Codex, which mainly instructed this activity that many cultures performed with beans, knucklebones, or molten metal.

E

Yi Yin was an early leader of the Shang dynasty, which tried to use oracle bones for this process. The Romans attempted to perform this process through augury.

#679 · Archaeological Sites and Ruined Cities · Level 2

Mohenjo-Daro

Mohenjo-Daro
Saqib Qayyum · CC BY-SA 3.0

Indus Valley city · c. 2600–1900 BCE · Sindh, Pakistan

Mohenjo-Daro was the largest city of the Indus Valley Civilization, holding perhaps 40,000 people at its peak around 2600 BCE.

The kit

  • Geography — Mohenjo-Daro was located on the Indus River bank in modern Sindh province, Pakistan, with a planned grid layout.
  • Structures — Mohenjo-Daro's Citadel mound contained a mudbrick Great Bath and a structure called the Great Granary.
  • Artifacts — Mohenjo-Daro yielded the soapstone Priest-King statue and the bronze Dancing Girl figurine showing a nude woman.
  • Legacy — Mohenjo-Daro's name means "Mound of the Dead" and was first excavated by R. D. Banerji in 1919.

Runs with

Indus Valley Civilization
largest city of this civilization open card →
Indus River
built on its bank in southern Pakistan open card →
Pakistan
located in Sindh province open card →
bronze
material of Dancing Girl statuette open card →

The ladder · 9 clues

H

The name of this site translates as “Mound of the Dead.” :Name this archaeological site that includes a large brick structure known as the “Great Bath.” Other artifacts at this site include a statue portraying a smiling “Dancing Girl.”

H

The writing on the Pashupati seal found at this site has yet to be deciphered.

H

With a name meaning “Mound of the Dead,” this largest city of the Indus Valley civilization was built around 2600 BCE. Located in the Sindh province of Pakistan, it was excavated by R. D. Banarjee.

H

answer some questions about a famous archaeological site in Pakistan.This ancient city has been given a name meaning “ Mound of the Dead Men,” but its actual name is unknown.

M

At this site, a small bronze figurine in the position of putting her hand to her hips while only wearing armlets was discovered and named Dancing Girl.

M

Statues known as the Priest-King and the Dancing Girl were found at this site.

M

Located on the bank of the Indus River in southern Pakistan, this archaeological site has a name meaning "Mound of the dead" and had a planned layout into a city grid.

E

This Indus Valley city, whose name means “Mound of the Dead,” may have held 40,000 people at its peak.

E

A "Great Granary" and a "Great Bath" are located at this site's Citadel mound.

10 more clues from the record
H

This site's initial excavation was led by Ernest Mackay, who discovered artworks including the soapstone "Priest-King'' statue and the bronze "Dancing Girl" statuette.

H

Study of an artifact found at this site suggest that it was called Kukkutarma, or "city of the cockerel," implying that it was the place where chickens were first domesticated.

H

This site's monk's cell had a Buddhist style stupa added over a thousand years after its abandonment by inhabitants of the Sindhu Kingdom.

H

One artifact found at this site has an image of a man with half-closed eyes wearing a robe with shell inlays. :Identify this UNESCO World Heritage Site whose highest central block contains a mudbrick Great Bath.

H

A necklace from this site made with steatite beads capped with gold was split in half and shared between two countries during a transfer of over 12,000 objects found here during the 1940s.

H

This site was first discovered by R. D. Banerji in 1919. :Identify this ancient settlement where a bronze statuette of a “dancing girl” was discovered. This site and Harappa contain some of the world’s oldest flush toilets.

H

This city in modern-day Sindh , Pakistan was the largest city of the Indus Valley Civilization. Sculptures found here include the “Priest-King” and the “Dancing Girl”.

H

The book Poultry Breeding and Genetics suggests that skeletons of fighting birds found at this site may have been the first domesticated chickens.

H

Jonathan Mark Kenoyer criticized the identification of the “Great Granary” at this site by Mortimer Wheeler for lacking any evidence of grain storage.

H

A small bronze sculpture found in this site depicts a nude woman with her right hand on her hip and her left arm covered in armlets.

Watch out: Harappa (another major Indus Valley city with similar features including flush toilets)
#684 · Archaeological Sites and Ruined Cities · Level 2

Pataliputra

Pataliputra
Pyule · CC BY-SA 3.0

ancient Indian capital city · c. 5th century BCE–6th century CE · Magadha (modern Patna, Bihar)

Pataliputra was the capital city of the Mauryan, Nanda, and Gupta empires in ancient India.

The kit

  • Founding — Pataliputra began as a fort built by Ajatashatru and became a capital under his son Udaya.
  • Mauryan capital — Pataliputra served as capital of Ashoka's empire and was described in detail by the Greek envoy Megasthenes.
  • Gupta capital — Pataliputra was the capital of the Gupta Dynasty, visited by the Chinese pilgrim Faxian during their rule.
  • Later history — Pataliputra was renamed Azimabad in 1704 in honor of a grandson of Aurangzeb.

Runs with

Nanda Empire
capital of the Nanda Empire open card →
Mauryan Empire
capital of the Mauryan Empire open card →
Chandragupta Maurya
Gupta Empire
capital of Gupta rulers including Srigupta and Chandragupta open card →

The ladder · 9 clues

H

Capital city of Ashoka’s empire.

H

used what capital city, as did the Nanda and Gupta empires?

H

The most important empire to rule from this city was weakened by the White Huns before they were finally destroyed by Harsha, who drove them out of Magadha.

H

Identify these historic places in the Ganges Valley, FTPE.This city, now the capital of Bihar state, was capital of both the Maurya and the Gupta Empires.

H

Ajatashatru is credited with building a fort that became this city, the capital of the Maurya and Gupta empires located near modern day Patna.

H

Earlier, it had been made a capital city by Udaya, the son of the possibly psychotic king named Ajatashatru who founded it.

H

Gupta rulers such as Srigupta and Chandragupta ruled from this city in the state of Magadha. Either the ancient or modern name is acceptable.

M

This ancient city, which served as the capital of the Gupta Dynasty, had earlier been described in detail by Megasthenes when it was the capital of the Mauryan empire.

E

Faxian visited this capital of the Gupta Empire, which was also the birthplace of Ashoka.

1 more clues from the record
H

It was renamed Azimabad in 1704 in honor of a grandson of Aurangzeb.

Watch out: Modern Patna occupies the same site
#701 · Other Rebellions, Revolts, and Uprisings · Level 2

Yellow Turban Rebellion

Yellow Turban Rebellion
SY · CC BY-SA 4.0

peasant revolt · 184–204 CE · Han China

Yellow Turban Rebellion was a peasant uprising against the Han Dynasty led by Zhang Jiao and named for rebels' colorful headgear.

The kit

  • Rise — Yellow Turban Rebellion arose from high taxes to fund Silk Road fortifications, widespread famine, and corrupt eunuchs dominating Emperor Ling's court.
  • Ideology — Yellow Turban Rebellion's leader Zhang Jiao declared the "Azure Sky" was dead and promised prosperity, drawing on the Taoist text The Crucial Keys to the Way of Peace.
  • Suppression — Yellow Turban Rebellion was suppressed by Cao Cao after He Jin was appointed General-in-Chief, though Lu Zhi was falsely accused of treason and replaced by Dong Zhuo.
  • Legacy — Yellow Turban Rebellion weakened imperial authority and started the Three Kingdoms period, with a resurgence by White Wave Bandits forcing Emperor Xian to flee Chang'an.

Runs with

Han Dynasty
revolt against Emperor Ling's Han government open card →
Bakumatsu Period
Three Kingdoms Period
rebellion started the tumult leading to this period open card →
Romance of the Three Kingdoms
novel opens with this rebellion open card →

The ladder · 9 clues

H

The tumult of the Three Kingdoms period essentially started in 184 AD with this peasant revolt, led by Zhang Jiao.

H

The increasing power of a group of corrupt eunuchs known as The Ten Regular Attendants within the imperial court was one of the inspirations for this event.

H

It was in part caused by the abuses of a group including Zhang Rang.

H

This rebellion was led by a man who had the book The Crucial Keys to the Way of Peace and it occurred during the reign of Emperor Ling.

M

The leader of this event declared that the “Azure Sky” was already dead and there would soon be prosperity under heaven.

M

This second century CE peasant revolt led to a weakening of the Imperial authority of Emperor Ling and his government. name this Han era revolt by Taoist rebels wearing a colored garment.

M

This event led to He Jin being appointed General in Chief of Emperor Ling’s forces.

E

He Jin was appointed General-in-Chief to put down this revolt, which was led by Zhang Jue. name this rebellion against the Han dynasty, named for the colorful headgear worn by its supporters.

E

Led by the Zhang family and which led to the Three Kingdoms period.

10 more clues from the record
H

A resurgence of this rebellion by the White Wave Bandits led Emperor Xian [shee-ahn] to flee from the imperial capital of Chang’an.

H

Lu Zhi was falsely accused of treason during this event, which caused him to be replaced by the Dong Zhuo.

H

Rebellion of peasants based in secret Taoist societies and put down by Cao Cao [tsao-tsao].

H

This event was supported by the Crucial Keys to the Way of Peace, which was supposedly a gift from a deity.

H

Romance of the Three Kingdoms opens with this rebellion, outlining Cao Cao’s path to power.

H

Causes of this uprising include the concentration of court power in ten eunuchs and high taxes on peasants in order to fund fortifications along the Silk Road. :Name this nearly twenty year revolt that suppressed rebels who were predominantly of a Taoist sect, the Way of Supreme Peace.

H

When Han Dynasty leaders tried to raise taxes to fund an effort to fortify the Silk Road, peasants who were already suffering from a widespread famine grew angry and rebelled. For 15 points, name this 184 insurrection in China that took its name from the colorful headgear worn by the rebels.

H

Name the following germane to rebellions from Chinese history .This rebellion was led by the Taosit Chang Chüeh, who disliked the eunuchs who dominated the Han Dynasty. Suppressed by General Ts'ao Ts'ao and lasting from 184 to 204 CE, its participants wanted to fight the “red” or “fire” element of Han rule.

H

It arose in response to a decrease in river flooding and the increasing power of eunuchs in the Imperial Court. :Identify this peasant uprising led by radical Taoists under Zhang Jiao, named for some colorful headgear.

H

The Ten Attendants had earlier worked with Hé Jìn to deal with this utopian uprising based in Shāndōng, which coincided with a similar movement named for its modest initiation fee.

Watch out: White Wave Bandits (later resurgence of the rebellion, not the original Yellow Turban movement)
#703 · Other Rebellions, Revolts, and Uprisings · Level 2

An Lushan Rebellion

An Lushan Rebellion
SY · CC BY-SA 4.0

Tang Dynasty rebellion · 755–763 CE · China

An Lushan Rebellion was a devastating 755 uprising by a Sogdian general against the Tang Dynasty that ended the Tang golden age.

The kit

  • Rise — An Lushan Rebellion began when the Sogdian general rebelled against Emperor Xuanzong, establishing the rival Yan Dynasty in northern China.
  • Conflicts — An Lushan Rebellion saw Tang generals Guo Ziyi and Li Guangbi appropriate soldiers from the Uighur Khanate to suppress the revolt.
  • Death & succession — An Lushan Rebellion's namesake was assassinated by his son, who was later killed by General Shi Siming, An Lushan's childhood friend.
  • Legacy — An Lushan Rebellion caused Chinese census rolls to shrink by two-thirds and sparked a trend toward introspective, escapist poetry.

Runs with

Tang Dynasty
ended the Tang golden age and severely weakened the dynasty open card →
Nanda Empire
China
occurred in China during the 8th century open card →
Abbasid Caliphate
Abbasid ruler Al-Mansur sent troops to help suppress it open card →

The ladder · 9 clues

H

During this event, Emperor Suzong’s generals, Guo Ziyi and Li Guangbi, appropriated soldiers from the Uighur Khanate.

H

The forces of this event where led by Linghu Chao against Zhang Xun at the Battle of Yongqiu.

H

Precipitated by the death of Li Lin-fu and subsequent grab at power by Yang Kuo-chung, this event was finally ended with the defeat of Shih Ch'ao-i.

H

An oft-romanticized incident from this conflict inspired “The Song of Everlasting Sorrow.” During this conflict, the author of the poem “Deer Park” was imprisoned at the Pu Di monastery.

M

This pivotal 755 rebellion by a Sogdian general was caused by a dispute over the Tang emperor’s favorite concubine Yang Guifei.

M

Angry soldiers killed Minister Yang Guozhong during this event and caused Imperial Consort Yang Guifei, one of the Four Beauties, to be strangled.

M

Census rolls in China shrank by two-thirds after this conflict. name this conflict in which a Sogdian general rose up against the Tang dynasty.

E

An attempt to overthrow Emperor Xuanzong [] of Tang occurred during this 8th Century rebellion by a namesake Turkic general.

E

The Tang Dynasty was also severely weakened by this 755 rebellion led by a general who founded the breakaway Yan Dynasty in Northern China.

10 more clues from the record
H

Immediately following this uprising, much of the territory known as the Xiyu, or the "Western Region" in the Tarim Basin, gained independence.

H

The namesake of this rebellion supposedly dressed a baby in a mock adoption presided over by his possible lover Yang Guifei.

H

Poet Li Bai was exiled for his support of the perpetrators of this rebellion, while the Uighur intervention led to the downfall of its Yan Dynasty.

H

The namesake of this event was assassinated by his son, who was later assassinated by General Shi Siming, a childhood friend of the namesake of this event.

H

The Tang golden age was brought to an end by this rebellion named for its leader, an ex-Tang general, who established the rival Yan Dynasty with his lieutenant Shi Siming. It was one of the costliest wars in human history.

H

A poem inspired by an incident in this larger conflict describes a pair of lovers who vow to be “as two birds flying wingtip to wingtip” in heaven, and “as two intertwined branches of a tree” on earth.

H

That favorite of T'ai-tsung had a somewhat inappropriate relationship with this upheaval’s central figure, allegedly having compelled him to wear a large diaper at one point.

H

The Abbasid ruler Al-Mansur sent a few thousand troops to help the Chinese Tang dynasty put down this rebellion, in which a namesake general established a rival Yan dynasty.

H

That poem set during this conflict was adapted into the play The Palace of Eternal Life, and ends as its main character sends half of her golden hairpin to her lover.

H

This conflict sparked a trend towards “introspective and highly personal, in part escapist, poetry,” according to a book by Denis Twitchett and Arthur Wright.

Watch out: Shi Siming was An Lushan's ally and successor, not his enemy
#715 · Named Historical Periods and Eras · Level 2

Sengoku Period

Sengoku Period
Alvin Lee · CC BY-SA 4.0

Japanese warring period · 1467–1615 · Japan

Sengoku Period was a century of civil war in Japan beginning with the Ōnin War and ending with Tokugawa unification.

The kit

  • Rise — Sengoku Period began with fighting between Hosokawa Katsumoto and Yamana Sozen in the Ōnin War, ending Ashikaga shogunate power.
  • Conflicts — Sengoku Period featured military leaders including the Tiger of Kai and the One-Eyed Dragon competing for supremacy.
  • End — Sengoku Period concluded in 1615 when the defeat of the Toyotomi city of Osaka established Tokugawa control.
  • Legacy — Sengoku Period's three most important leaders were Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa Ieyasu.

Runs with

Bakumatsu Period
Japan
century of decentralized warfare in Japan open card →
China
shares name with Chinese Warring States era open card →
Spring and Autumn Period
Chinese Warring States followed Spring and Autumn open card →

The ladder · 9 clues

H

Chaotic period of Chinese history ended by the Qin reunification.

H

A flourishing of philosophy called the Hundred Schools of Thought ended with this period.

H

States in this era were grouped into Vertical or Horizontal alliances based on their stance towards the most powerful state.

H

Two military leaders from this time period were known as the Tiger of Kai and the One-Eyed Dragon.

M

One state in this period had its manpower increased by the reforms of Shang Yang.

M

According to one source, the general Bai Qi decapitated 240,000 soldiers at a battle during this period.

M

This period began thanks to fighting between Hosokawa Katsumoto and Yamana Sozen in the Onin War, which led to the end of the Ashikaga shogunate.

E

Another period of history known by this name featured extensive fighting between monasteries and began with the conclusion of the Onin war.

E

The great works of Confucianism were compiled during this period of Chinese history that ended when Qin Shi Huangdi unified China.

10 more clues from the record
H

This period saw seven polities battle each other for control. :Name this period of Chinese history that immediately followed the Spring and Autumn Period of the Eastern Zhou dynasty.

H

Before this period, the Zhi family was defeated at the Battle of Jinyang which was then followed by the Partition of Jin.

H

The Battle of Guiling was won by Sun Bin during this period.

H

Answer the following questions about a period in the history of Ancient China, :The division of the Jin Kingdom is fixed by some historians as the beginning of this period which saw iron replace bronze in battle as the Seven Great Powers consolidated by annexing their neighbors. Eventually, the states of Ch’in and Ch’u gained the upper hand.

H

This period is generally seen to have begun with the Onin War, and the three most important leaders during it were Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa Ieyasu. :First, name this Japanese historical period in which central power was weaker than under the shogunates.

H

Identify these periods from pre-imperial Chinese history, .This period, lasting from the end of the 5th century BCE until the unification of the first empire by Chin Shih-Huang, is named for the seven kingdoms that vied for supremacy during it.

H

In 1615, the defeat of the Toyotomi city of Osaka marked the end of this long, strife-filled period. It had begun during the Muromachi period and lasted through the beginning of the Edo Period.

H

The battle took place during the middle part of this loose historical period that overlaps with the end of the Muromachi and whose beginning is generally attributed to the Ōnin War.

H

During this time period, one possibly mythical leader turned a group of shrine maidens known as “miko” into a vast spy network.

H

One period known by this name saw the battles of Maling and Guiling, and was described in the work Chan Kuo ts'e, whose title referred to the intrigues of this period.

Watch out: Chinese Warring States period (475–221 BCE) shares the same name in translation
#717 · Named Historical Periods and Eras · Level 2

Three Kingdoms Period

Three Kingdoms Period
Three Kingdoms fan · CC BY-SA 4.0

Chinese civil war period · 220–280 CE · China

Three Kingdoms Period was the era of warfare between Wei, Shu, and Wu following the Han Dynasty's collapse.

The kit

  • Rise — Three Kingdoms Period began after the Han Dynasty fell and many leaders gained influence suppressing the Yellow Turban Rebellion.
  • Conflicts — Three Kingdoms Period featured the Battle of Red Cliffs, where fire ships under Huang Gai attacked, precipitating rivalries among warlords.
  • Major powers — Three Kingdoms Period saw Wei frequently opposed by alliances between Wu and Shu during prolonged civil warfare.
  • End — Three Kingdoms Period ended when the Jìn dynasty rose following the defeat of Sun Hao at Jianye.

Runs with

Bakumatsu Period
Han Dynasty
Three Kingdoms Period followed Han Dynasty's collapse open card →
Yellow Turban Rebellion
suppressing this rebellion gave leaders influence open card →
China
occurred in China after Han fall open card →

The ladder · 9 clues

H

Period which followed the collapse of the Han Dynasty, witnessing warfare between the states of Wei, Shu, and Wu.

H

Zhuge Liang served as Chancellor of Shu Han during this period in Chinese history which saw conflict between the rival states of Wei, Shu, and Wu.

H

Often seeing alliances against the state of Wei by the states of Wu and Shu, name this period of Chinese history following the Han dynasty.

H

The rise of the Jìn dynasty ended this period, which began with the death of Cáo Cāo and the end of the Han dynasty.

M

Numbered period of civil war that followed the fall of the Han and included clashes between Cao Cao, Sun Jian, and Liu Bei

M

A leader of this period was stunted at the Battle of Red Cliffs, which precipitated the rise of two rivals.

M

During the Korean period of this name, Silla maintained independence from the Goguryeo by allying with Tang China.

E

Sun Jian, Liu Bei, and Cao Cao [Tsao Tsao] found the namesake divisions in this period. name this conflict-fueled period of Chinese history that featured the kingdoms of Wei, Wu, and Shu.

E

Many prominent leaders of this period gained influence by assisting in the suppression of the Yellow Turban Rebellion.

10 more clues from the record
H

In the prelude to this period, meng chong fire ships under Huang Gai launched a sneak attack during the Battle of Red Cliffs.

H

This period featured the Battle of the Wuzhang Plains, where the Sima family rose to prominence by defeating Zhuge Liang.

H

The Han Dynasty was followed by this tumultuous period, during which the warrior Cao Cao [tsow-tsow] was active.

H

The Battle of Red Cliffs occurred during this period of conflict following the fall of the Han Dynasty, which names one of the Four Great Classical Chinese Novels.

H

Period of strife that followed the fall of the Han dynasty and was described by one of the Four Great Classical Novels.

H

During one of these periods, Wang Geon unified his realm by winning the Battle of Illicheon.

H

During this period, the Kaya confederation remained independent of the namesake major powers. :Name this time period, from 57 BCE to 668 CE, during which Korea was split into states founded by the legendary figures Chumong, Onjo, and Pak Hyokkose.

H

One precursor to this period saw the establishment of a Daoist state in Hanzhong by Zhang Daoling.

H

The battle of Xiaoyao Ford during this period raised the reputation of Zhang Liao. :Name this period of Chinese history which ended with the defeat of Sun Hao at Jianye. This period was presaged by the Yellow Turban Rebellion.

H

Figures who competed for power at the outset of this period include the Ten Regular Attendants, who were led by Zhang Rang, and the notoriously lascivious warlord Dong Zhuo.

Watch out: Korean Three Kingdoms Period (57 BCE–668 CE: Goguryeo, Baekje, Silla)
#725 · Named Historical Periods and Eras · Level 2

Heian Period

Heian Period
Artanisen · CC BY-SA 4.0

Japanese historical period · 794–1185 CE · Japan (capital at Kyoto)

The Heian Period was a classical Japanese era of cultural flourishing that ended when the Minamoto defeated the Taira in the Genpei War.

The kit

  • Cultural achievements — Heian Period saw the writing of The Tale of Genji by Lady Murasaki and The Pillow Book in the 11th century.
  • Political structure — Heian Period featured dominance by the Fujiwara clan and cloistered rule by retired emperors governing from Buddhist monasteries.
  • Late conflicts — Heian Period's final decades included the Hōgen Rebellion over imperial succession and the Genpei War between Taira and Minamoto clans.
  • End — Heian Period concluded when the Minamoto clan's victory at Dan-no-ura established the Kamakura shogunate in 1185.

Runs with

Bakumatsu Period
Bakumatsu ended a later shogunate system open card →
Kamakura Shogunate
Kamakura Shogunate replaced Heian Period in 1185 open card →
Buddhism
Buddhist monasteries housed cloistered emperors during Heian open card →
Nara Period
Nara Period immediately preceded Heian Period open card →

The ladder · 9 clues

H

The Minamoto brought an end to this period by defeating the Taira in the Genpei War.

H

Lady Murasaki wrote the Tale of Genji during this 8th-to-12th century period of Japanese history that preceded the Kamakura shogunate.

H

After the death of Emperor Konoe, in this period, a dispute over imperial succession led to the Hogen Rebellion.

H

This period’s Hogen Disturbance resulted in Go-Shirakawa’s abdication to a Buddhist monastery as a “cloistered emperor”.

M

The Fujiwara clan dominated politics during this period, in which a work known as The Pillow Book was written.

M

A book written during this period has sections with titles like “Hateful Things” and “Embarrassing Things.” The Battle of Dan-no-ura occurred during a conflict in this period between the Taira and Minamoto clans called the Genpei War.

M

The Taira [[tah-EE-rah]] clan was defeated at the end of this period during the Genpei War. name this period of cultural flourishing in classical Japan.

E

The Fujiwara Clan was prominent during this period in Japanese history during which the Tale of Genji was written in the 11th century.

E

The Kamakura shogunate replaced this relatively peaceful period of Japanese history named for a previous name of Kyoto.

10 more clues from the record
H

During the last years of this period, the capital was briefly moved to Kobe by Emperor Antoku.

H

During this period, Emperor Go-Sanjo established the Office of the Cloistered Emperor to curb the power of a dominant clan.

H

Near this period’s end, forces loyal to Emperor Sutoku lost a civil war called the Hogen Disturbance to his brother Go-Shirakawa.

H

The Hōgen and Heiji rebellions were brief civil wars in this period, after which one leader later returned to aid the Minamoto clan.

H

Retired emperors withdrew to monasteries but still held influence over government during this period's "Cloistered Rule, and beginning in this period, noble women began wearing a particular twelve-layered robe.

H

During this period, Sugawara Michizane, a renowned expert in kanshi and waka poetry, helped settle the Ako Incident in favor of Emperor Uda.

H

A book written during this period focuses on a man who loves Lady Aoi; that work is sometimes considered the first novel.

H

The acquisition of shoen estates by the Fujiwara clan during this period contributed to the growing power of the samurai.

H

During this period, leaders would purposely abdicate to engage in “cloistered rule” behind the scenes.

H

During this period, one ruler launched campaigns against the Shrimp Barbarians.

Watch out: Nara Period (immediately preceded Heian; also classical Japanese era)
#742 · Other Ethnic and Indigenous Peoples · Level 2

Mongols

Mongols
J bayarmagnai · CC0

Central Asian nomadic empire · 1206–1368 CE · Central Asia to Eastern Europe

Mongols were Central Asian nomads who built the largest contiguous land empire in history under Genghis Khan and his successors.

The kit

  • Rise — Mongols created the yassa law code and held kurultai assemblies where elite women like Börte participated in selecting leaders.
  • Achievements — Mongols established the Yam postal system using paiza metal pendants to authorize messengers traveling across their vast empire.
  • Conflicts — Mongols defeated the Southern Song after crossing the Yangtze and invaded Europe until Ogedei Khan's death halted their advance.
  • Legacy — Mongols converted to Islam under Öz Beg Khan, who founded New Sarai as capital of the Golden Horde in Russia.

Runs with

Genghis Khan
founded the Mongol Empire in 1206 open card →
Nanda Empire
Yuan Dynasty
ruled China as the Yuan Dynasty under Kublai Khan open card →
Baghdad

The ladder · 9 clues

H

One of these people named Öz Beg converted his people to Islam and founded the capital of New Sarai.

H

Jack Weatherford wrote a 2010 book on the history of these people’s queens.

H

These people’s elite women, such as Börte, were required to attend assemblies called kurultai. name these nomadic people whose leaders included Genghis Khan.

H

An expedition by these people against King Kertanegara ended with their betrayal by an ally who had helped them defeat the Kediri Kingdom.

M

These people ruled China through the Yuan dynasty of Kublai. the empire of what East Asian people was founded by Genghis Khan?

M

One of these people, Batu Khan, founded the Golden Horde. name these people that dominated Russia under the leadership of the descendants of Genghis Khan.

M

People that helped spread the disease while conquering the largest contiguous empire in history.

E

After crossing the Yangtze, this empire was able to defeat the Southern Song Dynasty. name this empire that conquered China under the rule of Genghis and Kublai Khan.

E

A text written during the Year of the Mouse, called these people’s Secret History, describes the creation of the yassa law code.

10 more clues from the record
H

This ethnic group's Borjigin clan employed Al-aud-Din to construct counterweighted trebuchets during a conquest that unseated the child-emperor Zhao Bing.

H

This empire used the paiza seal to indicate officials authorized to use the stations of the Yam supply route.

H

The paiza metal pendant was carried by messengers of these people’s Yam postal system.

H

That conquest was by this empire under the leadership of Hulagu Khan. Other leaders of this empire include Genghis Khan.

H

King Bela IV lost the battle of the Sajo River to these people, whose invasion of Europe was halted after the death of Ogedei Khan.

H

The Compendium of Chronicles was a history of this empire authored by Rashid al Din.

H

Baron Roman von Ungern-Sternberg attempted to subjugate this ethnic group during the chaos of the Russian Civil War.

H

During the Kamakura Shogunate, these invaders under Kublai Khan were turned away from Japan by the kamikaze, or divine wind.

H

Those elections, the kurultai, were described in a Secret History of this group.

H

A crusade against this group was proposed after their victory at the Battle of Legnica .

Watch out: Confusing Kublai Khan's Yuan Dynasty with the Mongol Empire itself
#747 · Other Ethnic and Indigenous Peoples · Level 2

Jurchen

Jurchen
Unknown Jurchen scribe · Public domain

Tungusic ethnic group · 10th–17th centuries (as Jurchen) · Northeastern China/Manchuria

Jurchen were a Tungusic people who founded the Jin dynasty (1115–1234) and later became the Manchus who established the Qing.

The kit

  • Rise — Jurchen leader Wanyan Aguda founded the Jin Dynasty in 1115 after defeating the Liao dynasty of the Khitans.
  • Achievements — Jurchen forces captured Emperors Qinzong and Huizong in the Jingkang incident and took over Kaifeng, the Northern Song capital.
  • Fall & transformation — Jurchen were conquered by the Mongols but later unified under Nurhaci's Eight Banners system as the Manchus.
  • Legacy — Jurchen descendants as Manchus mandated the queue hairstyle for all Han Chinese males and ruled China's longest-reigning emperor, Kangxi.

Runs with

Song Dynasty
captured Song emperors in Jingkang incident, took Northern Song capital Kaifeng open card →
Qing Dynasty
founded Qing as Manchus after Nurhaci unified Jurchen under Eight Banners open card →
China
ruled northern China under Jin dynasty, later all China as Manchus open card →
Bakumatsu Period

The ladder · 9 clues

H

They were unified under the Eight Banners system of Nurhaci.

H

These people revolted after the issuance of the Seven Grievances.

H

These people captured the Emperors Qinzong and Huīzōng in the Jingkang incident. :Name these people who ruled over the Jīn dynasty until they were conquered by the Mongols. These people would later establish the Qīng dynasty as the Manchus.

H

The Qing Dynasty was founded by what ethnic group from the north of China this mandated that all Han Chinese wear their hair in queues.

M

The Ming dynasty was overthrown by this northern ethnic group that established the Qing [ching] dynasty.

M

They defeated the Liao dynasty of the Khitans and later took over Kaifeng, the Northern Song Dynasty capital.

M

The namesake home of these people was invaded following the Mukden Incident and was ruled Puyi, a puppet for the Japanese. name these people who ruled China during the Qing dynasty.

E

The longest reigning emperor of China, Kangxi [kahng-shee], was of this ethnicity.

E

One of their leaders, Wanyan Aguda, founded the Jin Dynasty in 1115. name this group that was united by Nurhaci and renamed by Hong Taiji as the Manchus.

10 more clues from the record
H

The Revolt of the Three Feudatories targeted a ruler of this ethnicity, shortly after Dorgon led troops of this ethnicity to victory in the Battle of the Shanhai Pass.

H

Ancestors of the Manchu whom he aimed to conquer during the Songhua River Campaign.

H

Under the leadership of Nurhachi, these people were split into different groups based on yellow, red, white, or blue banners. :Name these people formed from the earlier Jurchens who conquered the majority of China in the 17th century after invading from the northeast. The Empress Dowager Cixi was descended from these people.

H

It's not the French, but famille rose and famille verte enamel pottery emerged under this ethnic group's rule, for which Giuseppe Castiglione helped build a palace.

H

The Liao dynasty was toppled by the Jīn dynasty of this Tungusic ethnic group. The later Aisin Gioro clan changed this group’s name after their leader, Nurhaci, united several factions of this ethnic group.

H

Because a dog saved this ethnic group's founding father, it upholds a taboo on using dog fur or eating dog meat to this day.

H

These winners of the Battle of Sarhu included Bordered Yellow and Plain White among the divisions of their armies in the Eight Banners system.

H

One leader of these people issued a manifesto that cited undue favoritism for the Yehe and Hada clans as a casus belli.

H

One of these people built a Buddhist temple dedicated to Guanyin at Tyr and established the Nurgan Regional Military Commission.

H

These people forced all males to adopt their distinctive hairstyle of a long pigtail down the back of the head, the queue.

Watch out: Confused with Manchus (same people, renamed by Hong Taiji after Nurhaci's unification)
#755 · Other Ethnic and Indigenous Peoples · Level 2

Xiongnu

Xiongnu
Gary Todd · CC0

Nomadic steppe confederacy · 3rd century BCE–2nd century CE · Mongolia and northern steppes

Xiongnu was a nomadic confederacy founded by Modu Chanyu that regularly raided Han China until defeated by Emperor Wu.

The kit

  • Rise — Xiongnu was founded by Modu Chanyu, who tested his soldiers' loyalty by ordering them to kill his own wife and father.
  • Conflicts — Xiongnu won the Battle of Baideng against Emperor Gaozu, forcing the Han to initiate the heqin system of diplomatic marriages.
  • Achievements — Xiongnu ruler Laoshang made a drinking cup from a Yuezhi king's skull after conquering Gansu and driving the Yuezhi westward.
  • Fall — Xiongnu split into northern and southern kingdoms; Dou Xian ended the northern kingdom at the Battle of the Altai Mountains.

Runs with

Han Dynasty
fought wars with Han after Emperor Wu abandoned appeasement policies open card →
Hunnic Empire
may have been ancestors of the Huns, though disputed open card →
Great Wall of China
prompted construction and reinforcement to defend against raids open card →
Emperor Wu of Han
defeated them in campaigns from 129-19 BCE open card →

The ladder · 9 clues

H

According to legend, a woman sent off on horseback to marry a ruler of these people gained her name because a flock of geese forgot to flap their wings and dropped to the ground on hearing her sad song.

H

The empire of this group of nomadic people was founded by Modu Chanyu. :Name this group of nomads who rose to power after defeating the Yuezhi.

H

Emperor Wu successfully repelled this tribal federation of nomadic people who regularly forced the Chinese to send tribute.

H

Dou Xian ended the northern kingdom of these people at the Battle of the Altai Mountains.

M

A ruler of these people named Laoshang made a cup out of a Yuezhi king’s skull while conquering Gansu.

M

The Han emperor Wu-di reinforced the Great Wall to protect against these invaders, who have been identified by some with the Huns or the Tujue

M

These people, who ruled the Xia state during the 16 Kingdoms period, began warring with the Han Dynasty after Emperor Wu failed to trap them at the Battle of Mayi.

E

This group may have been the ancestor of the Huns, though that theory is disputed.

E

After these people won the Battle of Baideng Emperor Gaozu of Han initiated the heqin system of diplomatic marriage. name these nomadic people, primarily from Mongolia, whose empire was founded by Modu Chanyu.

10 more clues from the record
H

Nomadic confederacy of the steppes which Meng Tian partially conquered.

H

Joseph de Guignes was one of the first to link these two peoples linguistically, although this has not been proven by archaeological evidence. :Name these two oft-conflated ancient peoples. One of them was led by a leader called a chanyu, while the other’s last-known ruler was named Ernak and lost the Battle of the Nedao.

H

A connection between the Huns and this Mongolian people has been postulated but scant evidence found to support it. This people harassed the Qin and Han dynasties, and the Great Wall was begun to keep them out.

H

An empire of these people was founded by a man who ordered any of his 10,000 soldiers to be beheaded if they failed to fire upon spotting his arrowhead, which he tested by killing his own wife and then his father.

H

From 129-19 Wu fought a largely successful war against this major nomadic force north of the Great Wall, whose ruler was referred to as the “shanyu.”

H

A group of Tocharian people migrated and established the Kushan empire after a war with these people ended with their king having his skull turned into a drinking cup.

H

A large expedition against these people were conducted by Wu in a reversal of the appeasement policies of his predecessors. These nomadic people from the northern steppes frequently raided Han China.

H

One leader of these people, Huhanye (hoo-hahn-yuh), engaged in civil war with his brother, who was defeated at the Battle of Zhizhi.

H

Some sources claim that the founder of this confederation of people came to power by ordering his men to kill Touman, his father.

H

These people split into two kingdoms after the “King of the Right”, Bi, refused to attend his brother's coronation.

Watch out: The Hunnic Empire had a ruler named Ernak and lost the Battle of the Nedao, while Xiongnu rulers were called chanyu
#803 · Monumental Statues and Memorials · Level 2

Terracotta Army

Terracotta Army
a rel="nofollow" xiquinhosilva · CC BY 2.0

clay funerary sculptures · c. 210 BCE · near Xi'an, China

Terracotta Army is a collection of over 8,000 life-sized clay soldiers buried with Qin Shi Huang to protect him in the afterlife.

The kit

  • Creation — Terracotta Army sculptures were created using molds but finished by hand, with each figure having unique facial features and expressions.
  • Composition — Terracotta Army includes over 8,000 soldiers, 130 chariots, 670 horses, and musicians arranged in military formation in underground pits.
  • Preservation — Terracotta Army figures were originally painted in bright colors that faded upon exposure to air after excavation.
  • Discovery — Terracotta Army was discovered in 1974 by farmers digging a well in Lingtong District near Xi'an.

Runs with

Qin Dynasty
created during the Qin Dynasty's first emperor's reign open card →
Qin Shi Huang
buried in pits surrounding Qin Shi Huang's mausoleum complex open card →
China
buried with China's first emperor open card →
Chang'an
located near Xi'an in Shaanxi province open card →

The ladder · 9 clues

H

These objects were discovered in 1974 by farmers digging a well near Xi'an, and each of these objects was uniquely crafted with different facial features and expressions.

H

Originally painted in bright colors that faded upon exposure to air, these objects were arranged in military formation in underground pits.

H

This group of statuary was unearthed by farmers in Lingtong District in 1974. :Give the usual English name for this group of over eight thousand soldiers, five hundred horses, and other military accoutrements that was buried in an Imperial tomb.

H

This architectural find consists of over 8,000 soldiers, 130 chariots, and almost 700 horses. :Name this group of statues, meant to help the first Chinese emperor rule in the afterlife.

M

Qin Shi Huang’s enormous tomb contains this group of sculptures, each of which is unique.

M

Bronze chariots and weapons found at this site include chromium-coated blades that remain unusually well preserved.

M

Upon his death, Shi had over 6,000 of these life-size entities placed in his grave in Xi’an {SHEE-AHN}, which remained undiscovered until 1974.

E

Created using molds but finished by hand, these objects were meant to protect Qin Shi Huang in the afterlife. name this collection of thousands of life-sized clay soldiers buried with the first emperor of China.

E

Constructed during the reign of the first emperor of the Qin Dynasty, this site lies near the mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang. name this vast collection of clay soldiers.

7 more clues from the record
H

This collection of sculptures representing Shi Huangdi's men can be found near the emperor's mausoleum complex. No two soldiers share the same facial features.

H

Qin Shi Huang’s mausoleum consisted of these sculptures of soldiers, musicians, horses, and more, made out of a namesake type of earthenware.

H

Elements in this art collection were surrounded by bronze cranes and ducks, and faced towards conquered Eastern states in four pits.

H

One work in this collection features a man who sits beneath an umbrella and holds the reins of four horses.

H

The original plan for this art collection involved surrounding it with a hundred rivers of simulated mercury.

M

Qin Shihuangdi, the first Qin emperor, was buried in a mausoleum surrounded by pits containing this collection of sculptures of chariots, warriors, and horses.

M

The belly size and height of people in this collection indicates their role.

Watch out: mercury rivers were planned for the mausoleum itself, not the terracotta pits
#816 · Monumental Statues and Memorials · Level 2

Great Stupa at Sanchi

Great Stupa at Sanchi
Bernard Gagnon · CC BY-SA 3.0

Buddhist monument · 3rd century BCE · Sanchi, India

The Great Stupa at Sanchi was commissioned by Mauryan emperor Ashoka after his conversion to Buddhism following the Kalinga War.

The kit

  • Commission — The Great Stupa at Sanchi was built by Ashoka the Great after he converted to Buddhism following his bloody Kalinga War campaigns.
  • Builder's context — The Great Stupa at Sanchi was commissioned by the same ruler who issued rock edicts and earlier hired executioner Chandagirika to staff a prison.
  • Empire — The Great Stupa at Sanchi was a project of the Mauryan Empire, founded by Chandragupta and later ruled by Ashoka.

Runs with

Buddhism
built after Ashoka's conversion to Buddhism open card →
Ashoka the Great
commissioned by Ashoka after Kalinga War open card →
Chandragupta
built under Mauryan Empire founded by him open card →
India
located in Sanchi, India open card →

The ladder · 3 clues

H

The Great Stupa at Sanchi was commissioned by a ruler of this empire, who issued a series of rock edicts after warring with Kalinga and converting to Buddhism. identify this Indian empire which was once ruled by Ashoka and founded by Chandragupta.

M

After witnessing his bloody military campaigns during the Kalinga War, the Mauryan emperor Ashoka the Great converted to this religion, after which he built the Great Stupa in Sanchi. name this religion whose Theravada branch was founded in India.

M

The ancient Stupa of Sanchi was commissioned by this monarch, who earlier hired the executioner Chandagirika to staff a prison dubbed this man’s namesake “Hell”.

#847 · Non-Classical Mythological and Legendary Figures · Level 2

Mercury

Mercury
a rel="nofollow" Brocken Inaglory · CC BY-SA 4.0

liquid metal element · ancient to modern use · global

Mercury is a liquid metal used in Chinese alchemy, Spanish silver mining, and scientific instruments.

The kit

  • Chinese alchemy — Mercury was consumed as quicksilver pills by Qin Shi Huangdi in a failed attempt to achieve immortality.
  • Qin tomb — Mercury formed rivers representing the Yangtze and Yellow in Qin Shi Huang's tomb, guarded by automatic crossbows.
  • Spanish mining — Mercury from Huancavelica mines enabled Spanish silver extraction in the Americas through the patio process.
  • Scientific use — Mercury has been phased out of thermometers and was used by Marie Curie to isolate radium via amalgam formation.

Runs with

Strategic Hamlet Program
no connection evident in clues open card →
Silver
Mercury was mixed with silver ore in patio process for extraction open card →
Qin Shi Huang
Qin Shi Huangdi died after consuming mercury pills seeking immortality open card →
Qin Dynasty
Mercury rivers in Qin Shi Huang's tomb represented major Chinese waterways open card →

The ladder · 9 clues

H

A river of this substance was built for his tomb.

H

Marie Curie isolated radium from a sample of radium chloride via a cathode of this element; the radium reacted with this element to form an amalgam.

H

A "Family Portrait" photograph of six out of eight planets was taken by the MESSENGER probe this was sent to which planet.

H

Qin Shi Haungdi legendarily died after consuming pills of this substance trying to achieve immortality.

M

To attain immortality, Qin Shi Huangdi consumed pills of this liquid metal that Chinese alchemists called quicksilver.

M

This element, which is a liquid at room temperature, has largely been phased out of use in scientific thermometers.

M

When the Terracotta Army of Qin Shi Huang was discovered in the 20th century, archaeologists studied the soil to verify Sima Qian’s [seema chee-an’s] account that the tomb included rivers of this liquid metal.

M

Carved lacquerware gained its distinctive vibrant red from this good’s sulfide. cinnabar was the source of what metal that was amalgamated with lead to produce elixirs of immortality consumed by emperors like Qín Shǐ Huáng?

M

After financing Charles V's victory over France in the Italian Wars, Fugger gained control over mines in Almadén for this good. Almadén was rendered obsolete after the Spanish found deposits of this good at Huancavelica.

10 more clues from the record
H

The discovery of this resource at Huancavelica enabled a dramatic expansion of Spanish mining in the Americas. :Name this resource. This resource was combined with copper sulfate, salt, and a certain precious ore, and then spread out over a large open area in the patio process.

H

Mexican miners developed a new method of silver extraction using this element, which was mixed with silver ore. Its main source was a mine at the city of Huancavelica, and its use caused many natives to die from poisoning.

H

Enormous amounts of this substance are supposedly situated in between candles made of "man-fish" oil in a location whose bronze roof is studded with pearls to represent the constellations.

H

This good, which represented “Real Fire,” was mixed with another good representing “Real Water” and slathered on the feet to allow a person to walk on water, as recounted in Gě Hóng's Bàopǔzǐ in its section on jīndān.

H

The Records of the Grand Historian claims that automatic crossbows fire at intruders at a location where "rivers" of this substance represent the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers.

H

This substance was extracted from jindan(jeen-DON), a specimen that is thought to be a key ingredient in a mixture called the "Cold-Food Powder".

H

America began its first space program in 1958, after NASA was created. …Name this first program that ran from 1958 until 1962, and featured a namesake “Seven.”

H

Non-black colored ink derived from this good was brushed over oracle bone scripts.

H

This good was the primary source of the “black alteration” of jade artifacts unearthed from high-class tombs.

M

Archaeologists have traced parts of Lewis and Clark’s path using the concentration of this heavy substance in the ground. This substance was taken in the form of calomel to treat syphilis.

Watch out: Not the NASA Mercury program (1958-1963 space missions with the Mercury Seven astronauts)
#866 · Commodities and Trade Goods · Level 2

Silk Road

Silk Road
p User:Kelvin Case /a User:Turkish Flame /a /p User:SmallJar · CC BY-SA 4.0

Ancient trade network · c. 130 BCE–15th century CE · China to Europe via Central Asia

Silk Road was the overland trade network connecting China and Europe, named for the primary textile commodity transported along it.

The kit

  • Origins — Silk Road was developed by Han Dynasty merchants and greatly expanded through the missions of envoy Zhang Qian to Central Asia.
  • Geography — Silk Road circled the Taklamakan Desert, passed through the Hexi Corridor and Karakoram, and included vital stops at Samarkand and Bukhara.
  • Trade & culture — Silk Road spread papermaking and the magnetic compass westward, while traders used Sogdian as a lingua franca and stayed at inns called caravanserai.
  • Decline — Silk Road became largely obsolete after the Portuguese rounded the Cape of Good Hope, establishing direct maritime routes to Asia.

Runs with

China
eastern terminus at Xi'an open card →
Nanda Empire
Han Dynasty
developed and expanded network open card →
Samarkand
vital stop along route open card →

The ladder · 9 clues

H

Ancient trade route between China and Europe that helped spread the disease.

H

In 2014, the Chang’an-Tian Shan Corridor of this location was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

H

Trade route that connected Asia with Europe, on which the Han traded fabrics.

H

This overland trade route first flourished under the Han Dynasty, which was connected by this route with Central Asia, India, and the Roman Empire. It is named for the fine fabric which the Chinese transported via it.

M

Merchants in the Han Dynasty developed this trade route between China and Europe, named for the primary textile commodity traded along it.

M

The secrets of papermaking and the magnetic compass spread via this system, which became largely obsolete after the Portuguese rounded the Cape of Good Hope. name this trade route that brought numerous goods, including a namesake textile, from China to Europe.

M

Caravanserai were utilized by traders along this path, whose name was coined by Ferdinand von Richthofen. Its southern route passed through Karakoram.

E

Zhang Qian travelled along this network after being sent as a Han Dynasty envoy abroad. name this network of routes that connected the eastern and western worlds, named for a fabric.

E

This route was used by the Roman Empire to exchange stained glass with the Han dynasty. name this route used by China to trade a namesake good created by “worms.”

10 more clues from the record
H

Peter Frankopan rejects the centrality of Europe to world history in a 2015 book titled for this institution.

H

Inns along this route were known as caravanserai. :Name this trade route that lasted for over ten centuries and connected Europe to the continent from which its namesake commodity originated, Asia

H

Within this system, Sogdian was used as a lingua franca. The Hexi Corridor was established to protect this system, which circled around the Taklamakan Desert and had an eastern terminus at Xi’an.

H

This system was allegedly exploited when Justinian successfully sent spies disguised as Christian monks to steal eggs.

H

Samarkand and Bukhara were vital stops along this route, which the modern Karakorum Highway partially follows.

H

Trade route on which the namesake good flowed from China to the West that flourished under Mongol rule.

H

This system include the Tea Horse Route as well as a pass through the Karakorum desert.

H

The Han established this trade route, named for a natural fiber used to make fine cloth

H

After the fall of Trebizond, this system was allegedly used by Genoese citizens carrying the Black Death.

H

Thanks to the missions of Zhang Qian, this system was greatly expanded.

Watch out: Tea Horse Route was part of the Silk Road system, not a separate network
#993 · Infrastructure Projects, Routes, and Railways · Level 2

Great Wall of China

Great Wall of China
Severin.stalder · CC BY-SA 3.0

Chinese defensive fortifications · begun 7th century BCE, major construction 3rd century BCE–17th century CE · northern China

The Great Wall of China is a series of fortifications built across northern China to defend against nomadic invasions.

The kit

  • Early construction — Great Wall of China construction began during the Warring States period by the Qi and was unified by Qin Shi Huang.
  • Purpose — Great Wall of China was extended to protect against Xiongnu raids and other northern invaders throughout Chinese history.
  • Ming sections — Great Wall of China includes Jiayu Pass as the western end of Ming-era sections and popular sites like Mutianyu and Badaling.
  • Myths — Great Wall of China is falsely claimed to be visible from space, a myth first referenced in William Stukeley's 1754 letter.

Runs with

China
built across northern China open card →
Ming Dynasty
Ming dynasty constructed major sections including Jiayu Pass open card →
Xiongnu
designed to defend against Xiongnu raids open card →
Qin Dynasty
Qin Shi Huang unified earlier walls into first major structure open card →

The ladder · 9 clues

H

A portion of this structure was built in the contested Ordos region.

H

An 1899 fake newspaper story, which was later said to have started the Boxer Rebellion. said that American businesses were making bids to demolish this structure.

H

Despite staunch defense, this location was overtaken following the Battle of Rehe during Operation Nekka.

H

The Qin Emperor also built a version of this series of defensive fortifications to protect China from Xiongnu raids. A persistent myth contends that it can be seen from space.

M

Qin Shi Huang began the first major, unifying construction of this structure.

M

The Jiayu Pass serves as the end of one section of this structure built by the Ming dynasty to defend against Mongol attacks. name this massive series of Chinese defensive fortifications.

M

Mutianyu and Badaling are two of the most- visited parts of this site.

E

Border fortification that they extended to protect themselves from northern invaders

E

The Qi began building this structure during the Warring States period. name this series of defensive structures in China that, contrary to popular belief, cannot be seen from the moon.

10 more clues from the record
H

This location was first established by Qin Shi Huangdi to protect against incursions from Xiongnu raiders. name this manmade location that consists of many fortifications in Northern China, which cannot be seen from space.

H

At the disastrous Battle of Tumu near this location, the incompetence of the eunuch Wang Zhen resulted in the capture of the Zhengtong Emperor by Esen Taishi.

H

The losers of the Battle of Rehe were forced to retreat to a demilitarized zone south of this feature, which was confirmed by the Tanggu Truce.

H

The early heqin [huh-CHEEN] system allowed the Xiongnu [tchee-ONG-noo] to rule the area north of this structure.

H

A demilitarized zone ranging 100 miles south of this location was then established by the Tangku Truce.

H

A letter written by William Stukeley in 1754 makes the first reference to a myth regarding this entity.

H

Ibn Battuta claimed that this structure's purpose was to keep out demonic beasts named Gog and Magog.

H

This structure includes the Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass, built in the 14th century.

H

One traveler’s omission of this structure from his work Il Milione cast doubts on that work’s authenticity.

H

At this site in 2007, Fendi staged a widely-publicized fashion show.

Watch out: Cannot actually be seen from space despite persistent popular belief
#1055 · Philosophers and Economic Thinkers · Level 3

Confucius

Confucius
Wu Daozi /a , 685-758, Tang Dynasty. · Public domain

Chinese philosopher · 551–479 BCE · Lu state, China

Confucius was a Chinese philosopher whose teachings on filial piety and social harmony became the foundation of the imperial civil service system.

The kit

  • Rise — Confucius served as a minister in the shi class in Lu state during the Spring and Autumn Period.
  • Teachings — Confucius advocated filial piety and the junzi ideal, arguing for rectification of names and Five Relationships including father-son.
  • Works — Confucius compiled the Book of Rites and Spring and Autumn Annals, two of the Five Classics of his philosophy.
  • Legacy — Confucius's sayings were collected in the Analects, which became authoritative texts alongside the Four Books and Five Classics.

Runs with

Bakumatsu Period
Confucian social classes replaced scholar-bureaucrats with samurai in Japan open card →
Spring and Autumn Period
Confucius lived and taught during this period open card →
Zhou Dynasty
China
Confucius's works became basis for Chinese civil service system open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

This philosopher became disillusioned with his former employer after watching him get distracted by eighty dancing girls at his court.

H

This minister of the shi class had to flee his home of Lu after not receiving sacrificial meat from an overlord.

M

This teacher of Mencius advocated the moral ideal of filial piety. name this ancient Chinese philosopher whose sayings were collected in the Analects.

M

Emperor Shi Huangdi rejected this school of thought and adopted Legalism during the Qin [] Dynasty.

E

The Chinese civil service system was based on the works of this philosopher who authored the Analects.

E

This figure, who lived during the Spring and Autumn period, called for the restoration of the “Mandate of Heaven.” name this Chinese Philosopher whose sayings were collected in the Analects.

10 more clues from the record
H

This man resigned after his boss was distracted by an opponent’s hundred fine horses and eighty dancing girls.

H

This philosopher compiled the Book of Rites and the Spring and Autumn Annals, two of the Five Classics.

H

Juka Shintō was a movement that unified Shintō with the teachings of this ancient Chinese philosopher. His ideas are collected in The Analects.

H

This thinker noted “you may rob the [...] armies of their commander, but you cannot deprive the humblest peasant of his opinion.” This thinker considered the figure of the junzi, or the “ideal person,” as an ethical standard.

H

This philosopher argued that words must be made to fit reality through a process of “rectification of names,” and his Five Relationships included ones between father and son and brother to brother.

H

During the New Culture Movement, this system of thought was pejoratively referred to as "Kong's Family Business." The historical record, Spring and Autumn Annals became one of this system of thought’s Five Classics.

H

Wang Mang, whose brief reign ended in abject chaos, was a scholar of this Ancient Chinese philosopher, whose principles he hoped to impose on Chinese society.

H

Four social classes were created along the lines of this man’s teachings, including the replacement of the scholar-bureaucrats with the samurai.

H

The American philosopher, Herrlee G. Creel, argued that this system of thought's founder was a revolutionary, in a book subtitled The Man and the Myth.

H

The Four Books and Five Classics are the authoritative texts of this man's philosophy, one of the so-called Hundred Schools of Thought.

Watch out: Emperor Shi Huangdi rejected Confucianism in favor of Legalism during the Qin Dynasty
#1222 · Chinese Dynasties · Level 3

Jin Dynasty

Jin Dynasty
Ian Kiu · CC BY-SA 3.0

Chinese dynasty · 266–420 CE; 1115–1234 CE · northern China

Jin Dynasty refers to two separate Chinese dynasties: the Sima family's Jin (266–420 CE) and the Jurchen Jin (1115–1234).

The kit

  • Rise (Sima Jin) — Jin Dynasty was founded by Sima Yan, who forced Cao Huan to abdicate in 266 CE and reunified China by conquering Eastern Wu.
  • Conflicts (Sima Jin) — Jin Dynasty experienced the War of the Eight Princes and invasions during the Five Barbarians period, ending Western Jin and beginning Eastern Jin.
  • Rise (Jurchen Jin) — Jin Dynasty was founded by Wanyan of the Aguda clan and succeeded the Liao dynasty after driving Yelü Dashi westward in the early 1100s.
  • Achievements (Jurchen Jin) — Jin Dynasty captured Kaifeng in 1127 during the Humiliation of Jingkang, forcing the Song dynasty to relocate south and creating Southern Song.

Runs with

Song Dynasty
Jin captured Kaifeng in 1127, forcing Song south open card →
Bakumatsu Period
Genghis Khan
Mongols overran Jin in 1234 open card →
Three Kingdoms Period
Sima Yan's Jin ended period by conquering Wu open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

Dynasty, founded by Sima Yan, that ended the period by conquering Eastern Wu.

H

During its Eastern phase, this dynasty granted tax exemptions to resettled migrants from north China called qiáorén. :Name this dynasty ruled by the Sīmǎ family, whose earlier Western phase began with its reunification of China in 280 CE and ended following multiple civil wars named for Eight Princes and Five Barbarians.

H

The history of this dynasty contains the only extant sentence of the Jié [j’YEH] people’s language, provoking decades of debate on whether that language was Turkic, Indo-European, or even Yeniseian [yen-ih-SAY-in]. This dynasty drove the Liáo dynasty west and conquered Kāifēng [kye-fung] in 1127.

M

Sima Yan forced Cao Huan to abdicate, establishing this dynasty. A civil war that broke out during this dynasty was the War of the Eight Princes and it was overthrown by the Liu Song in 420.

M

This dynasty captured the city of Kaifeng in 1127, forcing the Song dynasty to move south, and was itself overrun by the Mongols in 1234 after the defeat of the Xi Xia. identify this dynasty founded by the Jurchens.

M

Its forces expelled the ruler Yelü Dashi to the west, where he founded the Kara-Khitan Khanate with surviving forces of the Liao dynasty.

5 more clues from the record
H

This dynasty, which divided nobility into meng-an and mouke for the purpose of administration, was the more northern party in the Alliance Conducted at Sea, by which it agreed to partition the Sixteen Prefectures with a southern rival.

H

The fire lance, an early weapon that relied on gunpowder, was used heavily during the Song Dynasty’s siege of De’an against this Jurchen dynasty. This dynasty later abducted the Song emperor during their sack of Kaifeng.

H

This dynasty succeeded the Liao dynasty and the Northern portion of the Song dynasty in 1215, beginning the Southern Song. It lasted from 1153 to 1234 and was also called the Jurchen.

H

The dynasty’s capture of one city was called the Humiliation of Jingkang.

H

This dynasty’s first ruler was Wanyan of the Aguda clan.

Watch out: Two distinct dynasties share the name Jin: the Sima family's (266–420 CE) and the Jurchen (1115–1234 CE)
#1223 · Chinese Dynasties · Level 3

Shang Dynasty

Shang Dynasty
Lamassu Design Gurdjieff /a ( talk /a ) · CC BY-SA 3.0

Ancient Chinese dynasty · c. 1600–1046 BCE · North-central China

Shang Dynasty was China's first historically-attested dynasty, centered at Anyang and known for oracle-bone divination.

The kit

  • Rise — Shang Dynasty established hegemony after Emperor Tang won the Battle of Mingtiao during the first Noble Revolution.
  • Achievements — Shang Dynasty developed a 360-day calendar of twelve 30-day months and used the moon character for month.
  • Capital & divination — Shang Dynasty was centered at Anyang, where oracle bones inscribed on turtle shells were used for divination.
  • Fall — Shang Dynasty ended when last king Di Xin committed suicide after the Battle of Muye against King Wu.

Runs with

Oracle Bones
oracle bones were used for divination throughout Shang Dynasty open card →
Rongorongo Scriptbronze
China
first historically-attested dynasty in China open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

This dynasty established hegemony after Emperor Tang won the Battle of Mingtiao [] during the first "Noble Revolution" in East Asian history.

H

A myth stated that this dynasty was founded after Jiandi swallowed a black bird’s egg and gave birth to Xie.

M

This dynasty’s last king, Di Xin, was forced to commit suicide after the disastrous Battle of Muye.

M

This dynasty was centered around its capital of Anyang, where excavations have uncovered oracle bones that were used for divination.

E

It may have overthrown the Xia Dynasty, and was definitely succeeded by the Zhou. name this first historically-attested Chinese dynasty.

E

During this dynasty, mystics began using turtle shells, or "oracle bones," for divination.

10 more clues from the record
H

A leader of this dynasty had a “Lake of Wine and Forest of Meat” and was married to a woman portrayed as a fox spirit, Daji.

H

Oracle bones were used during this Chinese dynasty, which succeeded the legendary Xia dynasty. Its last ruler was King Zhou.

H

Before its fall, one mad ruler of this dynasty created a pool of alcohol beneath a tree of roasted meat.

H

Answer the following about China’s early history. :Fu Hao was a consort of Wu Ding, the king who led this dynasty to its zenith. Fu Hao’s tomb is one of the best preserved tombs from this dynasty.

H

The earliest oracle bones date to the time of this dynasty. It may have co-existed for some time with its successor, the Zhou.

H

The remains of sixteen human sacrifices were found in the tomb of this dynasty’s general Fù Hǎo, located near present-day Ānyáng.

H

King Wu defeated this dynasty with Jiang Ziya’s help.

H

A royal consort from this polity, whose head was later hung from a white flag to indicate that she had led to its downfall, supposedly prompted her husband to create a torture method involving walking over a greased metal beam heated with coal.

H

During this dynasty, a 360 day calendar of 12 30-day months was developed, and the character for “moon” began to be used to denote “month.” The later period of this dynasty, from the reign of emperor Pangeng onward, has historically been called the Yin dynasty.

H

Its conquered land was ruled by Guanshu, Caishu (TSAI-shoo), and Huoshu (HWOH-shoo), three guards who instigated a namesake revolt against a duke shortly after this dynasty fell.

Watch out: King Zhou (last Shang ruler) vs. Zhou Dynasty (Shang's successor)
#1239 · Ancient Indian Rulers · Level 3

Ashoka the Great

Ashoka the Great
a rel="nofollow" Photo Dharma /a from Sadao, Thailand · CC BY 2.0

Mauryan emperor · r. c. 268–232 BCE · India

Ashoka the Great was a Mauryan emperor who converted to Buddhism after witnessing the horrors of the Kalinga War.

The kit

  • Rise — Ashoka the Great secured power by assassinating his half-brother Susima after a revolt in Avanti Kingdom.
  • Conflicts — Ashoka the Great fought a bloody war against Kalinga that caused him to convert to Buddhism.
  • Achievements — Ashoka the Great erected the Lion Capital at Sarnath and inscribed Rock and Pillar Edicts promoting Buddhist doctrine.
  • Legacy — Ashoka the Great sent his son Mahindra as a missionary to Sri Lanka and called himself "Beloved of the Gods."

Runs with

Buddhism
converted after Kalinga War horrors open card →
Chandragupta
grandson of this Mauryan founder open card →
Bindusara
India
ruled Mauryan Empire from Maghda open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

The “Lion Capital” of this ruler was erected at Sarnath. :Name this emperor who fought a bloody war against the Kalinga (kuh-LING-uh) empire.

H

This ruler commissioned a structure that was designed to look like a garden, but was actually a torture chamber.

M

Name the Mauryan Emperor who converted to Buddhism after witnessing the horrors of the Kalinga War.

M

This monarch erected another pillar that features four lions standing on top of a drum, the Lion Capital of Sarnath, one of many inscribed with his rock edicts. name this Mauryan emperor of India who, after conquering Kalinga, converted to Buddhism.

E

This ruler erected a series of “Rock Edicts” around his kingdom. name this grandson of Chandragupta, a Mauryan Emperor who converted to Buddhism.

E

This ruler is noted for his Rock and Pillar edicts, many of which promulgate Buddhist doctrine. name this Mauryan emperor.

10 more clues from the record
H

This ruler referred to himself as the “Beloved of the Gods” and planted banyan trees at regular intervals to aid travellers.

H

This king legendarily built a torture chamber disguised as a beautiful garden.

H

This man was said to have employed and later killed Candagirika in an exquisite torture chamber known as his Hell.

H

This emperor designed a building that looked like a palace, but was a torture chamber whose name translated to “Hell-On-Earth.” This “Beloved-of-the-Gods” put down a minor revolt in his empire at Taxila, and he ruled his kingdom from Maghda.

H

This ruler, who described himself as the “Beloved of the Gods,” protected his power by assassinating his half-brother Susima.

H

After witnessing atrocities committed in his name during his conquest of the Kalinga Kingdom, this ruler converted to Buddhism.

H

This man sent his son Mahindra as a missionary to Sri Lanka.

H

The Lion Capital was built by this king of the Maurya dynasty, who converted to Buddhism after the violence of his conquest of Kalinga.

H

After a revolt in the Avanti Kingdom, this ruler and his brother Susima narrowly avoided a war of succession.

H

This ruler ordered the construction of his namesake pillars inscribed with moral edicts.

Watch out: Chandragupta (his grandfather, also a Mauryan emperor)
#1240 · Ancient Indian Rulers · Level 3

Chandragupta

Chandragupta
Tulika and Satvik · CC BY-SA 4.0

Mauryan Empire founder · died 297 BCE · India

Chandragupta founded the Mauryan Empire by conquering Magadha and the Nanda Empire, then defeating Seleucus I Nicator's invasion.

The kit

  • Rise — Chandragupta conquered Magadha and Pataliputra, the capital of the Nanda Empire, to establish his power base.
  • Achievements — Chandragupta wrested the Punjab region from Macedonian control after Alexander the Great's death and signed a peace treaty with Seleucus I.
  • Advisors & administration — Chandragupta was advised by Kautilya (also called Chanakya), who wrote the Arthashastra on political science for this monarch.
  • Death & succession — Chandragupta converted to Jainism and starved himself to death as an ascetic monk, leaving his empire to his son Bindusara.

Runs with

Nanda Empire
conquered it to found Mauryan Empire open card →
Mauryan Empire
founded this dynasty open card →
Ashoka the Great
grandfather of this emperor open card →
Seleucus I Nicator
defeated his invasion, signed peace treaty open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

Chanakya served as prime minister for Bindusara, the son of this founder of the Mauryan dynasty.

H

Kautilya's (koh-TEEL-yuh's)Arthashastra(ARTH-aa-SHAH-struh) was written under this monarch, who conquered Magadha (MUG-ud-huh) and Pataliputra (PAH-tal-ee-POO-truh), the capital of the Nanda Empire.

H

Name these Indian emperors .When Alexander the Great died, this founder of the Maruyan Empire wrested the Punjab region from Macedonian control. He converted to Jainism and became an ascetic before his death in 297 BCE.

H

A book written for this emperor has a name translating to “political science” and lists many potential Vyanjana(vee-ahn-YAH-nah), or disguises, that spies can use.

M

This man starved himself to death as a Jain monk and left his empire to Bindusara (BIN-doo-sar). name this grandfather of Ashoka (ah-SHOW-kuh) and founder of the Mauryan Empire.

M

Coins showing the queen of a ruler of this name indicate the role his marriage alliance to a Licchavi woman had in expanding his empire from Magadha.

6 more clues from the record
H

This ruler conquered the Nanda Empire and defeated an invasion by Seleucus I. :Name this Jainist ruler who started his conquests with Magadha and was succeeded by Bindusara. He was known to the Greeks as Sandrokyptos.

H

A ruler of this name migrated with 12,000 monks to a region suffering from famine, where they built massive temples between the twin hills of Sravana Belgola.

H

The scientist Varahamihira, who showed several trigonometric identities, was among the luminaries gathered by a non-Mughal ruler of this name called the Nine Gems.

H

Another book, the Indica, was written by the Seleucid (sel-YOO-sid) ambassador to this man's court, Megasthenes (meg-AS-thuh-neez).

H

The Mauryan Empire was founded by this grandfather of Asoka, who was advised by Kautilya and who signed a peace treaty with Seleucus I Nicator.

H

The realm of a ruler with this name was described as an utopia where fines replaced corporal punishment by the visitor Fa Xian.

#1241 · Ancient Indian Rulers · Level 3

Chandragupta Maurya

Chandragupta Maurya
a rel="nofollow" Photo Dharma /a from Penang, Malaysia · CC BY 2.0

Indian emperor · reigned c. 321–297 BCE · India

Chandragupta Maurya founded the Mauryan Empire after overthrowing the Nanda Dynasty and uniting India as a teenager.

The kit

  • Rise — Chandragupta Maurya was mentored by Chanakya (Kautilya), author of the Arthashastra, who advised him in defeating the Nanda Dynasty.
  • Achievements — Chandragupta Maurya gave 500 war elephants to Seleucus I Nicator in a peace treaty after their conflict.
  • Legacy — Chandragupta Maurya was visited by Megasthenes, Seleucid ambassador whose Indica documented his court, and was known to Greeks as Sandrakottos.
  • Death & succession — Chandragupta Maurya was succeeded by his son Bindusara, making him the grandfather of the famous emperor Ashoka.

Runs with

Mauryan Empire
founded it after defeating the Nanda Dynasty open card →
India
united it as first Mauryan emperor open card →
Nanda Empire
overthrew its last king to establish Mauryan rule open card →
Elephants
gave 500 war elephants to Seleucus Nicator open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

This ruler’s advisor Chanakya wrote the Arthashastra.

H

Megasthenes visited the empire of this ruler, whose war elephants at the Battle of Ipsus led to the victory of Seleucus.

M

Megasthenes served as an ambassador to this founder of the Mauryan empire, known to the Greeks as Sandrakottos. This ruler gave 500 war elephants to Seleucus Nicator as part of a peace treaty.

M

The Arthashastra was written by Kautilya an advisor to this man. name this ruler who, as a teenager, defeated the Nanda dynasty to unite India and found the Mauryan empire.

E

This man, who was succeeded by Bindusara, overthrew the Nanda Dynasty. name this grandfather of Ashoka and founder of the Mauryan Dynasty.

E

This ruler’s son Bindusara inherited his empire, which was founded after his defeat of the Nanda Empire. name this ruler, the grandfather of Ashoka, who founded the Mauryan Empire.

10 more clues from the record
H

According to Plutarch, this man is believed to have met Alexander the Great at Taxila and killed two Greek satraps.

H

An important source in the history of this ruler is the Indica of Megasthenes, who served as an ambassador of the Seleucid Empire in this man’s court.

H

The satraps Nicanor and Philip may have been killed by this man’s forces.

H

According to legend, this man’s advisor realized he made a mistake in tactics after hearing a woman scolding her son for eating hot gruel.

H

The Arthashastra is attributed to Chanakya, aka Kautilya, who served as the advisor to this founder of the Maurya dynasty.

H

An important source on the history of this man and his empire is the Indica of Megasthenes, who served as an ambassador to this man for the Seleucid Empire.

H

Some histories suggest that this leader was raised by peacock tamers, while others say his mother Mura reared him.

H

This man who overthrew the last Nanda king was mentored by Chanakya [[chah-NAH-kyah]] and supposedly gave war elephants to Seleucus I [[the FIRST]] Nicator.

H

This ruler was once licked awake by a lion after an encounter with another conqueror at Taxila, which was interpreted as a sign that he would one day be king.

H

This man’s most famous advisor broke off his teeth to assure his mother that power would not change him.

Watch out: Confused with his grandson Ashoka, the most famous Mauryan emperor
#1243 · Ancient Indian Rulers · Level 3

Bindusara

Bindusara
a rel="nofollow" Photo Dharma /a from Penang, Malaysia · CC BY 2.0

Mauryan emperor · ruled until 272 BCE · India

Bindusara was the Mauryan emperor who succeeded Chandragupta and consolidated his father's conquests before fathering Ashoka.

The kit

  • Rise — Bindusara succeeded Chandragupta and was named for a bluish spot on his forehead caused by a drop of poison.
  • Achievements — Bindusara conquered the peoples of the Deccan, extending Mauryan control southward to Karnataka and uniting eastern and western seas.
  • Conflicts — Bindusara sent his younger son to quell an uprising in Taxila after his eldest son Susima caused the people to revolt.
  • Death & succession — Bindusara died in 272 BCE in a rage after ministers brought his younger son instead of the one he called for.

Runs with

Nanda Empire
Bindusara's father Chandragupta overthrew the Nanda Empire open card →
Ashoka the Great
Bindusara fathered Ashoka, his eventual successor open card →
Chandragupta Maurya
Bindusara succeeded and consolidated Chandragupta Maurya's conquests open card →
Chandragupta
Bindusara was Chandragupta's son and successor open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

Ashoka’s father was this Mauryan emperor, who consolidated the conquests of his own father Chadragupta. His name refers to a bluish spot on his forehead caused by a drop of poison.

H

Chandragupta was succeeded by this monarch, who was named for the drop of poison atop his head.

M

This monarch in turn fathered Ashoka.

M

Though the Greeks referred to him as “Amitrochates,” or “destroyer of foes,” this ruler, who succeeded Chandragupta and conquered the peoples of the Deccan, may be best known for fathering Asoka.

M

This father of Ashoka got his name from being born with a bluish spot on his forehead, thanks to the poisoning of his mother. He enjoyed strong relations with the Seleucid Empire.

M

That younger son succeeded this man by allegedly killing 99 of his brothers, sparing only one named Tissa.

4 more clues from the record
H

This man died in a rage in 272 BCE after he called for his son and favored successor, Sushim, but his ministers brought him a younger son instead. :Identify this Indian ruler who dispatched his actual successor to put down a rebellion in Taxila. His Greek name of "destroyer of foes" probably refers to his southern conquests, which extended to Karnataka.

H

One text claims that this ruler destroyed the kings of sixteen towns, so he could unite the “western and eastern seas.” This ruler allegedly wrote a letter to another king, asking him for sweet wine, dried figs, and a philosopher—the king responded that he’d supply the first two, but it was illegal to sell a philosopher.

H

This man's eldest son, known either as Susima or Sumana, allegedly caused the people to revolt while serving as viceroy of Taxila, so this ruler had to send his younger son to quell the uprising.

H

The ambassador Deimachos came to live at this ruler’s court for many years, likely sent by the aforementioned king, this man’s close friend Antiochus I Soter.

Watch out: Chandragupta (his father, also a Mauryan founder)
#1245 · Ancient Indian Rulers · Level 3

Raja Raja Chola I

Raja Raja Chola I
No machine-readable author provided. Venu62~commonswiki /a a · Public domain

Chola emperor · 985–1014 CE · southern India

Raja Raja Chola I was a Chola emperor whose conquests expanded Tamil power across southern India, Sri Lanka, and Indian Ocean islands.

The kit

  • Rise — Raja Raja Chola I came to power in 985 CE after his older brother Aditya II was killed by assassins.
  • Achievements — Raja Raja Chola I built the Brihadeeswara Temple at Thanjavur, featuring 108 dancers on its walls and a giant Nandi statue.
  • Conflicts — Raja Raja Chola I conquered Pandyan Kerala and Sri Lanka, comparing his Lanka invasion to Rama's mythical conquest.
  • Legacy — Raja Raja Chola I destroyed the western Gangas and defeated Chera boats in the Kandalur War before his son Rajendra succeeded him.

Runs with

Indonesia
son Rajendra extended maritime conquests to Indonesia open card →
Sri Lanka
conquered Anuradhapura Kingdom, establishing foothold at Polonnaruwa open card →
Assassins
older brother Aditya II killed by assassins open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

His territorial conquests including the Laksadweep and Maldive islands as well as the former territory of the western Gangas, whom he destroyed. :Identify this boastfully-named king, who was succeeded by his son Rajendra.

H

He built the Brihadeeswarer Temple at Thanjavur. :Identify this ruler who defeated the Anuradhapura Kingdom, conquering Lanka, and fought against the western Chalukyas as the leader of the Chola dynasty of Tamils.

M

This ruler’s son built his capital on a giant man-made lake that still exists today and, according to some inscriptions, was enslaved by a god who took the form of a golden crocodile.

M

One structure built by this ruler contains 108 dancers on its wall, as well as a giant statue of Nandi.

E

This boastfully named Chola emperor conquered Pandyan Kerala and compared his conquest of Sri Lanka to the mythical invasion of Lanka by Rama. He was succeeded by Rajendra I, who would go on to extend his maritime conquests to Indonesia.

E

This enemy of the Pandya dynasty is perhaps best known for constructing the Brihadeeswarar temple in Tamil Nadu. name this Chola dynasty ruler whose name translates to “King of Kings.”

5 more clues from the record
H

His older brother had earlier been killed by assassins avenging the public beheading of their king.

H

The Uttiramerur inscription describes this ruler’s election through a democratic process.

M

He’s not Ashoka, but this ruler conquered Kalinga with an army led by his son, Rajendra.

M

This brother of Aditya II destroyed several boats belonging to the Chera in the Kandalur War.

E

This important Chola king ruled from 985 to 1018 CE and established a foothold on Lanka at Polonnaruwa, in addition to fighting wars against the Ganga and Western Chalukya.

Watch out: His son Rajendra led the conquest of Kalinga, not Raja Raja Chola I himself
#1246 · Ancient Indian Rulers · Level 3

Rajendra Chola I

Rajendra Chola I
David George · Public domain

Chola emperor · early 11th century · southern India

Rajendra Chola I was a Chola emperor who expanded his realm through naval conquests across Southeast Asia and raids to the Ganges.

The kit

  • Rise — Rajendra Chola I succeeded Rajaraja I as ruler of the Chola Empire in southern India.
  • Achievements — Rajendra Chola I conducted a digvijaya raid to the Ganges, taking its water to bless his newly constructed capital.
  • Conflicts — Rajendra Chola I conquered the Srivijaya kingdom and sacked Palembang, also seizing the Pegu islands and extracting tribute from Khmer.

Runs with

Indonesia
sacked Palembang in Srivijaya open card →
Nanda Empire
raided to the Ganges in digvijaya campaign open card →
Malaysia
conquered Srivijaya kingdom territories open card →
Water
took Ganges water to bless capital open card →

The ladder · 2 clues

H

That sack of Palembang was carried out by this ruler. As part of his digvijaya, this Chola ruler had previously raided his way to the Ganges, taking its water to bless his constructed capital.

M

This successor of Rajaraja I conquered the Srivijaya kingdom, the Pegu islands, and managed to extract credit from Khmer.

Watch out: Rajaraja I (his predecessor, not him)
#1247 · Ancient Indian Rulers · Level 3

Chandragupta II

Chandragupta II
PHGCOM · CC BY-SA 3.0

Gupta emperor · r. 376–415 CE · northern India

Chandragupta II was a Gupta emperor who expanded the empire to its greatest extent and presided over a golden age of Indian culture.

The kit

  • Rise — Chandragupta II succeeded his father Samudragupta in 376 CE and adopted the title maharajadhiraja (Great King of Kings).
  • Achievements — Chandragupta II defeated the Saka Satraps and established a capital at Ujjain, while his daughter's marriage united the Gupta and Vakataka kingdoms.
  • Legacy — Chandragupta II kept the Nine Gems poets including Kalidasa at court and names a Samvat calendar still popular in north India.
  • Conflicts — Chandragupta II led a successful campaign against chiefs of Venga as recorded on the Mehrauli Iron Pillar in Delhi.

Runs with

Iron
commemorated on Mehrauli Iron Pillar open card →
India
ruled northern India during Gupta golden age open card →
Delhi
Mehrauli Iron Pillar stands in Delhi open card →
China
Chinese Buddhist monks visited during his reign open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

This monarch names a Samvat calendar popular in north India, while his rival or descendant Shalivahana names a calendar popular in South India. :Name this legendary emperor identified with Chandragupta II. A popular story tells of this ruler’s attempt to capture a spirit named Betal , who told him stories while this ruler tried to carry Betal’s corpse away.

H

The pilgrim Fa Hsien described the kingdom under this man’s reign, noting that there was no death penalty, poll-tax, or land tax, but that the caste system was firmly embedded and that most people did not eat meat, wine, or onions.

M

This shining light of the Gupta dynasty adopted the Kushan accolade of "Great King of Kings" or maharajadhiraja and established a capital at Ujjain. He succeeded Samadragupta and described himself as "Sun of Valor" on his coins.

M

Perhaps the greatest of the Gupta kings was this man, who succeeded his father Samudragupta in 376 CE. It was during his reign that Buddhist monks from China visited India and the empire reached its greatest extent.

E

At court, he kept a circle of poets known as the “Nine Gems,” including Kalidasa, and the fourth day after Diwali, Padwa, coincides with his coronation.

E

FTP, name this Indian king, the second so-named of his dynasty, who shares his name with the founder of the Mauryan empire.

2 more clues from the record
H

The Mehrauli Iron Pillar in Delhi indicates that he led a successful campaign against chiefs of Venga.

M

He is better known today for his victories over the Saka Satraps and the marriage of his daughter to the king of the Vakataka dynasty, effectively uniting the two kingdoms during his time.

Watch out: Shares his name with Chandragupta I, founder of the Mauryan empire
#1248 · Ancient Indian Rulers · Level 3

Menander I Soter

Menander I Soter
No machine-readable author provided. World Imaging /a assume · Public domain

Indo-Greek king · 2nd century BC · Bactria and northwestern India

Menander I Soter was a 2nd-century BC Indo-Greek king who issued bilingual coins and dialogued with the monk Nāgasena.

The kit

  • Rise — Menander I Soter ruled as an Indo-Greek king in the 2nd century BC.
  • Achievements — Menander I Soter issued coins featuring Athena holding a thunderbolt alongside text in Kharosthi script.
  • Legacy — Menander I Soter appeared in a dialogue with the monk Nāgasena written on birch bark.
  • Expansion — Menander I Soter peacefully annexed Nabataea after the death of Rabbel II Soter.

The ladder · 3 clues

H

This man annexed Nabatea after the death of its king Rabbel II Soter.

H

This man took advantage of the death of Rabbel Il Soter to peacefully annex Nabataea.

M

Other texts written on birch bark include a dialogue between the monk Nāgasena and this 2nd-century BC king. This Indo-Greek king issued coins featuring Athena holding a thunderbolt alongside text in Kharosthi.

Watch out: Rabbel II Soter was the Nabataean king whose death enabled Menander's annexation, not a contemporary Indo-Greek ruler.
#1249 · Japanese Historical Periods and Shogunates · Level 3

Ashikaga Shogunate

Ashikaga Shogunate
bdi Kanō Masanobu /span /a · Public domain

Japanese shogunate · 1336–1573 · Japan

Ashikaga Shogunate was the second Japanese shogunate, ruling between the Kamakura and Tokugawa shogunates and also known as the Muromachi period.

The kit

  • Rise — Ashikaga Shogunate began when Takauji revolted against Emperor Go-Daigo, ending the Kemmu Restoration in 1336.
  • Conflicts — Ashikaga Shogunate controlled the Northern Court during the Northern and Southern Courts Period and fought internal conflicts like the Kannō incident.
  • Achievements — Ashikaga Shogunate rulers built the Silver Pavilion and the Flower Palace during this culturally significant period.
  • Fall — Ashikaga Shogunate's decline after the Ōnin War led directly to the Sengoku, or Warring States, period.

Runs with

Bakumatsu Period
Oda Nobunaga
its collapse into Sengoku period enabled Oda Nobunaga's rise open card →
Kamakura Shogunate
succeeded the Kamakura Shogunate after Takauji's revolt open card →
Sengoku Period
its decline after Ōnin War led to Sengoku Period open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

This government controlled the Northern Court during the Northern and Southern Courts Period.

H

This period ended with the Sengoku period and its first leader was named Takauji. name this Japanese time period which followed the Kamakura Shogunate.

M

Its decline after the Onin War led to the Sengoku, or Warring States, period. name this second Japanese shogunate, which followed the Kamakura period.

M

The collapse of this government led to the Sengoku, or warring states, period. name this Japanese government that ruled between the Kamakura and Tokugawa shogunates.

M

The Kemmu restoration of Go-Daigo ultimately gave way to this shogunate. The previously mentioned brothers Takauji and Takayoshi established this dynasty, which is alternately known as the Muromachi period.

E

This period began after Takauji revolted upon the ascension Emperor Go-Daigo in the Kemmu Restoration.

10 more clues from the record
H

This government was badly weakened by the internal Ōnin War, and it began when Takauji turned on Emperor Go-Daigo, ending the Kenmu Restoration.

H

Leaders of this government fought over the appointment of their deputy Kō no Moronao in the Kannō incident.

H

The Onin War signaled the end of this shogunate. It was founded after its first shogun, Takauji, overthrew the Hojo-controlled Kamakura shogunate and put down the Go-Daigo-led Kemmu Restoration.

H

This period followed an attack of the previous capital which saw attackers unable to breach seven passes before attacking from a beach that appeared during low tide.

H

The Northern and Southern Courts period occurred under this government, and one writer from this period justified the Southern Court’s legitimacy due to its possession of the imperial regalia.

H

In one conflict during this dynasty, its members fought against an army led by Yamana Sozen and helped by the Ouchi family.

H

One ruler during this period built the Silver Pavilion, while another built what became known as the Flower Palace.

H

During this period, So Sadamori repelled the Oei Invasion by Koreans of Tsushima.

H

That writer, Kitabatake Chikafusa, advised an early emperor of his period.

H

In its later stages, real power lay with the Hosokawa family.

Watch out: Kamakura Shogunate (the first shogunate, which the Ashikaga followed)
#1250 · Japanese Historical Periods and Shogunates · Level 3

Kenmu Restoration

Kenmu Restoration
table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" tbody tr td span title · Public domain

Japanese imperial restoration · 1333–1336 · Japan

The Kenmu Restoration was a three-year period when Emperor Go-Daigo attempted direct imperial rule after overthrowing the Kamakura Shogunate.

The kit

  • Rise — Kenmu Restoration began after Nitta Yoshisada defeated the Hojo clan in the Genko War, ending the Kamakura Shogunate.
  • Policies — Kenmu Restoration saw Go-Daigo and advisor Kitabatake Chikafusa attempt to curb warrior classes and large landholders' power.
  • Conflicts — Kenmu Restoration included Go-Daigo naming Prince Morinaga as shogun in place of Ashikaga Takauji, creating internal tensions.
  • Fall — Kenmu Restoration ended when Ashikaga Takauji entered Kyoto, forcing Go-Daigo to flee to Mount Hiei in 1336.

Runs with

Kamakura Shogunate
overthrew this shogunate open card →
Bakumatsu Period
Japan
occurred in this country open card →
Meiji Restoration

The ladder · 6 clues

H

This period ended after Ashikaga Takauji entered Kyoto, causing Go-Daigo’s flight to Mount Hiei. name this period of Japanese history that followed the Kamakura Shogunate and briefly returned imperial control to Japan.

H

Go-Daigo, along with his advisor Kitabatake Chikafusa, vainly attempted to curb the power of the warrior classes and the large landholders during this three-year period of Japanese history, which refers to the time in which he opposed the shogunate and attempted to rule sans military.

H

This period began after the accession of a member of the Southern Court; that ruler’s allies included Kusunoki Masashige and a man who would later fight him in a war caused by the failed policies of this period.

H

During this period, Prince Morinaga was named to be one of the shoguns in place of Ashikaga Takauji. :Identify this period of Japanese history that followed the Kamakura Period and saw Emperor Go-Daigo attempt to assert his power.

H

According to one chronicle, this period was preceded by a battle in which the winning commander parted the sea by throwing his sword into it, allowing his army to march onto victory.

M

Brief "Restoration" by Go-Daigo [[goh-"die"-GOH]] which overthrew the Kamakura in favor of direct imperial rule.

1 more clues from the record
H

That battle occurred during the Genko War, and it was a victory for Nitta Yoshisada over the Hojo clan.

Watch out: Meiji Restoration (later 1868 imperial restoration)
#1251 · Japanese Historical Periods and Shogunates · Level 3

Nara Period

Nara Period
Hyakurakuto · CC BY-SA 3.0

Japanese historical period · 710–794 CE · Japan

The Nara Period was an eighth-century Japanese era when the capital at Heijō-kyō was modeled after Tang China's Chang'an.

The kit

  • Rise — Nara Period began in 710 CE with establishment of Heijō-kyō as Japan's capital, marking the first use of the title tenno for emperors.
  • Achievements — Nara Period saw compilation of the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki chronicles and the Man'yōshū poetry collection, Japan's oldest literary works.
  • Achievements — Nara Period witnessed construction of Todai-ji temple and its enormous bronze Buddha under Emperor Shomu, who sought a Buddhist state.
  • Conflicts — Nara Period ended after Empress Koken's abdication crisis involving monk Dokyo and the capital's move to Nagaoka in 784 CE.

Runs with

Bakumatsu Period
Heian Period
Heian Period directly followed Nara Period in 794 CE open card →
Japan
Nara Period was an era of Japanese history open card →
Kyoto
Kyoto became capital after Nara Period ended open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

The Nihon-shoki and Kojiki were written during this period. name this period of Japanese history, lasting from 710 to 784 and named for its capital.

H

The massive temple complex of Todai-ji was constructed during this period as the center of a system of provincial temples known as kokubun-ji. :Name this period of Japanese history in the 8th century that began with the establishment of Heijō-kyō as the capital. This period was followed by the Heian period.

M

The last empress to rule Japan until the 17th century, Empress Koken, reigned during this period, whose namesake capital was modeled after Chang’an.

M

This period of Japanese history included the publishing of the Man'yōshū, the oldest collection of Japanese poetry. Its namesake capital was modeled after Chang’an in China, and it was followed by the Heian period.

M

The earliest longer texts composed in Japanese, such as the early chronicles the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki, were produced during this period, named for the capital before Kyoto.

E

FTP, identify this Japanese historical period that lasted from 710 to 794 AD and fell between the Yamato and Heian periods.

10 more clues from the record
H

This was the first time when emperors adopted the title of "tenno," and other innovations during this period, such as the institution of a Council of State, were adopted in order to imitate the government at Changan and important Tang Chinese institutions.

H

During this period, which saw the capital moved from its namesake city to Nagaoka ten years before its end, the Kojiki was compiled and much of Japan’s cultural and political reforms were modeled after those of the Tang Dynasty.

H

This period’s cultural artifacts include a large amount of darani placed in miniature wooden pagodas to pacify the souls of people who died in the Emi-no Oshikatsu uprising.

H

The aristocracy staved off a succession crisis in this period by exiling a priest of the Hosso sect named Dokyo, who had convinced the Empress Koken to abdicate in his favor.

H

The construction of the Todaiji Temple, which houses its namesake city’s Daibatsu statue, was overseen by the Emperor Shomu, who sought to establish a Buddhist state.

H

Subjugation of the Emishi began during this political period, which lasted from 710-794 CE. The namesake capital of this period was modeled after Cháng'ān, as Kyōto was in the following Heian Period.

H

Private estates called shoen began to replace the ritsuryo system during this period, which saw the compilation of the poetry collection Manyosho.

H

Though begun earlier, the Taiho Code was first put into widespread force during this period.

H

During this period, court officials exiled the monk Dokyo after he unsuccessfully attempted to become Emperor.

H

During this period, the enormous bronze Buddha of the Todai-ji temple was built during the reign of Emperor Shomu.

Watch out: Confusing the Nara capital (Heijō-kyō) with Kyoto, which was the Heian capital
#1252 · Japanese Historical Periods and Shogunates · Level 3

Kofun Period

Kofun Period
Immanuelle · CC BY 4.0

Japanese historical period · c. 250–538 CE · Japan

Kofun Period was a Japanese era named for its distinctive keyhole-shaped burial mounds that followed the Yayoi period.

The kit

  • Tombs — Kofun Period is named for megalithic burial mounds, many of which were keyhole-shaped tombs for rulers.
  • Korean influence — Kofun Period saw the Gaya Confederacy introduce high-fired grey Sue pottery to Japan.
  • Skilled artisans — Kofun Period brought many Imaki no Tehito (Recently Arrived Skilled Artisans) who introduced new technologies to Japan.
  • Rulers — Kofun Period probably began under Emperor Ojin as part of the earlier Yamato period.

Runs with

Bakumatsu Period
preceded the Bakumatsu by over a millennium open card →
Japan
early historical period in Japan open card →
Terracotta

The ladder · 4 clues

H

High-fired grey pottery called Sue was introduced by the Gaya Confederacy to Japan during this era of Japanese history, named for its keyhole-shaped tombs.

H

The Korean Confucian scholar Ajiki was deified after his death and worshipped in a Shinto shrine at Toyosato-cho, having spearheaded the breeding of horses in Japan during this period. :Name this period in which many Imaki no Tehito, or “Recently Arrived Skilled Artisans,” began bringing technologies to Japan. This earlier part of the Yamato period is named for a type of megalithic tomb.

H

Emperor Ojin was probably the first ruler of this period in Japan, which takes its name from the keyhole shaped tombs of many of rulers.

M

This period of Japanese history followed the Yayoi period and is named for a type of burial mound.

#1254 · Japanese Historical Periods and Shogunates · Level 3

Asuka Period

Asuka Period
Samhanin · CC BY 3.0

Japanese historical period · 538–710 CE · Japan

Asuka Period was a Japanese era when Buddhism was introduced, Chinese customs adopted, and the Yamato polity developed.

The kit

  • Rise — Asuka Period began in 538 CE and saw Buddhism introduced into Japan from Korea.
  • Achievements — Asuka Period witnessed Prince Shotoku proclaiming the Confucian 17 Article Constitution to adopt Chinese customs.
  • Conflicts — Asuka Period experienced the Jinshin War after Emperor Tenji's death and the Isshi incident deposing Soga no Iruka.
  • Legacy — Asuka Period ended in 710 when Empress Genmei moved the capital to Nara, beginning the Nara Period.

Runs with

Bakumatsu Period
Japan
occurred in Japan open card →
Buddhism
Buddhism was introduced during this period open card →
Mamayev Kurgan

The ladder · 6 clues

H

During this period, the Yamato polity continued to develop as the Gokishichido system, or five provinces and seven circuits, was organized.

H

One series of reforms during this period occurred after the deposition of Soga no Iruka in the Isshi incident.

M

Wasabi was cultivated as medicine during this period, when Japan first imported chopsticks. Goguryeo influenced tombs in Yamato during this 538–710 CE period, which ended when Empress Genmei moved the capital to Nara.

M

Prince Shotoku proclaimed the Confucian 17 Article Constitution during this period, part of a series of moves to adopt Chinese customs.

E

This period, in which Suiko and Shōtoku ruled, saw several notable Korean monks such as Illa and Hyepyeon establish themselves in Japan. This period lies between the Kofun and Nara periods.

E

Buddhism was introduced into Japan during this period. what period that preceded the Nara and followed the Kofun is named for a region south of Nara?

4 more clues from the record
H

During this period, the Jinshin war broke out after the death of Emperor Tenji.

H

The Ritsuryo law system was adopted during this period by the Taiho Code.

M

The family name Fujiwara was created during this period because of the services of Nakatomi no Kamatari, who helped create the Taika Reforms.

E

The later part of period is also called the Hakuho.

Watch out: Hakuho Period (the later part of the Asuka Period shares this alternate name)
#1263 · Chinese Emperors · Level 3

Kublai Khan

Kublai Khan
bdi Araniko /span /a · Public domain

Mongol emperor · 1260–1294 · China and Mongolia

Kublai Khan was the Mongol emperor who founded the Yuan Dynasty and conquered the Southern Song dynasty in 1279.

The kit

  • Rise — Kublai Khan came to power after defeating his brother Ariq Böke in the Toluid Civil War following Möngke's death.
  • Achievements — Kublai Khan conquered the Southern Song at the Battle of Yamen, established paper money as sole currency, and divided society into four classes.
  • Conflicts — Kublai Khan's two invasions of Japan were thwarted by kamikaze winds and his Java expedition was defeated by Raden Wijaya.
  • Legacy — Kublai Khan hosted Marco Polo and Nestorian monk Rabban Sauma at his court and increased Mongol influence over Goryeo Korea.

Runs with

Yuan Dynasty
founded this dynasty after conquering Southern Song China in 1279 open card →
Marco Polo
hosted this Venetian traveler at his imperial court open card →
Japan
launched two failed invasion attempts against this island nation open card →
Kamikaze
these divine winds destroyed his invasion fleets twice open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

After the death of his older brother, this ruler waged a destructive civil war against his youngest brother Ariq Boke in the Toluid Civil War.

H

This man took power shortly after a battle at Shimultai, which garnered him the support of Alghu in the Toluid civil war against Ariq Boke.

M

This leader, whose two invasions of Japan were stymied by kamikaze, was visited by Marco Polo. identify this Mongol founder of the Yuan empire.

M

This ruler's failed invasion of Java was defeated by Raden Wijaya [[vee-JY-yah]], who founded the Majapahit Empire.

E

The divine wind kamikaze famously thwarted this man’s attempts to invade Japan. name this founder of the Yuan Dynasty and grandson of Genghis Khan.

E

This man’s invasions of Japan were twice halted by the kamikaze winds. name this founder of the Yuan Dynasty, a Mongol leader who was the grandson of Genghis Khan.

10 more clues from the record
H

Shortly before this man’s death, he sent an unsuccessful punitive expedition against the Singhasari kingdom of Java.

H

This ruler divided his population into four social classes, defeated the Southern Song dynasty, and established paper money as the sole currency.

H

This leader twice attempted to invade Japan, but both attempts were stopped by a “divine wind,” or kamikaze.

H

Nestorian monk Rabban Sauma and Marco Polo visited the court of this emperor.

H

This leader rose in power after winning the Toluid Civil War against his brother, Ariq Broke.

H

After this ruler defeated his brother, Ariq Böke, he conquered one region after the Battle of Yamen.

H

In 1279, he conquered China and established a Mongol dynasty. :Name this great Khan who succeeded his brother Mongke.

H

This man came to power after the death of his brother, Mongke. :Name this leader of the Mongols, the grandson of Genghis, whose efforts to invade Japan were thwarted both times by kamikaze.

H

He divided his nation into four categories of nationalities, with han-jen and Man-tzu being inferior to the se-mu jen.

H

This man supported the rule of King Wonjong, and his daughter married Wonjong's son Chungnyol Wang, which increased his infuence over the Goryeos of Korea.

Watch out: Confused with his grandfather Genghis Khan or his brother Möngke Khan
#1264 · Chinese Emperors · Level 3

Qin Shi Huang

Qin Shi Huang
Unknown (18??–18??) · Public domain

First Emperor of China · r. 221–210 BCE · China

Qin Shi Huang unified China in 221 BCE, ending the Warring States Period as the first emperor of the Qin dynasty.

The kit

  • Rise — Qin Shi Huang ended the Warring States Period by conquering rival states and unifying China under Legalist principles.
  • Achievements — Qin Shi Huang began construction of the Great Wall and built the Lingqu Canal connecting the Yangtze and Pearl Rivers.
  • Conflicts — Qin Shi Huang survived assassination attempts including Jing Ke's dagger hidden in a map and a lead-weighted lute attack.
  • Death & succession — Qin Shi Huang died after consuming mercury pills he believed would grant immortality; chancellor Li Si forged orders for son Fusu's suicide.

Runs with

China
unified as first emperor open card →
Terracotta
buried with thousands of terracotta warriors open card →
Chancellor
employed Li Si as chancellor open card →
Mercury
died from ingesting mercury pills open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

Jing Ke attempted to assassinate this man by hiding a dagger in a map after this man attacked the state of Yan.

H

During this man’s reign, the Lingqu Canal was built as part of a system connecting the Yangtze and Pearl Rivers.

M

After his death, this leader was buried with thousands of terracotta warriors. name this first emperor of the Qin dynasty and of a unified China.

M

The Warring States Period ended with the rise of this first emperor of China.

E

The man who began the Great Wall and built the Terracotta Warriors was this first emperor of a unified China.

E

Li Si was employed by this proponent of Legalism, the first Emperor of China.

10 more clues from the record
H

In an attempt to find an elixir of immortality, this ruler consumed mercury pills and, surprisingly, died. :Name this person who unified China as the first emperor of the Qin dynasty.

H

Answer the following about a Chinese emperor’s reign. :Name this first emperor of a unified China, who died from ingesting cyanide which he thought would make him immortal.

H

Attempted assassinations of this ruler included one with a lute weighed down by lead and one with a dagger concealed in a map.

H

This man’s quest for immortality led to the search for a 1000 year old magician at Penglai and also to this man’s death after ingesting mercury pills.

H

The ban liang coin was standardized under this man’s chancellor Li Si, who forged a letter ordering this man’s son Fusu to commit suicide.

H

This man visited Zhifu Island three times in attempts to gain immortality, but he died by swallowing mercury pills that were supposed to make him immortal.

H

A musician who had been blinded by this ruler attempted to assassinate him with a lute which had been weighted with lead.

H

This ruler was the target of two assassination plots, one ordered by Prince Dan of Yan and other attempted by a famous lute player.

H

This ruler standardized his country’s currency with a copper coin that has a square hole in the center, called the Ban Liang.

H

One attempt to overthrow this ruler involved the fake eunuch Lao Ai, who revealed himself when he drunkenly boasted of being this ruler’s stepfather, and was orchestrated by the chancellor Lu Buwei.

Watch out: Students confuse Qin Shi Huang with later emperors who also sought immortality or built major monuments
#1265 · Chinese Emperors · Level 3

Yongle Emperor

Yongle Emperor
table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" tbody tr td Unknown au · Public domain

Third Ming emperor · r. 1402–1424 · China

Yongle Emperor was the third Ming ruler who usurped power, moved China's capital to Beijing, and sponsored Zheng He's voyages.

The kit

  • Rise — Yongle Emperor overthrew his nephew the Jianwen Emperor during the Jingnan Rebellion with help from military officer Zheng He.
  • Achievements — Yongle Emperor commissioned an 11,000-volume encyclopedia in 1403 and ordered construction of the Porcelain Tower of Nanjing.
  • Conflicts — Yongle Emperor conquered the Hồ dynasty of Vietnam, annexing it as Jiaozhi Province, and personally led campaigns against Tatar king Arughtai.
  • Legacy — Yongle Emperor moved the capital to Beijing and initiated construction of the Forbidden City while repairing the Grand Canal.

Runs with

Ming Dynasty
third emperor of the dynasty open card →
Zheng He
sponsored his Treasure Voyages open card →
Forbidden City
initiated its construction open card →
Beijing
moved imperial capital there open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

Go with Ten!”, referring to the degrees of kinship that would be executed.

H

The Deshin Shekpa was invited to Nanjing by this leader, whose reign included a war with the Ho Dynasty of Vietnam that ended when Le Loi revolted.

M

The Porcelain Tower of Nanjing was designed by this emperor, who ordered an expedition that destroyed the pirate fleet of Chen Zuyi and reached the Kotte kingdom in Sri Lanka.

M

This future ruler perpetrated the Jingnan Rebellion, which overthrew his nephew, the Jianwen emperor, with the help of military officers including Zheng He.

E

This emperor moved the imperial capital to Beijing and initiated the construction of the Forbidden City. name this third emperor of the Ming Dynasty who sponsored the voyages of explorer Zheng He.

E

A massive encyclopedia of over 11,000 volumes was commissioned by this son of the Hongwu Emperor in 1403. name this third Ming Dynasty emperor who commissioned the Treasure Voyages of Zheng He.

10 more clues from the record
H

This emperor fought the Jingnan campaign in order to take power from his nephew, the Jianwen emperor.

H

This ruler first came to power by overthrowing his nephew during the Jingnan Campaign.

H

One official who called this ruler a usurper had his kin uniquely exterminated to the tenth degree.

H

A vision of the bodhisattva [[BOH-dee-SAHT-vah]] Guanyin [] prompted this ruler to offer Buddhist leader Deshin Shekpa armies to reunite Tibet.

H

This man overthrew his pacifist brother, the Jianwen Emperor, and ordered the construction of the Porcelain Tower and had the Grand Canal repaired.

H

This leader personally led troops into Dai Viet after its Trần Dynasty was usurped by the popular general, Hồ Quý Ly [].

H

This ruler dispatched the general Zhang Fu to conquer the Hồ dynasty, leading to the annexation of Vietnam as Jiaozhi Province.

H

Third Ming emperor, who employed that explorer, built that complex, and repaired that structure.

H

Before this ruler executed Fang Xiaoru, Fang replied, “Never mind nine!

H

This future emperor gained favor after winning a poetry contest in which he completed the line “wind blows the horse's tail into a thousand strands of thread,” with the line, “sun reflects off the dragons' scales into ten thousand bits of gold.” This emperor feigned mental illness while plotting to take over the Jianwen Emperor, and this ruler ordered a costly attack against the Tatar king Arughtai.

Watch out: Jianwen Emperor (his nephew whom he overthrew)
#1266 · Chinese Emperors · Level 3

Hongwu Emperor

Hongwu Emperor
table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" tbody tr td Unknown au · Public domain

Ming Dynasty founder · 1368–1398 · China

Hongwu Emperor was a peasant who led Red Turban forces against the Yuan Dynasty and founded the Ming Dynasty in 1368.

The kit

  • Rise — Hongwu Emperor joined Han Shantung's Red Turban group but later split to fight independently against Yuan forces.
  • Achievements — Hongwu Emperor won the Battle of Lake Poyang using fire ships during the chaos following the Yuan collapse.
  • Governance — Hongwu Emperor instituted the Fish Scale Records taxation system and granted tax exemptions to farmers cultivating fallow land.
  • Legacy — Hongwu Emperor's son defeated Jianwen after his death to become the Yongle Emperor and continue Ming rule.

Runs with

Ming Dynasty
founded it in 1368 after defeating Yuan open card →
Yuan Dynasty
led Red Turban Rebellion against it open card →
Yongle Emperor
his son, who seized throne after his death open card →
Nanjing
established it as Ming capital open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

The Ming Dynasty was founded by this man, a peasant who led forces against the Yuan in the Red Turban Rebellion and established the capital at Nanjing.

H

Two of his generals published a guide to gunpowder weapons called the Fire Drake Manual.

M

This man joined a group led by Han Shantung, though he would later split and fight Chen Youliang at the Battle of Lake Poyang.

M

first Ming emperor this succeeded the Yuan.

E

This emperor led part of the Red Turban Rebellion and founded the Ming Dynasty. He won the Battle of Lake Poyang during the chaos after the collapse of the Yuan.

E

Once part of the Red Turbans and also known as Zhu Yuanzhang, name this founder of the Ming Dynasty.

10 more clues from the record
H

After his death, his son defeated Jianwen to become the Yongle emperor.

H

He took power by using fire ships to win the Battle of Lake Poyang.

H

This man stopped massacres after a lightning bolt hit his palace in 1380 and he created the office of Grand Secretary.

H

An advisor for this man, Liu Bowen, created the Fire Drake Manual.

H

This ruler wrote a 100 word baizizan in praise of Muhammed.

H

This ruler outlined principles for “adhering to austerity” and “watchfulness in government affairs” in a document he distributed to his court called “Record of the Ancestor’s Instructions.” One of his generals was forced to commit suicide by eating a large amount of goose, to which he was allergic. This ruler praised Muhammad as “the most noble sage” in his Hundred Word Eulogy.

H

This man’s government developed the Fish Scale record system to combat corruption, and he granted tax exemptions to farmers who managed to cultivate fallow land.

H

This ruler instituted the “Fish-scale books” and authored a praise for Islam in a one-hundred character long “eulogy,” and this ruler’s wife Empress Ma had Islamic ancestry.

H

This ruler centralized power by appointing six Grand Secretaries who effectively controlled all written communications between him and the outside world.

H

The Ming dynasty was founded by this former peasant, Red Turban and disciple of Kuo tzu-Hsing. He instituted the Fish Scale Records method of taxation.

Watch out: Yongle Emperor (his son, not immediate successor)
#1267 · Chinese Emperors · Level 3

Liu Bang

Liu Bang
Unknown author Unknown author /span · Public domain

Han dynasty founder · 3rd century BCE · China

Liu Bang was a peasant who founded the Han Dynasty after defeating Xiang Yu at the Battle of Gaixia.

The kit

  • Rise — Liu Bang rose from supervising prisoner transport in Pei County to winning the Chu-Han Contention against Xiang Yu.
  • Achievements — Liu Bang unified China after his victory at Gaixia and established his capital at Chang'an.
  • Conflicts — Liu Bang lost the Battle of Baideng to the Xiongnu, forcing him to adopt the heqin marriage alliance policy.
  • Legacy — Liu Bang allegedly hated scholars so much that he would take Confucian visitors' hats to urinate in them.

Runs with

Han Dynasty
founded this dynasty after unifying China open card →
Bakumatsu Period
no connection evident in clues open card →
Qin Dynasty
Tang Dynasty
no connection evident in clues open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

Founder of the Han dynasty who defeated the Chu at Gaixia [["GUY"-SHAH]] to become sole ruler.

H

This man obtained his greatest title after defeating Xiang Yu at the Battle of Gaixia.

M

Founder of the Han Dynasty.

M

This rival of Xiang Yu defeated Emperor Zihing of the Qin dynasty. name this first Han emperor.

E

This ruler faced a “contention” with the Western Chu for power, during which his victory at the Battle of Gaixia [guy-shee-uh] allowed him to unify China in the wake of the Qin [chin] dynasty’s dissolution. name this peasant who became first emperor of the Han dynasty.

E

This rival of Xiàng Yǔ rose from supervising the transport of prisoners in Pèi County to winning a “Contention” against the state of Chǔ. name this peasant who founded the Hàn Dynasty.

10 more clues from the record
H

This man was saved by Fan Kuai, who prevented a sword dancer from assassinating this man during the Feast at Hong Gate.

H

At the advice of Lou Jing, this man initiated the “heqin” [he-chin] policy of alliance marriages; that secured peace with the Xiongnu [shong-nu] after losing to them at Baideng.

H

When a rival threatened to turn this ruler’s father into soup, this ruler replied “don’t forget to give me a bowl of broth.” After crushing rebels, this ruler wrote a three-stanza poem that asks “will fierce warriors guard the four corners?” after starting “the mighty wind blows, scattering the clouds.” According to legend, an old woman turned to blue smoke in front of this ruler after he beheaded a white snake, foreshadowing his reign.

H

When this man’s rival captured his father, he allegedly responded that they had been sworn brothers in the service of the late king, so “my father is your father – if you decide to boil him, let me have a basin of the broth.” He forced his favorite male lover, Chi Ju, to wear makeup and was foiled in an attempt to name him successor.

H

Early in his reign, he per-sonally led armies through the snow to Pingcheng in order to fght the Battle of Baideng, but his loss there forced him to agree to the “heqin” agreement, which set up a marriage alliance with Modu Chanyu.

H

10. Identify the following about the Han dynasty FTPE.It was founded by this guerilla warrior from the Hue River Valley who abolished the draconian laws of his predecessor Shi Huang Di and set up his capital at Chang’an.

H

Given the title “Duke of Pe’i” early in life upon returning to his hometown, he was relegated to a distant province by his earlier mentioned rival, Hsiang Yu, whose suicide allowed this man to take the throne.

H

The Han dynasty was founded by this emperor, who began the heqin policy of marrying imperial princesses to the Xiongnu. This man came to power after defeating Xiang Yu in the Chu-Han contention.

H

The historian Ssu-ma Ch'ien related how this man hated scholars, going so far as to take the hat of any Confucian who visited him to piss in it.

H

This man, who had seventy-six lucky moles on his left thigh, was commemorated by an empty seat placed under a lavish canopy in one of his capitals.

Watch out: Xiang Yu (his rival in the Chu-Han Contention who he defeated)
#1268 · Chinese Emperors · Level 3

Wu Zetian

Wu Zetian
Likely to be Zhang Xuan (张萱) · Public domain

Chinese empress · ruled 690–705 CE · China

Wu Zetian was the only woman to rule China as emperor in her own right, founding the Second Zhou dynasty.

The kit

  • Rise — Wu Zetian first came to court as a concubine of Emperor Taizong, then married his son Gaozong.
  • Achievements — Wu Zetian claimed to be an incarnation of Maitreya Buddha and constructed a Dayun Temple in every province.
  • Achievements — Wu Zetian rebuilt the Giant Wild Goose Pagoda and began construction of large Buddha statues at the Longmen Grottoes.
  • Death & succession — Wu Zetian's overthrow came after the execution of the Zhang brothers in 705 CE.

Runs with

Tang Dynasty
interrupted Tang rule for two decades with her Zhou dynasty open card →
Zhou Dynasty
founded the Second (Southern) Zhou dynasty in 690 CE open card →
China
only woman to rule as emperor in Chinese history open card →
Buddhism
patron who claimed Maitreya incarnation and built temples open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

This monarch rebuilt the Giant Wild Goose Pagoda and also began construction of large Buddha statues at the Longmen Grottoes.

H

The Tang Dynasty was interrupted by two decades of rule under this sole empress of China.

M

This monarch came to power after the death of her husband, the Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty. name this only female Chinese emperor.

M

This ruler’s overthrow came after the execution of the Zhang brothers.

E

Perhaps the most famous Tang ruler is this only Chinese empress. This leader claimed to be ruling a second iteration of the Zhou dynasty.

E

After first rising to prominence as the wife of Taizong and his son Gaozong, this ruler attempted to establish the Second Zhou dynasty when she launched a rebellion against the Tang. name China’s only empress.

10 more clues from the record
H

Name this monarch who established the Zhou dynasty in 690 CE after the death of Gaozong.

H

An old woman threatened to haunt this monarch as a reincarnated cat, which caused this monarch to remove all cats from the capital.

H

In order to be recognized as the Maitreya, this political leader created a version of the Great Cloud Sutra. :Name this founder of China’s Southern, or Second, Zhou dynasty after the demotion of Ruizong .

H

Xuanzong was a descendant of this empress, who ruled in her own name from 690-705 CE. She first came to the court as a concubine of Emperor Taizong.

H

Manuals on torture were compiled by this ruler’s secret police under the order of Lai Junchen, who was executed after falsely implicating the crown prince.

H

This patron of Buddhism constructed a Dayun Temple in every province upon ascending the throne.

H

This founder of the Zhou Dynasty served as regent for the Emperors Zhongzhong and Ruizhong, her sons.

H

This figure claimed to be an incarnation of Maitreya to secure rule.

H

Note to moderator: Read answerlines carefully. This ruler’s relative Zōng Qínkè created a new set of characters to better reflect the philosophical stance of their regime. :Name this ruler. Influence from this ruler’s counsellor Huáiyì and a supposedly 350-year-old hermit may have encouraged this only female Chinese emperor to represent herself as Maitreya Buddha.

H

While holding the cairen, or fifth-rank, this figure led the royal entourage in its first participation in the Mount Tai sacrifices, an act made possible by a successful counter-coup that embroiled Li Zhong and the father of Shangguan Wan'er, this ruler's facially-tattooed adviser.

Watch out: Served as concubine to both Emperor Taizong and his son Gaozong (whom she married)
#1269 · Chinese Emperors · Level 3

Emperor Wu of Han

Emperor Wu of Han
Unknown author Unknown author · Public domain

Han Dynasty emperor · 141–87 BCE · China

Emperor Wu of Han was the seventh Han ruler whose 54-year reign expanded China to its territorial height and established Confucianism as state doctrine.

The kit

  • Rise — Emperor Wu of Han was the son of Emperor Jingdi and ascended to the throne in 141 BCE.
  • Achievements — Emperor Wu of Han made Confucianism the official state religion and created China's first imperial university with five teachers and fifty students.
  • Conflicts — Emperor Wu of Han ended Xiongnu raids by winning the Battle of Mobei, departing from Liu Bang's heqin strategy of marriage alliances.
  • Legacy — Emperor Wu of Han doubled the area of Han China through wars reaching the Fergana Valley to obtain blood-sweating heavenly horses.

Runs with

China
expanded China's territory to its greatest extent during Han Dynasty open card →
Xiongnu
defeated them at Battle of Mobei, ending their raids open card →
Han Dynasty
seventh ruler who presided over its golden age open card →
University
established China's first imperial university with Confucian curriculum open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

During this emperor’s reign Li Yannian was director of a music bureau which he reorganized and enlarged.

H

This man's worship of the Tai Yi prompted his construction of the shamanistic “House of Life.” Zhao Jiande was defeated by this man during a campaign against the Panyu-based Nanyue [] kingdom.

M

This ruler, the son of Jingdi, made Confucianism the official state religion of China. name this greatest emperor of the Han Dynasty.

M

His 54 year reign was not beaten in length until the Qing dynasty. identify this seventh Han ruler who expanded the empire to its territorial height.

M

This emperor dug a huge artificial lake to train the imperial navy while not engaged with the Xiongnu [[SHEE-oong NOO]].

E

name this emperor who waged wars that doubled the area of Han China.

10 more clues from the record
H

This emperor’s prime minister, Gongsun Hong [[GOHNG-swuhn HOHNG]], persuaded him to create the first imperial university with five teachers and 50 students.

H

This man brought an end to Xiongnu raids after winning the Battle of Mobei, marking a departure from Liu Bang’s “heqin” strategy of marriage alliances.

H

This emperor closed Chang'an [[chahng-AHN]] to search for evil sorcerers, an initiative that involved this emperor executing 300 people, including his own daughter.

H

The Imperial University was constructed under this man after decreeing Confucianism the state philosophy of Han.

H

An envoy who travelled to Bactria before reporting back to this emperor was Zhang Qian [].

H

This man kicked freeloading nobles out of his capital as part of his Jianyuan Reforms.

H

[note to moderator: it is very important that you not say the answer to the second part of the bonus when telling players what the first part’s answer is] This man tried to convince Emperor Ai not to give his male lover Dong too much power. :Name this long-reigning Chinese emperor of the second and first centuries CE, who set up a strong Confucianist state and ordered China’s first census.

H

This ruler’s reign was the golden age of a poetic form practiced by Mei Sheng called the “great fu.” This ruler’s minister Jiang Chong accused his heir apparent of witchcraft, triggering a bizarre sequence of events that ended in the tragic rebellion and suicide by hanging of Prince Ju.

H

While serving this emperor, Dong Zhongshu first established Confucianism as state doctrine for China. :Name this emperor of the 2nd century BCE. He sent out expeditions to retrieve blood-sweating "heavenly horses" from the Fergana valley and to fight the Xiongnu to his north.

H

This ruler’s shi reflects an aggressive foreign policy including punitive raids on the Xiongnu and subjugation of lands out to the Fergana Valley, the latter undertaken at least in part to obtain auspicious “blood-sweating” horses. :Name this Chinese emperor.

Watch out: Emperor Ai (a later Han emperor whom Wu's minister advised about Dong)
#1270 · Chinese Emperors · Level 3

Wang Mang

Wang Mang
鍾 惺, 1574-1624 · Public domain

Chinese usurper emperor · 9–23 CE · China

Wang Mang was a Confucian scholar who usurped the Han throne in 9 CE, founding the short-lived Xin Dynasty.

The kit

  • Rise — Wang Mang seized power from the Liu family after serving as commander of the armed forces and receiving the title Duke of Anhan.
  • Achievements — Wang Mang restored the well-fields system, banned land sales, and introduced new systems of weights, measures, and 28 different currencies.
  • Conflicts — Wang Mang faced peasant revolts including the Red Eyebrows and Lulin Mountain rebels, exacerbated by Yellow River flooding.
  • Death & succession — Wang Mang was overthrown in 23 CE; ten people died fighting over his corpse, whose painted skull was preserved until 270 CE.

Runs with

Han Dynasty
Wang Mang briefly interrupted the Han Dynasty with his Xin Dynasty from 9 to 23 CE. open card →
Bakumatsu Period
no connection evident in clues open card →
Land
Wang Mang banned land sales and restored the well-fields land allotment system. open card →
red
Wang Mang was overthrown by the Red Eyebrows rebellion. open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

A rebellion against this ruler was started by a wealthy widow who forbade her troops from stealing from peasants, named Mother Lü (loo).

H

He restored the well-fields system and rebellions against him included the Lulin Mountain rebels and the Red Eyebrows.

M

This rebel against the Han dynasty founded the short-lived Xin dynasty, which fell to the agrarian peasant revolts of the Lulin and the Red Eyebrows.

M

Confucian scholar and court official who briefly interrupted the Han with his own Xin [] Dynasty.

E

The Red Eyebrows rebellion targeted this Chinese leader who briefly interrupted the Han dynasty in 9 AD with the founding of the Xin dynasty.

E

Seizing power from the Liu family and ousted in the Red Eyebrow revolt, identify this man who established the Xin dynasty after briefly usurping the throne of Han China.

10 more clues from the record
H

His plotting caused Emperor Cheng’s execution of Chunyu Zhang and allowed him to serve as commander of the armed forces.

H

This man revived a land allotment method in which the center of a nine-plot arrangement of land was worked for the landowner while the outer sections were worked for the benefit of the serfs.

H

In a likely attempt at absolving himself if his plans failed, this man hid a petition in which he claimed he would offer his life up for a boy.

H

Flooding exacerbated tensions between this man's government and the peasantry, leading a faction called the Chìméi [[chee-MAY]] to oppose him.

H

This leader banned land sales in addition to reinstating the aforementioned well field system.

H

Afterwards, ten people died fighting over the corpse of this ruler, whose skull was painted and kept preserved for centuries until a palace fire in 270 C.E. This ruler caused economic panic by introducing 28 different new currencies, replacing round coins with ones shaped like knives and spades.

H

After the empire ran through a few more emperors, mostly infants, this usurper seized power. He imposed a new system of weights and measures and founded the Xin Dynasty, which fell to rebels after a flood of the Yellow River.

H

This ruler was overthrown by the Red Eyebrows Rebellion following a massive flood. :Name this ruler who seized power, founded his own dynasty, and implemented a wide-ranging standardization program after a dynastic crisis created by Emperor Ai’s homosexuality.

H

This figure was given an albino chicken that he used to gain the title Duke of Anhan, and in the century following his death treasure hunters roamed the countryside seeking the ample rewards for locating various fragments of his corpse.

H

This emperor was criticized by Hu Shih for taxing artisans despite a heavier tax having been earlier imposed by Emperor Wu. :Identify this interloper and sole ruler of the Xin Dynasty from 9 to 23 CE.

Watch out: Emperor Wu (who also imposed heavy taxes, but ruled the Han Dynasty earlier)
#1303 · East Asian Arts and Literary Traditions · Level 3

Journey to the West

Journey to the West
Public domain

Chinese classical novel · Ming Dynasty · China

Journey to the West is a Ming Dynasty novel fictionalizing monk Xuanzang's journey to India to obtain Buddhist scriptures.

The kit

  • Main characters — Journey to the West features the Monkey King Sun Wukong, who travels with monk Xuanzang, Sandy, and Pigsy to Vulture Peak.
  • Sun Wukong's powers — Journey to the West's Sun Wukong steals peaches of immortality and receives an 8.1 ton staff from the Dragon King.
  • Magical items — Journey to the West includes a staff that shrinks to needle size and a Book of Life and Death.
  • Literary status — Journey to the West is one of the four Great Chinese novels alongside Water Margin.

Runs with

Water Margin
both are Great Chinese novels open card →
India
Xuanzang's destination for Buddhist scriptures open card →
Ming Dynasty
published during this period open card →
China
Chinese classical novel open card →

The ladder · 5 clues

H

A monk in this novel travels to Vulture Peak with Sandy, Pigsy, and a character who was trapped under a mountain for 500 years.

H

That character from this novel steals peaches of immortality and receives an 8.1 ton staff that can be shrunk down to the size of a needle from the Dragon King of the Eastern Sea.

H

One character in this novel crosses out the names of those who live in his realm from the Book of Life and Death.

H

Water Margin is one of the four Great Chinese novels. Another novel is this one published during the Ming Dynasty. In this novel, a monk travels to India to retrieve the sutras. On the way, he encounters a Monkey King.

M

This novel fictionalizes Xuanzang’s journey to obtain Buddhist scriptures from India. name this Chinese classical novel that features the monkey king, Sun Wukong.

#1304 · East Asian Arts and Literary Traditions · Level 3

Water Margin

Water Margin
Shi Nai'an - Luo Guanzhong · Public domain

Chinese vernacular novel · 14th century · China

Water Margin is a Chinese novel by Shi Nai'an about 108 outlaws who gather at a fortress on Mount Liang.

The kit

  • Rise — Water Margin follows outlaws assembling at a fortress on Mount Liang to form a rebel band.
  • Achievements — Water Margin features the hero Wu Song, who slew a tiger with his bare hands and wielded a staff.
  • Achievements — Water Margin includes the staff-wielding soldier Wu Song and the monk Lu Zhishen among its characters.
  • Legacy — Water Margin is one of the Four Great Classical Novels alongside Dream of Red Chamber and Journey to the West.

Runs with

women
no connection evident in clues open card →
California
no connection evident in clues open card →
China
Chinese vernacular novel set in China open card →
Romance of the Three Kingdoms
both are Four Great Classical Novels of China open card →

The ladder · 3 clues

H

In this novel, 108 outlaws help quell counter rebellions and foreign invasions. :Give the name of this in the vernacular novel that also features the staff-wielding soldier of Wu Song and the monk Lu Zhishen.

H

This novel by Shī Nàiān sees a bunch of people come together to a fortress on Mt. Liáng. It includes the story of Wǔ Sōng, who slew a tiger with his bare hands.

E

Including Dream of Red Chamber and Water Margin, what is this group of cherished Chinese novels that also include Journey to the West and Romance of the Three Kingdoms.

Watch out: Dream of Red Chamber (also one of the Four Great Classical Novels)
#1387 · Ancient Indian Empires · Level 3

Mauryan Empire

Mauryan Empire
Joshua Jonathan · CC0

Ancient Indian empire · 322–185 BCE · Indian subcontinent

The Mauryan Empire was ancient India's first large unified state, founded by Chandragupta and reaching its zenith under Ashoka.

The kit

  • Rise — Mauryan Empire supplanted the Nanda Dynasty in the early 4th century BCE and established Pataliputra as its capital.
  • Achievements — Mauryan Empire built the Grand Trunk Road over the northern high road and contributed war elephants to major battles.
  • Conflicts — Mauryan Empire's founder gave 500 war elephants to Seleucus Nicator, securing a treaty after their conflict.
  • Legacy — Mauryan Empire's rock edicts were translated by James Prinsep, making Ashoka a popular icon in the West.

Runs with

Nanda Empire
overthrown by Chandragupta Maurya in early 4th century BCE open card →
Chandragupta
founded the empire open card →
Chandragupta Maurya
founded the empire and gave elephants to Seleucus open card →
Pataliputra
served as the empire's capital open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

The final ruler of this empire was killed during a military parade by a general who went on to establish the Shunga Dynasty.

H

This empire’s second ruler was born after his mother was poisoned and was named after the drops of blood that appeared on his forehead.

M

This empire’s founder once gave 500 war elephants to Seleucus Nicator, leading to a decisive victory for Seleucus at Ipsus.

M

Another ruler of this empire was named for the drop of poison atop his head and was advised by Kautilya, author of the Arthashastra.

E

Pataliputra served as the capital of this Indian empire ruled by Ashoka.

E

That ruler later carved out his rock edicts across his empire. name this empire ruled founded by Chandragupta and brought to its greatest extent by Ashoka.

10 more clues from the record
H

Ashoka was a ruler of this empire that succeeded the Magadha Empire with capital at Pataliputra. It collapsed after the death of Brhadratha.

H

Two texts claim that a ruler of this empire killed 99 or 100 of his half-brothers after taking the throne from his sick brother.

H

The final ruler of this empire faced Demetrius I's invasion from Bactria.

H

This empire supplanted the Nanda Dynasty in the early 4th century BCE. :What empire of ancient India was founded by Chandragupta?

H

The last leader of this empire was assassinated at a military parade by Pushyamitra, who established the Shunga empire to replace this empire.

H

This empire contributed the elephants used in the Battle of Raphia.

H

This empire’s last ruler, Brihadratha, was assassinated by Pushyamitra, who then founded the Shunga Dynasty.

H

An adviser to this empire distinguished righteous, greedy, and diabolic motivations for conquest in a treatise that, according to Max Weber, made Machiavelli’s The Prince look “harmless” by comparison.

H

This empire often used the northern high road for trade, and also built a highway over that route known as the Grand Trunk Road.

H

One ruler of this empire became a popular icon in the West after James Prinsep translated some of his writings.

Watch out: Chandragupta Maurya versus Chandragupta (Gupta founder)
#1388 · Ancient Indian Empires · Level 3

Chola Empire

Chola Empire
Nikel3012 · CC0

Tamil maritime empire · 9th–13th centuries CE · southern India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia

Chola Empire was a Tamil dynasty that dominated the Indian Ocean, controlling southern India, Sri Lanka, and parts of Southeast Asia.

The kit

  • Rise — Chola Empire ruler Aditya I conquered the Pallavas and Kongu country in the early period of the dynasty's expansion.
  • Achievements — Chola Empire king Rajaraja I built the Brihadisvara Temple and conquered the Maldives and the Pandya dynasty.
  • Conflicts — Chola Empire forces under Rajendra I successfully raided Srivijaya in 1025, extending Tamil control over Indonesian trade routes.
  • Legacy — Chola Empire ruler Karikalan constructed the Grand Anicut dam on the Kaveri River, one of the oldest water-regulation structures in India.

Runs with

Nanda Empire
Both were major Indian empires controlling large territories open card →
India
Chola Empire controlled southern India and Tamil Nadu region open card →
Sri Lanka
Chola Empire occupied Sri Lanka under Rajendra I open card →
Indonesia
Chola Empire conquered Srivijaya and controlled parts of Indonesia open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

Indian dynasty that occupied Sri Lanka under Rajendra. They dominated the Indian Ocean stretching all the way to the Malay Peninsula.

H

Tamil dynasty ruled by Rajaraja that allowed pardoned pirates to enlist in their navy

M

The Maldives and the competing Pandya dynasty were conquered by Rajaraja I of this empire, who later built the Brihadisvara [[bree-HA-dah-SVAH-rah]] Temple. name this Tamil empire of Southern Indian and northern Sri Lanka.

M

A giant statue of the God Nandi lies at the entrance of the Brihadeeswarar Temple, which was constructed by this dynasty.

E

Tamil maritime empire that occupied most of Southeast Asia under kings like Raja Raja and Rajendra.

E

This Tamil-speaking dynasty ruled not just southern India, but also parts of Indonesia. Its leaders included Rajaraja I and several kings named Rajendra.

10 more clues from the record
H

An early king of this dynasty fortified the banks of the Kaveri river and constructed a dam at Kallanai known as the Grand Anicut.

H

Unlike that of Dharmawangsa, the 1025 invasion of Srivijaya by this Tamil-speaking dynasty was successful. The Brihadisvara Temple in modern-day Tamil Nadu was also built by this dynasty’s ruler Rajendra.

H

The competing Ayyavole and Manigramam guilds associated with this state competed for trade supremacy in Song China, while its ruler Kulothunga [[koo-loh-TOON- gah]] established an embassy in the court of the Chinese Emperor.

H

This state's ruler Rajendra I deployed his navy under officer Araiyan to raid the rival trading power, Sri Vijaya [[vee-JAH-yah]], in multiple 11th-century expeditions.

H

The majority of the bank of the Kaveri River was built by Karikalan, a ruler from this dynasty.

H

This empire’s crown prince was slain on elephantback in the Battle of Takkolam by Butuga II of the Western Gangas during a war against the Rashtrakuta Empire. :Name this empire whose Emperor Rajendra I finally conquered the Rashtrakutas. While crown prince of this empire for his father, Rajaraja the Great, Rajendra also annexed the Sri Lankan kingdom of Anuradhapura.

H

One of the earliest kings of this dynasty, Aditya I, took control of the Kongu country and conquered the Pallavas. It assumed control of much of Indonesia in the 11th century when its navy took Srivijaya. FTPE:Name this dynasty of southern India which was eclipsed by the Hoysala Empire by the 13th century.

H

By the late 10th century C.E., the Chalukya were supplanted as the major power in the Deccan by this dynasty, whose notable kings included Aditya I and Rajaraja I, as well as Ranedracola Deva I, who managed to conquer portions of the Malay peninsula.

H

One king of this empire was said to have a large bell for people seeking justice to ring, so when an animal whose child was trampled rang the bell, he ran his son over with his own chariot.

H

This empire was defeated by the Rashtrakutas in the mid-10th century, although it experienced a resurgence under Rajarja I. :Identify this Indian dynasty based in Tamil Nadu. Parantaka I of this dynasty seized the city of Madurai.

Watch out: Rashtrakuta Empire (defeated Chola in mid-10th century before Chola resurgence)
#1389 · Ancient Indian Empires · Level 3

Gupta Empire

Gupta Empire
Map created from a rel="nofollow" DEMIS Mapserver /a , which · CC BY-SA 3.0

Indian dynasty · c. 240–6th century CE · northern India

The Gupta Empire was an Indian dynasty founded by Chandra around 240 CE, known as the golden age of Indian culture.

The kit

  • Rise — Gupta Empire's founder strengthened his position by marrying into the Lichchavi tribe after establishing his rule.
  • Achievements — Gupta Empire rulers erected the Iron Pillar of Delhi, which has resisted corrosion to the present day.
  • Achievements — Gupta Empire's golden age included the patronage of Kālidāsa and flourished from the fourth to sixth century CE.
  • Fall — Gupta Empire collapsed after invasions by the White Huns, with a rump state conquered by Harsha in the 7th century.

Runs with

Nanda Empire
preceded the Mauryans, who preceded the Guptas open card →
Iron
erected the Iron Pillar open card →
India
ruled northern India during golden age open card →
Pataliputra

The ladder · 6 clues

H

Blacksmiths from this empire erected an iron pillar that has resisted corrosion to the present day.

H

Another ruler from this dynasty erected an Iron Pillar, which revealed that the ruler would take the name, Vikramaditya, to depict the greatness of his successes.

M

The monk Xuanzang visited a successor state to this empire ruled by Harsha, which emerged following this empire’s collapse after invasions by the White Huns.

M

A ruler of this empire who defeated the Sakas and their ruler Rudrasimha III was visited by the monk Faxian .

E

The Iron Pillar of Delhi was constructed by this empire, which is known as the “golden age” of Indian culture. name this empire founded by Chandra in 240.

E

This empire's "golden age" included the patronage of Kālidāsa and ran from the fourth to the sixth century CE. name this Indian empire that succeeded the Mauryans.

10 more clues from the record
H

A rump state of this empire was conquered by Harsha in the 7th century.

H

That ruler of this polity issued gold coins commemorating his celebration of the ashvamedha, a horse sacrifice, and depicting himself playing the veena.

H

The founder of this polity strengthened his position by marrying into the Lichchavi tribe, and after this polity's disintegration, much of the area around its founding would later become the seed of a kingdom under king Harsha.

H

The invasion of the White Huns destroyed this Indian dynasty, known for its many rulers named Chandra.

H

A legendary ruler of this empire created his own calendar system after driving out the Sakas and establishing a new capital at Ujjain .

H

One monarch of this empire was overthrown by his brother after giving up his queen, the noted scholar Dhruvadevi, to a neighboring king.

H

Military exploits of this dynasty are recorded in the rust-free Iron Pillar of Mehrauli.

H

This empire’s most famous king had his military exploits recording on the Eran inscription and instituted a monetary system that used coins with “lyre player” and “tiger slayer” variants.

H

Rulers of this empire temporarily reversed its collapse after expelling the marauding archon Mihirakula [[mee-hee-rah-KOO-lah]], the son of a Hephthalite king.

H

Xuanzang and Faxian were both Chinese visitors in this empire, during which caturanga, an early form of chess, and base ten numerals were first developed.

Watch out: Mauryan Empire (the Guptas succeeded the Mauryans)
#1390 · Ancient Indian Empires · Level 3

Delhi Sultanate

Delhi Sultanate
p Maps created from a rel="nofollow" DEMIS Mapserver /a , wh · CC BY-SA 3.0

Muslim sultanate in India · 13th–16th centuries · northern India

Delhi Sultanate was a Muslim state ruling much of India from the 13th century until its defeat by Babur in 1526.

The kit

  • Founding — Delhi Sultanate was founded by Qutb al-Din Aibak, a Mamluk who succeeded Muhammad of Ghor in the 13th century.
  • Rulers — Delhi Sultanate's Mamluk dynasty included Razia, a female Muslim ruler, and later dynasties included the Tughlaqs and Lodis.
  • Conflicts — Delhi Sultanate repulsed invasions by the Chagatai Khanate at the Battle of Kili and faced the breakaway Bahmani Sultanate.
  • Fall — Delhi Sultanate ended when its last ruler, Ibrahim Lodi, was defeated by Babur at the First Battle of Panipat in 1526.

Runs with

India
ruled much of northern India from its capital open card →
Muhammad
conquerors called themselves ashraf, sons of Muhammad open card →
Timur
suffered invasions by Chagatai Khanate tumens open card →
Mughal Empire
succeeded by Mughals after Panipat defeat open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

This non-Egyptian state was founded by Qutb al-Din Aibak, a Mamluk who succeeded Muhammad of Ghor.

H

This empire’s general Zafar Khan died at the Battle of Kili, at which it repulsed the last of a series of invasions by the great tumens of the Chagatai Khanate.

M

That dynasty fought against the Sharqi dynasty and was led by Bahlul and Sikander.

M

The aforementioned dynasty of this kingdom also included the first female Muslim sovereign, Razia, and is known as the Mamluk or Slave dynasty.

E

This state was defeated by Babur at the First Battle of Panipat, causing it to be succeeded by the Mughal Empire. name this Muslim state that ruled much of India from a namesake city.

E

This sultanate’s last ruler, Ibrahim Lodi, was defeated at the First Battle of Panipat by Babur. the Mughals succeeded what Islamic sultanate that was ruled from a namesake city in northern India?

10 more clues from the record
H

One leader of this kingdom constructed the Hauz Khas, or royal water tank, as well as the Siri Fort.

H

Jamal Yaqut, an Abyssinian slave, was the lover of one of the leaders of this empire, Razia, who some historians allege to be first Muslim female ruler.

H

One ruler of this polity was the former slave Malik Kafur, who attempted to convert this polity to his own religion and was swiftly overthrown.

H

Another ruler of this polity employed the poet Amir Khusrau, and yet another ruler, Iltumish, appointed his daughter Raziya as his heir.

H

The general Zafar Khan established the breakaway Bahmani Sultanate after a revolt against this state.

H

A member of the Tughlaq Dynasty, Muhammad, attempted to shift its capital to the Deccan Plateau.

H

The Muslim conquerors who established this sultanate in the 13th century referred to themselves as ashraf, or sons of Muhammad, and eventually split into groups loosely aligned with the local caste system. The last line of rulers of this state came from the Lodi dynasty.

H

One contemporary wrote that “good fortune turned its back” when it “saw black dust” on the clothing of that ruler of this polity, who referenced a legendary predecessor on coins inscribed with “Bilqīs-i Jihan” .

H

The historian Ziauddin Barani describes how this empire’s rulers built four of the so-called “seven older cities” of its capital, including the Siri Fort complex and the district of Firozabad.

H

Vijayanagara grew out of the ashes of the Hoysala Empire, which collapsed under the repeated invasions of this northern sultanate centered at the location of modern-day India’s capital.

Watch out: Malik Kafur was a general and briefly a ruler, not just a military commander
#1391 · Ancient Indian Empires · Level 3

Kushan Empire

Kushan Empire
p Map created from a rel="nofollow" DEMIS Mapserver /a , whi · CC BY-SA 3.0

Central Asian empire · c. 30–375 CE · Bactria, Afghanistan, Pakistan, northern India

The Kushan Empire was a multiethnic Central Asian state founded by Yuezhi nomads that controlled the Silk Road and spread Buddhism eastward.

The kit

  • Rise — Kushan Empire was founded by Kujula Kadphises, who united Yuezhi confederations in Bactria after their westward migration following defeat by the Xiongnu.
  • Achievements — Kushan Empire facilitated extensive trade with Rome through its summer capital at Begram and spread Buddhism to China via Silk Road monks like Lokakṣema.
  • Conflicts — Kushan Empire displaced the Greco-Bactrian Hellenistic kingdom and quickly adopted its Hellenized customs, including a corrupted Greek script for administration.
  • Legacy — Kushan Empire's ruler Kanishka convened the Fourth Buddhist Council in Kashmir, which compiled Mahayana scripture and created the Mahavibhasa commentary.

Runs with

Nanda Empire
both ruled northern India in different periods open card →
Buddhism
spread Buddhism to China and hosted Fourth Buddhist Council open card →
Afghanistan
based in Bactria in modern Afghanistan open card →
coins

The ladder · 6 clues

H

This empire’s founder had his skull turned into a drinking cup by the Xiongnu.

H

A ruler of this empire convened the Fourth Buddhist Council in Kashmir, which saw the creation of the Mahavibhasa.

M

This empire was a branch of the Yuezhi confederation. :Name this multiethnic empire which ruled Bactria at around the same time as the Roman Empire. Its emperors included the Buddhist patron Kanishka the Great.

M

Extenseive trade between it and the Roman Empire at its summer capital of Begram is described in the Book of the Later Han.

E

A ruler of this empire was identified as Vima Takto after the discovery of an inscription describing the adoption of the “Arya” language at Rabatak.

E

Territory in the Tarim Basin was briefly ruled during the time of Kanishka the Great by what Bactrian empire that used Greek in its administration, practiced Buddhism, and controlled much of present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, and northern India?

10 more clues from the record
H

This empire is named after the tribe of Kujula Kadphises who united the Yuezhi nomads.

H

This empire was founded by a branch of the Yuèzhī people who had migrated west after their defeat by Mòdú Chányú in the 170s BCE. :Name this empire that peaked under King Kanishka the Great in the mid-100s CE. It was based in modern-day Afghanistan and Pakistan but stretched to the Tarim Basin and into the Gangetic Plain at its height.

H

Examples of this dynasty's Greek and Indian influenced art style can be found in the portraits of its princes located in Surkh-Kotal. :Identify this dynasty ruled by kings like Kanishka. Located in Afghanistan, this dynasty split from the Yeuzhi people who conquered Bactria.

H

An inscription from this empire records how a sanctuary to the gods was established by a leader of a border region who held the title of karalrang named Shafar, and expresses the hope that a certain ruler should reign for a thousand years.

H

A notably tall structure built by a ruler of this empire, which according to Song Yun had been struck by lightning three times and rebuilt three times, was home to a gilded copper reliquary containing three fragments of bone.

H

Monks from this empire, such as Lokakṣema, travelled along the Silk Road to spread Buddhism to China. Kujula Kadphises founded this empire by uniting several nomadic Yuèzhī confederations based around Bactria.

H

The Yuezhi eventually emigrated southeast and formed this Silk Road empire that encompassed northern India and the Tarim Basin. The conversion of this empire’s leader Kanishka was largely responsible for the spread of Buddhism in the 2nd century CE.

H

This empire that was established by the Yuezhi hosted the Fourth Buddhist Council, at which the scripture of Mahayana Buddhism was compiled. This empire's ruler Kanishka built a massive stupa in present-day Peshawar.

H

Prior to the discovery of that inscription, an early ruler of this empire was known as the “nameless king” by historians, being identified only by coins calling them “the King of Kings, Great Saviour”.

H

They first moved into Greco-Bactria, displacing the Hellenistic kingdom there, and they quickly adopted the Hellenized customs of that region, including a corrupted Greek script.

Watch out: Greco-Bactrian Kingdom (the Hellenistic state the Kushans displaced in Bactria)
#1392 · Ancient Indian Empires · Level 3

Magadha Kingdom

Magadha Kingdom
Avantiputra7 · CC BY-SA 3.0

ancient Indian kingdom · 6th century BCE–12th century CE · Bihar, northern India

Magadha Kingdom was an ancient Indian state in Bihar that served as the core territory of both the Mauryan and Gupta empires.

The kit

  • Rise — Magadha Kingdom was the most powerful mahājanapada and among the first to transition to monarchy alongside Koshala.
  • Achievements — Magadha Kingdom's Haryanka ruler Bimbisāra befriended Siddhartha Gautama and founded the capital Pāṭaliputra with his son Ajātashatru.
  • Conflicts — Magadha Kingdom's unpopular Nanda dynasty was toppled on Chāṇakya's advice to form the Mauryan Empire.
  • Legacy — Magadha Kingdom's namesake Prākrit vernacular gave rise to modern Bhojpurī, Oḍiā, and Bengali languages.

Runs with

Siddhartha Gautama
lived in Magadha under Bimbisāra open card →
Chandragupta
Rongorongo Script
no connection stated in clues open card →
Mauryan Empire
formed from Magadha's core territory open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

Mahāvīra and Siddhārtha Gautama lived in this kingdom during the reign of its Haryanka rulers Bimbisāra and Ajātashatru, who founded its capital, Pāṭaliputra.

H

A ruler of this kingdom turned to conquer Anga upon coming to the throne at the age of 15 after watching his father embarrassed in an attempted invasion. :Name this kingdom ruled by Bimbisara, a member of its Haryanka dynasty who befriended Siddhartha Gautama. Ajatashatru , a ruler of this kingdom and son of Bimbisara, became a follower of Gautama after causing his father’s death.

H

Dharmapala revived it in 770 CE, but it was eventually absorbed into the Delhi sultanate. :Name this northern Indian kingdom located mostly in Bihar state whose early rulers included Bimbisara and Ajatasatru.

M

Both the Gupta and Mauryan empires originate in this smaller kingdom in the modern state of Bihar. Alexander the Great’s army mutinied as they approached this kingdom, and Alexander was forced to turn back.

M

One empire was formed by toppling this kingdom’s unpopular Nanda dynasty on Chāṇakya’s advice. name this core state of the Mauryan Empire.

M

The Gupta’s empire began after this kingdom was conquered by Chandragupta I.

4 more clues from the record
H

Johannes Bronckhorst attributed much of the Second Urbanization to this kingdom’s greater cultural sphere, which promoted shramaṇa movements in opposition to Vedic Kuru and Panchāla to the west.

H

In one tradition, a ruler of this kingdom named Kūṇiya was born after his mother ate a fruit that she thought was the fried heart of her husband Seṇiya.

H

The first to transition to monarchy were Koshala and this most powerful mahājanapada.

H

Bhojpurī, Oḍiā, and Bengali descend from this kingdom’s namesake vernacular or prākrit.

Watch out: Chandragupta I (Gupta founder who conquered Magadha) vs. Chandragupta Maurya (Mauryan founder from Magadha)
#1393 · Ancient Indian Empires · Level 3

Nanda Empire

Nanda Empire
Avantiputra7 · CC BY-SA 3.0

Ancient Indian dynasty · c. 345–322 BCE · Magadha (Ganges plain)

The Nanda Empire was the last dynasty to rule Magadha before Chandragupta Maurya founded the Mauryan Empire.

The kit

  • Rise — Nanda Empire was founded by Mahapadma Nanda, who established control over the Ganges plain.
  • Achievements — Nanda Empire accumulated enormous wealth and maintained a massive standing army with thousands of elephants.
  • Fall — Nanda Empire was overthrown in 322 BCE by Chandragupta Maurya, aided by the strategist Chanakya.
  • Legacy — Nanda Empire's centralized administration and military organization provided the foundation for Mauryan expansion.

Runs with

Ottoman Empire
No connection evident open card →
Byzantine Empire
No connection evident open card →
Holy Roman Empire
No connection evident open card →
Gold
No connection evident open card →

The ladder · 3 clues

E

This empire’s most famous ruler caused inflation by spending tons of gold on his way to Mecca. name this West African empire led by Sundieta Keita and Mansa Musa.

E

That founder was Sunni Ali, and this empire reached its height under Askia Muhammad II. name this West African empire centered at Gao which succeeded the Mali Empire.

E

That leader was Mansa Musa, who oversaw many construction projects in its city of Timbuktu. name this empire that shares its name with a West African country.

Watch out: Confused with the Mauryan Empire, which immediately succeeded it under Chandragupta Maurya
#1439 · General · Level 3

Genghis Khan

Genghis Khan
Unknown author Unknown author /span · Public domain

Mongol Empire founder · c. 1162–1227 · Central Asia

Genghis Khan founded the Mongol Empire and conquered the Khwarezmian Empire, Western Xia Dynasty, and Jin Dynasty.

The kit

  • Rise — Genghis Khan was born Temujin near the Onon River with a blood clot in his fist, a sign of greatness.
  • Conflicts — Genghis Khan killed his half-brother Bekhter over hunting spoils and defeated the Merkits after they kidnapped his wife Borte.
  • Achievements — Genghis Khan promulgated the Yassa Law Code and adopted the Uyghur script as his people's official written system.
  • Death & succession — Genghis Khan named his third son Ogedei his successor as Great Khan due to doubts about eldest son Jochi's paternity.

Runs with

Mongols
founded their empire open card →
Nanda EmpireKublai KhanTimur

The ladder · 6 clues

H

The Great Yassa Law code was made by this man who was succeeded by Ogedei.

H

This man conquered the Khwarezmian Empire and the Western Xia Dynasty.

M

The Uyghur script was adopted by this man as his people’s official written system, and in an effort to urge absolute obedience, he implemented the Yassa Law Code.

M

His wife Borte was kidnapped by the Merkits, and he defeated them with the help of his half-brother, Jamukha, who this man later killed.

E

His oldest son Jochi’s questionable paternity led this man to name his third son Ogedei his successor as Great Khan. name this founder of the Mongol Empire.

E

This husband of Borte was given the name of Temujin at birth, and was succeeded by his son Ogadei . name this founder of the Mongol Empire.

10 more clues from the record
H

This general was born near the river Onon with, supposedly, a blood clot in his fist, a sign of future greatness.

H

To ensure that no blood was spilled, this leader’s blood brother Jamukha was executed by back-breaking.

H

This man and his brother Qasar killed their older half-brother Bekhter in a dispute over hunting spoils, and he had the entire Tangut royal family executed.

H

One story about this man says that he killed his half-brother with a bow and arrow after that man, Bekhter, stole his hunting spoils.

H

After an ambassador sent by this man was executed, he invaded the Jin dynasty and won his largest victory at the Battle of Badger Mouth.

H

This ruler attempted to centralize his empire with the creation of the yam road system and the yassa law code.

H

This conqueror of the Naimans and Merkits promulgated the unifying law code called the Yassa.

H

A non-Byzantine book named after the Secret History of this man’s people describes his broken friendship with Jamukha.

H

This ruler became bitter rivals with his childhood friend, Jamukha, after their campaign against the Merkits.

H

With the help of Subutai , this man emerged victorious against the Khwarezmian Empire of Persia and the Jurchen Jin Dynasty.

Watch out: Jamukha (childhood friend and blood brother who became his rival and was executed by back-breaking)
#1538 · Other Asian Kingdoms and Empires · Level 3

Khmer Empire

Khmer Empire
Jembezmamy · CC0

Southeast Asian empire · 802–1431 CE · Cambodia and surrounding regions

The Khmer Empire ruled Cambodia and parts of Southeast Asia, founding a god-king cult and constructing Angkor Wat.

The kit

  • Founding — The Khmer Empire succeeded the Kingdom of Chenla when Jayavarman II founded it in 802, receiving tutelage at Lychee Mountain.
  • Achievements — The Khmer Empire built Angkor Wat under Suryavarman II, a temple dedicated to Vishnu modeled on Mount Meru.
  • Infrastructure — The Khmer Empire constructed artificial water reservoirs called barays and 121 Houses of Fire as rest stops for travelers.
  • Legacy — The Khmer Empire's customs were recorded by Yuan diplomat Zhou Daguan, who described its moat-surrounded capital and female-dominated trade.

Runs with

Nanda Empire
no connection evident in clues open card →
Cambodia
ruled modern-day Cambodia from 802 to 1431 open card →
Angkor Wat
built Angkor Wat temple complex under Suryavarman II open card →
Water
constructed artificial barays and utilized Tonle Sap open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

Rajendra Chola helped this empire defeat the Tambralinga Kingdom and the Srivijayas in the 11th century.

H

The most powerful ruler of this kingdom constructed 121 “Houses of Fire” that served as rest stops for travellers.

M

A ruler of this empire who built 102 hospitals was said to have “suffered from the illnesses of his subjects more than from his own.” Water sources in this empire included artificial barays and the Tonle Sap.

M

This empire succeeded the Kingdom of Chenla and was founded by Jayavarman II.

E

This empire was founded by Suryavarman II and built a temple complex inspired by Mount Meru. name this empire that built Angkor Wat in modern day Cambodia.

E

A temple dedicated to Vishnu was built in the image of Mount Meru during the reign of this empire’s Suryavarman II.

10 more clues from the record
H

According to legend, because a ruler of this empire asked for the head of the Maharaja of Zabag, the ruler’s head was instead taken by the Maharaja.

H

An account of this empire’s “customs” was written by the Yuan dynasty diplomat Zhōu Dáguān.

H

A site on Lychee Mountain where this empire’s founder received tutelage inspired its “god-king” ruler cult.

H

One visitor to this polity’s capital described how its women are oversexed and age about twice as quickly as Chinese women, Zhou Daguan.

H

Because of their east-west orientation, some scholars suggest a spiritual purpose behind huge water reservoirs constructed by this empire called baray.

H

An account of this empire describes one of its cities being surrounded by a moat and a statue of a nine-headed snake, and said that all trade in it was undertaken by women.

H

This empire built a temple at Bayon whose towers are decorated by hundreds of massive stone faces. :Name this ancient Cambodian empire that built the massive temple Angkor Wat in its capital.

H

This empire’s customs were recorded by the Chinese diplomat Zhōu Dáguān , who also described its artificial lakes called barays .

H

One ruler of this kingdom conquered parts of the Malay Peninsula, but lost wars to the neighboring states of Champa and Dai Viet.

H

What empire ruled modern-day Cambodia from 802 to 1431 AD and gave its name to a Communist party led by Pol Pot?

Watch out: Suryavarman II founded Angkor Wat but not the empire itself; Jayavarman II founded the empire
#1565 · General · Level 3

Horse

Horse
ul li Nokota_Horses.jpg /a : François Marchal /li li derivat · CC BY-SA 3.0

domesticated equine animal · domesticated c. 4000 BCE · worldwide

Horses were domesticated animals used for transportation, warfare, and trade across ancient civilizations from Rome to China.

The kit

  • Military use — Horses carried Mongol riders who used compound bows to decimate Genghis Khan's enemies.
  • Trade — Horses were imported to China from the Ferghana Valley and traded for tea to equip Chinese armies.
  • Roman society — Horses defined the equite class of Romans and were used to pull chariots in spectacles.
  • Cultural impact — Horses were introduced from Europe and adopted by Plains Indians to assist in herding bison.

Runs with

Nanda EmpireJoe Hill
Caligula
Caligula legendarily appointed his horse **Incitatus as consul** open card →
chariots
Horses pulled chariots for the **Roman equite class** open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

The equite [EK-wee-tay] class of Romans owned this animals used to pull chariots.

H

Heavenly varieties of these animals that could supposedly sweat blood were owned by the Dayuan kingdom of the Fergana Valley.

M

Other than silk, this commodity was traded on the Silk Road as it was imported to China from the Ferghana Valley. These things were usually traded for tea in order to equip Chinese armies.

M

Leland Stanford sponsored a study of these animals that Eadweard Muybridge [”edward my-bridge”] used photography to undertake.

E

At the battle of Hydaspes, one of these animals named Bucephalus was slain.

E

One of these animals named Incitatus was legendarily appointed a consul by Caligula.

10 more clues from the record
H

These animals were imported to China from the Ferghana valley and from Tibet.

H

Marcus Lepidus was given the title of “Master” of these animals, in an office that served as the lieutenant to a dictator.

H

The earliest discovered writings on these were in the Hittite language and were authored by Kikkuli of Mitanni, while Gryson, an expert on these, helped Xenophon to write two treatises on the subject.

H

Anthony van Dyck’s painting Charles I at the Hunt shows the British king resting to the left of one of these animals.

H

In ancient Rome, a man known as the venatore would hunt these animals in herds as a spectacle for commoners.

H

Animal whose Mongol riders used a special compound bow to decimate Genghis’ enemies.

H

The ancient Greek class of hippeis was named for their ownership of these animals, which were drowned in a river as an offering to Poseidon.

H

One of these animals traversed the Bay of Baiae to disprove a Thrasyllus prophecy about Rome.

H

Alfred Stieglitz depicted one of these animals walking in the snow in Winter - Fifth Avenue.

H

Animal introduced from Europe that was adopted by Plains Indians to assist in herding bison.

Watch out: Incitatus (Caligula's horse legendarily appointed consul) vs. the horse that crossed the Bay of Baiae
#1598 · General · Level 3

Gunpowder

Gunpowder
Lord Mountbatten · CC BY-SA 3.0

explosive chemical mixture · invented 9th century China · China; spread globally

Gunpowder is an explosive mixture of saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal invented in 9th-century China, enabling modern projectile weapons.

The kit

  • Invention & spread — Gunpowder is one of China's Four Great Inventions alongside the compass, printing, and papermaking.
  • Early documentation — Gunpowder appears in the 11th-century Wujing Zongyao, a Chinese military compendium describing its formulas and uses.
  • Military impact — Gunpowder enabled hand cannons, bombards, and mortars, making castles largely obsolete by the 15th century.
  • Empire building — Gunpowder gave the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires their initial military dominance over rivals.

Runs with

Nanda Empire
Song Dynasty
described in 11th-century Song military texts open card →
Safavid Empire
Safavid initial dominance attributed to gunpowder use open card →
China
invented in 9th-century China open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

One of the earliest descriptions of this substance is in the Wujing Zongyao, an 11th century military compendium.

H

William McNeill and Marshall Hodgson theorized that monopolizing this commodity drove state centralization.

M

The Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal empires can attribute their initial dominance to the use of this substance.

M

Along with the compass, printing, and papermaking, this substance is one of the Four Great Inventions.

E

Under the orders of Thomas Gage, David Phips seized some of this substance from a Massachusetts storehouse, sparking a 1774 alarm.

E

Guy Fawkes’s failed plot to destroy Parliament involved barrels of this volatile material, a mixture of saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal whose invention in 9th century China led to the development of hand cannons and modern projectile weapons.

10 more clues from the record
H

The legendary Berthold Schwarz may have invented this substance. :Name this substance that was used in Japanese tanegashimas. One formula for this substance required birthwort herb.

H

The tanegashima is a Japanese device that is powered by this substance, which was originally produced with bitterwort.

H

In an incident named for this substance, Lord Dunmore ordered its removal from the Magdalen, sparking a riot that was calmed by a Peyton Randolph speech.

H

This good, along with the compass, printing, and papermaking, is considered one of its country’s Four Great Inventions.

H

The British worked to replace this material with cordite in the 19th century.

H

The original Chinese word for this substance means “fire medicine.” name this explosive substance made of saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal.

H

It’s not water, but Antoine Lavoisier was hired by Louis XVI to study the health risks associated with this commodity in France.

H

A manual on how to use this technology is found in the Huolongjing [Huo-long-jing].

H

The introduction of another form of this technology allowed Hongi Hika to win inter-tribal wars among the Maori on New Zealand.

H

Chinese technological innovation that allowed for bombards and mortars, making castles largely obsolete by the 15th century.

Watch out: Berthold Schwarz legendarily credited with inventing gunpowder, but Chinese origin is established
#1679 · General · Level 3

Silk

Silk
Kuebi /a = Armin Kübelbeck · CC BY-SA 3.0

Luxury fabric from worms · ancient to modern times · China, Byzantium, Europe

Silk is a fabric woven from cocoons of mulberry-fed worms that was a jealously guarded Chinese state secret under the Han Dynasty.

The kit

  • Production secrets — Silk production was smuggled to Constantinople by Nestorian monks who secreted mulberry seeds and worm eggs, breaking China's monopoly.
  • Trade networks — Silk named a trading "Road" connecting Afghanistan to Eastern China and Europe, originally mapped by Zhang Qian.
  • European industry — Silk production enriched medieval Lucca and later Lyon, where fabricants controlled the industry that sparked the 1831 Canut revolts.
  • Economic role — Silk served as currency with gold and grain during the Han Dynasty and was taxed alongside cotton in Asuka-period Japan.

Runs with

China
jealously guarded production secret and trade-road origin open card →
Nanda EmpireSilver
Rome
western terminus of Silk Road trade routes open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

During the Asuka period in Japan, taxes were levied on this material and cotton.

H

Workers in the city of Lyon that produced this commodity rose up in the Canut revolts.

M

Natural material naming a trading "road" that connected Afghanistan to Eastern China and Europe.

M

A smuggling operation by some Nestorian monks allowed the Byzantine Empire to have a monopoly on the production of this commodity in Europe.

E

A pathway associated with it was originally mapped by Zhang Qian [Jang-Chyen], and, through smuggling, Justinian’s Byzantine Empire acquired the means for this good’s production: mulberry seeds and the eggs of a certain worm. name this fabric whose namesake “road” was a trade network linking China to Europe.

E

had its production process smuggled by Byzantine monks to Constantinople, breaking the Chinese monopoly?

10 more clues from the record
H

Friedrich Engels held that the “first working-class rising” of early capitalism was the 1831 Canut revolt led by producers of this good from Lyon.

H

According to Procopius, Persia’s monopoly on trading this commodity was ended by Nestorian monks secreting the means of production back to Constantinople.

H

During the late Middle Ages, the city of Lucca became prosperous due to its production of this commodity.

H

A downturn in this industry led to the Spitalfields [[SPIT-all-"fields"]] Riots in London's East End, where soldiers fired on weavers outside "The Dolphin" pub.

H

Nylon was mass-produced in wartime Japan to replace a shortage of this product. The innovation of the Jacquard Loom led to resurgence of this cloth on the world market after it was overtaken by cotton.

H

Garreurs and battandiers were types of workers in this industry that led a revolt put down by Jean-de-Dieu Soult.

H

Product made from worm cocoons that was a jealously guarded state secret under the Han.

H

The Canut revolts occurred in this industry which was controlled by a class of financiers called fabricants.

H

A 17th century migration led to the rise of this industry in the town of Spitalfields.

H

With gold and grain, it served as a currency during the Han Dynasty.

Watch out: Cotton was taxed alongside silk in Japan and later overtook it on world markets
#1693 · Historic Cities · Level 3

Kyoto

Kyoto
a rel="nofollow" Nina R /a from Africa · CC BY 2.0

Japanese imperial capital · 794–1868 · Honshu island, Japan

Kyoto served as Japan's imperial capital from 794 until the Meiji Restoration moved the government to Tokyo in 1868.

The kit

  • Rise — Kyoto was established in 794 when Emperor Kanmu moved his capital from Nara near Uda village to escape clerical influence.
  • Achievements — Kyoto housed over 1,000 Buddhist shrines and the Temple of the Golden Pavilion, which was burned in 1950 by Hayashi Yoken.
  • Conflicts — Kyoto suffered major destruction during the Onin War and was attacked by Minamoto Yoritomo in 1183 during the Genpei War.
  • Legacy — Kyoto names a protocol to lower greenhouse gas emissions that the United States did not sign in the 1990s.

Runs with

Japan
Bakumatsu Period
witnessed the Hamaguri Gate Rebellion during this period open card →
Tokyo
replaced by Tokyo as capital during Meiji Restoration open card →
Heian Period
founding in 794 marked beginning of this period open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

In this city, Dutch engineer Cornelis Johannes van Doorn assisted in the construction of the Lake Biwa Canal.

H

Modern city that contains Heian-kyo, Japan’s capital before Tokyo.

M

The imperial court moved in 794 from Nara to this city, which housed the Temple of the Golden Pavilion.

M

This city was constructed when the emperor wished to leave behind the clerics of Nara and settled a spot near Uda village, marking the beginning of the Heian period.

E

It was replaced as the capital during the Meiji Restoration when the government was moved to Tokyo. name this capital of Imperial Japan.

E

Following the Battle of Sekigahara, Shogun Tokugawa moved his capital from this city to Edo. name this cultural capital of Japan, replaced as the seat of government in 1603 by Tokyo.

10 more clues from the record
H

Before the Imperial Palace was moved to Edo, the imperial capital was this city on Honshu, northeast of Osaka.

H

This city was the site of the Hamaguri Gate Rebellion, also called the Kinmon Incident.

H

This city names a protocol to lower greenhouse gas emissions that the U.S. did not sign.

H

Following major destruction in the Onin War, people in this city helped launch the Nishijin [[nee-shee-JEEN]] weaving district.

H

A path in this city is lined with over one thousand gates, most of which have been donated by businessmen to honor the goddess Inari.

H

Walls called onoi were built during restoration efforts in this city conducted under Toyotomi Hideyoshi.

H

In 1950, Hayashi Yoken burned down this city's Kinkaku-ji, or Temple of the Golden Pavilion.

H

A palace in this city, the Daidairi, was thought to be haunted and suffered from crimes like burglary.

H

Emperor Kanmu moved his capital to this city, which was attacked by Minamoto Yoritomo in 1183.

H

home to over 1,000 Buddhist shrines built while it was the capital of Japan?

Watch out: Tokyo (replaced Kyoto as capital, but Kyoto retained cultural significance)
#1726 · General · Level 3

Tamil people

Tamil people
Hishampgm · CC BY-SA 4.0

Dravidian ethnic group · ancient to present · South India and Sri Lanka

Tamil people are a Dravidian ethnic group of South India and Sri Lanka who ruled the Chola, Chera, and Pandya dynasties.

The kit

  • Rise — Tamil people were ruled by three kingdoms called the muventar or 'three crowned kings': the Cholas, Cheras, and Pandyas.
  • Achievements — Tamil people produced the earliest Wootz steel and built chariot-shaped temples with music-producing 'singing steps' at sites like Tanjore.
  • Conflicts — Tamil people formed the Liberation Tigers resistance movement under Vellupillai Prabhakaran against the Sinhalese majority in Sri Lanka until 2009.
  • Legacy — Tamil people's literary canon includes the Five Great Epics produced in three sangam assemblies held in the Pandya Kingdom.

Runs with

Sri Lanka
Tamil Tigers fought civil war against Sinhalese government until 2009 open card →
India
Tamil Nadu state in South India named for this group open card →
Gandhi
Land
legends tell southern Tamil homeland lost under ocean open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

Ethnic group on Sri Lanka that formed a Tiger resistance movement against the majority Sinhalese.

H

The three namesake “kings” of this ethnicity included the Chera and the Chola dynasties.

M

This language was spoken by the dynasty of Rajaraja I. The Chera, Pandya, and Chola dynasties were ruled by speakers of this language.

M

This ethnic group's “Liberation Tigers” fought against the Sinhalese government in Sri Lanka until its surrender in 2009.

E

The most famous kingdom ruled by this people was ruled by several rulers named Rajendra and Rajaraja. name this Dravidian people of South India and Sri Lanka who ruled the Pandya and Chola dynasties.

E

Scholars produced these people’s earliest literature in three sangam assemblies held in the Pandya Kingdom, which inspired their Five Great Epics.

10 more clues from the record
H

This ethnic group built music-producing “singing steps” in a chariot-shaped temple, one of its “great living temples.” This ethnic group first produced high-carbon Wootz steel.

H

For much of their history, these people were ruled by three kingdoms: the Cheras, the Pandyas, and an empire that was responsible for building the temple at Tanjore under its ruler, Raja Raja I. These people's literary canon is summarized in "Five great Epics", and a popular chief minister of the Indian state named for this ethnic group, Jayaram Jayalithaa, recently died.

H

These people's Pallava script was adapted into one of the earliest Javanese scripts, Kawi. :Name these people, whose king Rajendra I invaded the Srivijaya empire and Malaysia in the 11th century. At their height, these people were ruled by three kingdoms: the Cholas, Cheras, and Pandyas.

H

Members of this ethnic group ambushed the Four Four Bravo patrol, sparking a 25-year long civil war. :Name this ethnic group which, under Vellupillai Prabhakaran, formed a terrorist organization calling for the creation of Eelam. This ethnic group organized the Federal Party in that same country.

H

One leader of this ethnic group established a city at Tanjore and began a conquest finished by his son Rajendra I. :Name this ethnic group that founded the Chola Dynasty and, more recently, came into conflict in a certain Asian nation with a Sinhalese majority.

H

During riots targeting speakers of this language, victims were identified by their pronunciation of a word for “bucket.” Colvin R. de Silva told listeners “do you want two languages and one nation, or one language and two nations?” in a speech attacking policies discriminating against this language.

H

The first recorded references to the Chola Dynasty come from Mauryan inscriptions mentioning them as one of three kings of these people. This Dravidian people founded cities like Chennai and Madurai, which are located in the present day state that bears their name.

H

Descendants of traders from this ethnic group formed the Chitty Melaka ethnic group. :Name this ethnic group which ruled much of South India under the Chola and Pandya dynasties. Under Chola rule, merchant guilds from this ethnic group, such as the Ainnurruvar , traded in Southeast Asia.

H

The ancient Chera and Chola dynasties are considered two of the muventar, or “three crowned kings,” of this ethnic group. :Name this ethnic group present in south India and Sri Lanka. When followed by “Nadu,” this ethnic group names a south Indian state.

H

Legends of this people tell of much of the southern extent of their homeland being lost under the ocean and a 20th century revival movement has given that land a name emphasizing its “purity” as the cradle of civilization.

Watch out: Sinhalese (the majority ethnic group in Sri Lanka against whom Tamil Tigers fought)
#1792 · General · Level 3

Chinese Imperial Examination

Chinese Imperial Examination
Daderot · Public domain

bureaucratic selection system · Han Dynasty–1905 · China

Chinese Imperial Examination was a meritocratic system that selected government officials through standardized written tests on Confucian classics for over two millennia.

The kit

  • Origins — Chinese Imperial Examination began in the Han Dynasty to choose government officials based on merit rather than birth.
  • Content — Chinese Imperial Examination required knowledge of the Four Books and Five Classics and featured the challenging eight-legged essay format.
  • Achievement — Chinese Imperial Examination granted the title of jinshi to top performers, allowing them to ascend to the highest bureaucratic levels.
  • Abolition — Chinese Imperial Examination was abolished in favor of Western standards during the New Policies of the Hundred Days' Reform.

Runs with

China
selected bureaucrats for imperial government open card →
Han Dynasty
system begun during this dynasty open card →
Song DynastySui Dynasty

The ladder · 6 clues

H

The Northcote-Trevelyan Report praised this system and urged the development of one similar to it in England.

H

This system was abolished in favor of Western standards during the New Policies of the Hundred Days’ Reform.

M

The title of “jinshi” was granted to the best participants in this system, who were required to write the “eight-legged essay.” Participants in this system sometimes snuck undergarments containing notes on the Six Arts and Five Classics with them to cubicle rooms. name this standardized system used to select bureaucrats in imperial China since the Han Dynasty.

M

After failing these events four times, Hong Xiuquan launched the Taiping Rebellion. name this meritocratic system that selected Chinese bureaucrats for more than two thousand years.

E

Meritocracy-based system begun in the Han Dynasty to choose government officials.

E

Knowledge of the four books and five classics was required for success in this system. identify this system used to select candidates for work in the imperial bureaucracy.

10 more clues from the record
H

Lack of success in these events led Hóng Xiùquán to start the Tàipíng Rebellion.

H

These events are criticized in “The Seven Likenesses of a Candidate,” which mocks participants awaiting their results as “chimpanzees in captivity.” Participants in these events often wore underwear with quotes from the classics written on them, which needed to be exactly quoted for the eight-legged essay.

H

According to folklore, despite achieving success with this system, Zhong Kui banged his head to death on a palace gate after being refused the “zhuang yuan” title because he was too ugly.

H

The twentieth-century Japanese historian Ichisada Miyazaki wrote about the “hell” of this system. :Name this general type of system where candidates for the Chinese civil service were tested using written assessments. Richard Bentley was the first to introduce these competitive formal tests into a Western university.

H

Eight-legged essays were one section of this event held during the Ming Dynasty. :Name these events, heavily influenced by Confucian principles, which only had a 1% pass rate. Achieving the rank of jinshi [“JEEN-shi”] in this event would allow one to ascend to the highest level of the bureaucracy.

H

The yin privilege allowed high ranking bureaucrats to place their sons into low positions of power without having to deal with this system. :Name this system, success in which allowed scholar-bureaucrats to advance by demonstrating knowledge of wenxue. The challenging Eight-legged essay was an integral part of this system.

H

A jinshi jidi was a person who excelled at the highest level in this procedure through their mastery of Confucian texts. :Name this institution of imperial China from the Tang dynasty well into the 1800s, which was praised for meritocratically selecting candidates for the bureaucracy.

H

In Korea, these events, which occurred every three years, were called Gwageo (GWAH-guh). In China, one could receive a jinshi (JEEN-sure) during one of these events, which were used to select candidates for the state bureaucracy.

H

Wang Anshi instituted short-lived reforms to reduce the amount of rote memorization required in this ordeal. :Identify these tests that might have granted one a position as a provincial official.

H

At points, products of this system were categorized by “nine ranks.” Zhong Kui (jung kway) smashed his head against a door after being unfairly denied a reward under this system because of his ugliness.

Watch out: Hong Xiuquan failed the exams four times before launching the Taiping Rebellion
#1843 · General · Level 3

Daimyo

Daimyo
Ro4444 · CC BY-SA 4.0

Japanese feudal lords · c. 1185–1871 · Japan

Daimyo were Japanese feudal lords who served as vassals to the shogun and controlled estates valued at least 10,000 koku.

The kit

  • Rise — Daimyo evolved from military governors known as shugo during the early Muromachi Period under the Ashikaga shogunate.
  • Control system — Daimyo were required under the sankin-kotai system of alternate attendance to spend several months each year in the capital beginning in 1642.
  • Military role — Daimyo employed samurai as retainers and maintained small groups of bodyguards called kashindan to protect their estates and interests.
  • Abolition — Daimyo merged with the kuge to form the kazoku aristocratic class after the 1868 Meiji Restoration, losing their lands in 1871.

Runs with

Samurai
employed samurai as armed retainers open card →
Japan
Shogun
served as vassals to the shogun open card →
Bakumatsu Period
lost power after Meiji Restoration open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

Members of this class were forced to spend several months each year living in the capital under the sankin-kotai system.

H

Beginning in 1642, all members of this class were required to adopt the policy of alternate attendance, strengthening control over them.

M

Feudal lords during the shogunate who employed samurai and obeyed the shogun.

M

A new aristocratic class known as the kazoku, which worked on a system of hereditary peerage, replaced this noble class following the Meiji Restoration. name these powerful Japanese lords who served as vassals of the Shogun.

M

Name this “traitor” to England who built, the first water mills in the United States, a man whom Andrew Jackson called, the “father of the American Industrial Revolution.”

E

Having an estate valued at 10,000 koku was needed to qualify for this title under the han system. name these feudal lords who served under a shogun in Japan.

10 more clues from the record
H

The rise of military governors known as Shugo eventually evolved into this title during the early Muromachi Period under the Ashikaga.

H

With William Almy and Moses Brown, this man used Richard Arkwright’s ideas to build a water-powered mill in Pawtucket.

H

The Tozama were a subset of this class known as "outsiders" who were given han estates despite their opposition to the ruling dynasty.

H

Outcast members of this class were given the label tozama and kept under control by the shimpan and fudai.

H

Members of this class often employed a small group of bodyguards and assistants known as a kashindan.

H

This man employed the “Rhode Island System” for his operations and built The Old Green Mill.

H

This man’s wife, Hannah Wilkinson, became the first American woman to receive a patRent.

H

Feudal landholders who paid a fee to retain samurai in their armed forces.

H

As a child, this man worked at Jedediah Strutt’s operation which utilized a water frame.

H

During the Edo period, they controlled three-fourths of the land not held by the bakufu, and under Tokugawa rule, they came to be known as kinsei, or “early modern.” In 1869, the year after the Meiji restoration, they bounded together with the kuge to form a new aristocratic group, the kazoku, and in 1871 their family holdings were abolished and their land was confiscated by the emperor.

Watch out: Tozama daimyo were 'outsider' lords who opposed the ruling dynasty, not a separate class from daimyo
#1864 · General · Level 3

Sejong the Great

Sejong the Great
U.S. Navy · Public domain

Joseon Dynasty king · 15th century (r. 1418-1450) · Korea

Sejong the Great was a Joseon Dynasty king who created or commissioned Hangul and established the Hall of Worthies.

The kit

  • Rise — Sejong the Great was the third son of King Taejong and ruled Korea for over three decades.
  • Achievements — Sejong the Great created or commissioned Hangul, a 28-letter alphabet replacing Chinese Hanja characters for Korean writing.
  • Achievements — Sejong the Great established the Hall of Worthies at Gyeongbokgung Palace, which produced scholarly works and agricultural treatises.
  • Conflicts — Sejong the Great launched the Gihae Eastern Expedition against Japanese pirates on Tsushima Island, ending with the Treaty of Gyehae.

Runs with

Joseon Dynasty
Korean Empire
shifted this kingdom from Buddhism to Confucianism with civil service exams open card →
Pirates
invaded Tsushima Island to stop their raids in East China Sea open card →
Rongorongo Script
created Hangul alphabet as this is also a writing system open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

Hangul was created by this "Great" king of the Joseon dynasty.

H

Scholars under this ruler created the "Conduct of the Three Fundamental Principles in Human Relationships." This ruler gave maternity and paternity leave to the nobi slave class and ordered the Gihae [] Eastern Expedition to remove Japanese pirates from Tsushima [[tsoo-SHE-mah]] Island.

M

The Hall of Worthies was established by this leader at Gyeongbokgung Palce.

M

This "great" Joseon king sponsored the inventor Jang Yeong-sil but had him imprisoned after he built a faulty sedan chair. He also commissioned the creation of the Hangul alphabet.

E

This ruler abandoned the use of Chinese characters, instead having his scholars create the Hangul script. name this Joseon Emperor known as the “Great.”

E

This king implemented the Hall of Worthies, which produced a replacement to Hanja that only has 28 letters. name this ruler who presided over the creation of the Hangul alphabet and ruled for over three decades in Joseon-era Korea.

10 more clues from the record
H

Though it’s often assumed that this king commissioned Hangul from the Hall of Worthies, some sources indicate that this Joseon ruler himself created the writing system.

H

The Ōei invasion against pirates on Tsushima was launched by this ruler, who assembled scholars in the Hall of Worthies to develop a block-based script.

H

This ruler supervised the creation of the portfolio “Explanations of Agriculture.” During this man’s reign, the polymath Jang Yeong-Sil invented one of the first rain gauges.

H

This ruler's Hall of Worthies created the Hunminjeongeum [hun-min-JONG-yum]], a treatise outlining the creation of a new writing system.

H

This leader’s father assaulted pirates in Aso Bay during the Oei invasion as part of a conflict that he ended with the Treaty of Gyehae.

H

This man commissioned the Plain Words on Agriculture and disseminated the Cheugugi, the first known rain gauge, throughout his kingdom.

H

The medieval Joseon Dynasty was known as the “hermit kingdom” in the latter years of its regional dominance. Arguably its most famous leader was this man, who established a system of forts along its northern border to protect against the Jurchens.

H

This most famous Korean king created Hangul, the alphabet that both North and South Korea still use today. This Choson king shifted Korea from a Buddhist society to a Confucian one, establishing the civil service exam.

H

Modern Korean writing today utilizes Hangul, the creation of which was overseen by this Korean ruler. This ruler performed official events according to Confucianism, and also invaded Tsushima island to stop piracy in the East China Sea.

H

This Chosŏn ruler, the only one known as “the Great,” promulgated the usage of the Hangul alphabet. This third son of Taejong also widely promoted Confucianism and initially suppressed Buddhism but later tolerated it.

Watch out: The Hall of Worthies is sometimes credited with creating Hangul, though some sources indicate Sejong himself created it
#1866 · Named Historical Periods and Eras · Level 3

Spring and Autumn Period

Spring and Autumn Period
Yug · CC BY-SA 3.0

Chinese historical period · 770–476 BCE · Eastern Zhou China

Spring and Autumn Period was the early Eastern Zhou era when royal authority declined and regional states competed for power.

The kit

  • Name origin — Spring and Autumn Period takes its name from the Annals of Lu state traditionally attributed to Confucius.
  • Political structure — Spring and Autumn Period saw Zhou kings at Luoyi gradually lose power to dukes who defied central authority under the Ba system.
  • Intellectual developments — Spring and Autumn Period witnessed the writing of The Art of War and the Chronicle of Zuo during China's philosophical flowering.
  • End — Spring and Autumn Period ended with the partition of Jin state, giving way to the Warring States period.

Runs with

Bakumatsu Period
both periods of declining central authority before major political transformation open card →
Zhou Dynasty
Spring and Autumn Period was the early subdivision of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty open card →
Confucius
Spring and Autumn Period named for Annals traditionally attributed to Confucius open card →
Annals
Spring and Autumn Period named for the Spring and Autumn Annals chronicle open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

The Zhou Dynasty is divided in the Eastern and Western periods. That Eastern period is subdivided into the Warring States and this period, named for the annals written chronicling it.

H

This period gets its name from a chronicle of the Lu state attributed to Confucius. name this period of Chinese history before the Warring States period.

M

The early part of the Eastern Zhōu dynasty corresponds to this period of Chinese history named for two seasons.

M

This name is given to the era preceding the Warring States period, during which royal authority began to decline. It takes its poetic name from a set of Annals traditionally attributed to Confucius.

E

This period’s end is demarcated by the partition of its powerful Jin state.

E

The Art of War was written during this period of Chinese history, which was immediately followed by the Warring States period and which saw the decline of the Zhou dynasty.

10 more clues from the record
H

A minister near the end of this period wrote two manuals - one on fish farming, and one laying out the “twelve golden rules” for business success.

H

This time period is chronicled by such works as the Chronicle of Zuo, which is one of the three chronicles of this time period.

H

A cyclical cosmology and a theory of “governing with nature” were put forward in a text named for this phrase’s “luxuriant gems” or “luxuriant dew.” :Name this phrase that also titles an early encyclopedic work, as well as a text that received its most influential commentary by a shadowy figure whose name might derive from his position as the “scribe on the left-hand side.”

H

Eighty-five years into this era, the most powerful ruler began to arbitrate disputes under the “Ba system.” The first Ba ruler won a victory over the Chi Di during this timeframe, which saw the introduction of lost wax casting, the pattern block, and tea into China.

H

Popular legend holds that a ruler who presided immediately before this period repeatedly lit warning beacons to amuse his beautiful concubine, and was killed when the “dog barbarians” or Quanrong sacked his capital, ushering in this time period.

H

One polity formed during this era was alleged to make music by beating clay jars with bones and shouting "woo", and this period began when the Marquess of Shen sacked Haojing in alliance with the Quanrong Barbarians.

H

When a general from this time period was ordered to kill himself by a king who ignored his warnings, he asked that his eyeballs be hung from the city wall, where they could watch the enemy conquer his country.

H

One of this period’s greatest rulers came to power after 19 years of exile, and ordered that a forest be burned down to find a loyal nobleman whom he forgot to reward.

H

The idiom “lying on brushwood and tasting gall” refers to a man from this time period who hung a gallbladder from a stone to remember his hatred of a rival who deposed him.

H

In this period of the Eastern Zhou kings gradually lost power, with dukes defying the authority of the government of Luoyi. This period’s namesake Annals recount the state of Li.

Watch out: Confusing this period with the later Warring States period, which immediately followed it
#1901 · Other Asian Kingdoms and Empires · Level 3

Silla Kingdom

Silla Kingdom
Asieon · CC0

Korean kingdom · 57 BCE–935 CE · southeastern Korea

Silla Kingdom unified Korea in 668 CE by conquering Baekje and Goguryeo, ending the Three Kingdoms Period.

The kit

  • Rise — Silla Kingdom was founded by Hyokkose, whose legendary birth involved a white horse bowing to an egg in Gyeongju's Gyerim forest.
  • Achievements — Silla Kingdom allied with Tang China under Emperor Taizong to defeat Goguryeo and establish unified rule over the peninsula.
  • Social structure — Silla Kingdom implemented the bone-rank caste system, with the Council of Nobles composed of men of Jingol rank or higher.
  • Legacy — Silla Kingdom was overthrown by the Goryeo dynasty in 935, ending nearly a millennium of rule from Gyeongju.

Runs with

Korean Peninsula
unified the peninsula in 668 CE open card →
Three Kingdoms Period
ended it by conquering rivals open card →
Tang Dynasty
allied with Tang to defeat Goguryeo open card →
Gold
ceremonial crowns made of gold leaf open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

This kingdom united a peninsula by defeating the Baekje [] and Goguryeo, ending the Three Kingdoms Period. name this Korean kingdom that was overthrown by the Goryeo.

H

Taizong worked with this Korean Kingdom to defeat the Goguryeo. This kingdom used the bone rank system and took over Korea after the defeat of the Goguryeo.

M

This kingdom employed well-dressed men known as "Flowering Knights." This kingdom was overseen by the Council of Nobles, which was composed of men of rank Jingol or higher.

M

It often shifted alliances between its neighbors, the Baekje and the Goguryeo, before conquering both and setting up a Unified dynasty in 668 CE. name this Korean kingdom which lasted until 935 when it was replaced by the Goryo.

E

This kingdom implemented the caste-like bone- rank system.

E

This kingdom united a peninsula by defeating the Baekje [] and Goguryeo [[goh-GOO-ryoh]], ending the Three Kingdoms Period. name this Korean kingdom that was overthrown by the Goryeo.

10 more clues from the record
H

According to legend, Buddhism was introduced to this kingdom by Preceptor Ado, after which it became the state religion.

H

The Gold Crown and Heavenly Horse tombs held crowns from this kingdom with five prongs shaped like antlers and branches.

H

First kingdom to unify Korea, which used Jang Bogo’s pirate fleet for protection

H

Royal tumuli were built near Namsan Mountain in this kingdom, whose sumptuary laws permitted its noblewomen combs made of antler or ivory and circumscribed the use of sandalwood saddles. :Name this kingdom whose rulers claimed descent from a boy found with a rooster in Gyeongju’s Gyerim forest. Nobles were born into top “bone ranks” in this southeastern member of Korea’s Three Kingdoms.

H

This kingdom’s founder was said to be born after light shone down in a forest near a well, where a white horse bowed down and laid an egg, so it adopted a name translating as “Chicken Forest.” A new code of law was issued by its king Pophung, who extended its borders by absorbing the Gaya confederacy.

H

The 6th century Kushnameh is thought to be the story of an Iranian prince marrying a princess from this kingdom. :Name this kingdom that ended a non-Chinese Era of the Three Kingdoms by annexing its neighbors, which included Baekje and Goguryo.

H

While the Sui had directly intervened in Korea, The Tang instead took the approach of allying with this southeasternmost of Korea’s Three Kingdoms. This kingdom utilized the “bone-rank” caste system.

H

It arose from a state founded by Hyokkose under its efficient military, the Hwarangdo. :Name this dynasty which allied with Tang China to bolster its seventh to tenth century rule over Korea.

H

This conqueror state of Baekje and Goguryeo is often associated with its bone-rank caste system and established a capital at Gyeongju, which became the fourth largest city in the world.

H

This kingdom’s ceremonial crowns had three branch-shaped prongs and two tall prongs shaped like deer antlers, all made of gold leaf.

Watch out: Confused with Goguryeo or Baekje, the rival kingdoms Silla defeated
#1947 · Physical Geographic Features · Level 3

Indus River

Indus River
Heavyrunner · CC BY-SA 3.0

South Asian river · Bronze Age civilization c. 2000 BCE · Pakistan, Kashmir, Tibet

Indus River is a major waterway of Pakistan that hosted an ancient River Valley Civilization known for cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro.

The kit

  • Geography — Indus River forms in Tibet, flows west across Kashmir and Jammu, then south through Pakistan to its delta.
  • Civilization — Indus River valley civilization built the mudbrick city of Harappa around 2000 BCE and the early port of Lothal.
  • Artifacts — Indus River society created seals showing a seated horned god surrounded by animals and a bitumen-lined Great Bath at Mohenjo-Daro.
  • Conflicts — Indus River was the site where Genghis Khan defeated Jalāl al-Dīn Mingburnū and where Alexander's army refused to continue into Asia.

Runs with

Mohenjo-Daro
Mohenjo-Daro was a major city on the Indus River open card →
Pakistan
Indus River is the major river of Pakistan open card →
Alexander the Great
Alexander's conquests reached the Indus River open card →
Water
Great Bath at Mohenjo-Daro likely stored water during droughts open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

Sites along this river include the early port of Lothal, a site whose name means "mound of death," Mohenjo-Daro, and the mudbrick city of Harappa, built around 2000 BCE before Aryan peoples arrived in the area.

H

A civilization centered on this river traded through the port of Lothal.

M

Major river of Pakistan that hosted a namesake “River Valley Civilization” in ancient times.

M

Alexander’s conquests reached as far as this body of water now in Pakistan, which lends its name to a civilization based at Harappa and Mohenjo Daro.

E

Harsha extended his empire westward past this river of present day Pakistan. An ancient civilization named for this river built cities like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa.

E

Water storage during droughts was the likely purpose of the Great Bath in a city on this river, where the Dancing Girl sculpture was found. name this South Asian river whose sites include Mohenjo-daro and Harappa.

10 more clues from the record
H

The Rai dynasty established a kingdom on the southern part of this river and controlled the city of Debal in its delta.

H

A society along this non-European river made seals showing a seated horned god surrounded by animals and a bitumen-lined Great Bath.

H

Indian river where he defeated Jalal al-Din and where a Bronze Age civilization flourished 4,000 years ago.

H

The mouth of this river was the base of operations for pirates called bawarij, and Genghis Khan finally caught and defeated Jalāl al-Dīn Mingburnū at a battle named for this river. :Name this river, which flows through a region conquered by the Umayyad general Muḥammad bin Qāsim. A later conquest of that region along this river was supposedly announced by the one-word telegram, “peccavi” .

H

Another Alexandria was founded on this river, whose namesake valley civilization included Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. After refusing to continue into Asia, Alexander’s army went back across it to Greece.

H

This river forms in Tibet before flowing west across Kashmir and Jammu, and then flows south and becomes the major river of Pakistan. Its valley was the home to many early civilizations.

H

The robed male soapstone sculpture from Mohenjo-daro is one of the few works of art recovered from the long-lived civilization named for this South Asian river's valley.

H

Scholars have proposed that a writing system used around this river influenced so-called “megalithic graffiti” found on widely-distributed ceramic shards.

H

The BMAC traded with a civilization named for this other river, which mined lapis lazuli in northern Afghanistan. The first civilization of South Asia, sometimes called the Harappa, is named for this river.

H

Kukkuṭārma or “land of the cockerel” was likely the native name for a city along this river, where the wall-divided “Great Granary” is located.

#1961 · General · Level 3

Terracotta

Terracotta
table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" tbody tr td span title · CC0

Clay-based ceramic material · Ancient to present · Worldwide

Terracotta is a clay-based ceramic whose Italian name means 'baked earth' used for sculptures and pottery across cultures.

The kit

  • Ancient African use — Terracotta was used by the Nok culture of Nigeria to create realistic human heads with triangular eyes and holed pupils.
  • Qin's army — Terracotta names the famous army of thousands of warriors found in Qin Shi Huang's tomb near Xi'an, mass-produced using ten different head molds.
  • Other traditions — Terracotta was used to create Greek Tanagra figurines, Japanese dogū, and sculptures at Djenné-Djenno depicting crouched humans with disease pustules.
  • Renaissance technique — Terracotta sculptures were glazed with tin by the Della Robbia family during the Renaissance period.

Runs with

Qin Shi Huang
buried with thousands of terracotta warriors in his tomb open card →
Nigeria
home to Nok culture known for terracotta sculptures open card →
Equestrian Statue
terracotta army includes horses and chariots open card →
China
unified by Qin Shi Huang whose tomb contains terracotta army open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

This medium was used to create Greek Tanagra figurines as well as sculptures made by the Nok people in modern-day Nigeria.

H

Rivers of mercury may have flowed underground in a place “guarded” by six A thousand sculptures made of this medium that was excavated in modern-day Xi’an . name this clay-based ceramic that was used to create thousands of warriors found in the tomb of emperor Qin Shi Huang.

M

This material was used to make realistic human heads by the Nok culture.

M

Most dogū are made of this material, which has inspired many contemporary Japanese artists to work with it. This material names an “army” that was found in the tomb of Qin Shi Huang.

E

Emperor Qin may be best known for building an “army” made of this red brick-like material. Its name is Italian for “baked earth.”

E

The Warring States Period ended with the unification of China by Qin Shi Huang (cheen shur hwong), whose necropolis contains an army of soldiers made from this material.

10 more clues from the record
H

Material used to make an "Army" at the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor.

H

The Della Robbia family used tin as a glaze on statues in this medium during the Renaissance.

H

It’s not iron, but Bernard Fagg studied an artifact of this material being used in a scarecrow, part of a set of human figures of this material found in the Jos Plateau and sculpted to have triangular eyes with holed pupils.

H

A labor model that preceded Toyota’s by 2,000 years was used to mass-produce arrows made of this material. 10 different head molds were used to mass produce soldiers made of this material whose excavation has been hindered by a river of mercury.

H

Many artifacts depicting crouched humans in various positions were created out of this material by artisans in Djenné-Djenno. The earlier Nok culture of Nigeria is known for producing numerous sculptures out of this material.

H

Name these materials important in the study of ancient China, :This ceramic gives its name to an “army” of thousands of statues of soldiers, horses, and chariots found in Qin Shi Huangdi’s tomb outside of Xian [“shee-an”].

H

Ancient nobility required servants both during and after life. :The first unifier of China, Qin Shi Huangdi , was accompanied in his tomb by thousands of warriors made of this material to serve as his attendants and bodyguards.

H

In 1974, farmers digging a well near Mount Li discovered a huge number of artefacts made of this material and arranged into four pits, the third of which contains a command post.

H

The best-known sculptures found at Djenné-djenno are of men hugging their legs with disease pustules on them, and were made of this material. Qin Shi Huang was buried with soldiers made of this material.

H

Grain offerings and statuettes of this material were placed in house foundations to reenact the legend of Tapama, who was buried in city walls to ensure that houses would remain standing.

#1965 · General · Level 3

Oracle Bones

Oracle Bones
CC BY-SA 3.0

Ancient Chinese divination artifacts · Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BCE) · China, especially Anyang

Oracle Bones were turtle plastrons and animal scapulae heated until they cracked, bearing the earliest known Chinese writing.

The kit

  • Purpose — Oracle Bones were used for divination by heating until cracks formed, which prognosticators interpreted to answer questions about hunting, childbirth, and toothaches.
  • Discovery — Oracle Bones were ground into medicinal powder called "dragon bones" before their recognition as important artifacts in 1899 near Anyang.
  • Writing system — Oracle Bones preserve most Shang dynasty writing, including inscriptions recording the sixty-day Stem and Branches cycle and lists of Shang rulers.
  • Archaeological significance — Oracle Bones discovered at Anyang provided crucial evidence for the Shang dynasty's existence and helped identify the site as the capital Yin.

Runs with

Shang Dynasty
primary users who heated them for divination open card →
Divination
core purpose through crack interpretation open card →
China
earliest known Chinese writing preserved open card →
Common
common material source for inscriptions open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

These objects were produced by heating scapulae and plastrons. :Name these organic objects used for divination, the source of the earliest known Chinese writing.

H

Before the recognition of these objects as important artifacts in 1899, many of them were ground into dust and used as a cure for malaria.

M

This form of divine communication in ancient China relied on the interpretation of cracks that would form on the material. The Shang dynasty is known for using this.

M

Most Shang dynasty writing is preserved on these objects, which were used for divination.

E

Turtle shells are an example of this Shang dynasty era objects used for divination.

E

Many of the earliest examples of Chinese writing are found on these objects, which were used in divination-like rituals where they were heated and cracked.

10 more clues from the record
H

Archaeological evidence for the Shang Dynasty’s existence largely comes from their use of these items in divination. Ox scapulae and turtle shells were heated until they cracked to create these things described by a two word English term.

H

These objects, which were used to record days of the “Stem and Branches” system, were assigned into 5 different periods by Dong Zuobin.

H

These objects were analyzed by “prognosticators” in areas where grooves were marked to symbolize questions, shortly after these objects were heated until they cracked.

H

A sixty day cycle using the Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches was used to record data from these objects.

H

They were also called “dragon bones” and often designated bamboo slips. :Name these bone fragments ground into medicinal powders by Chinese farmers in the 1900s, which actually documented ancestor worship in the Shang dynasty. Anyang was a major hub of trading these bones.

H

Many of these things were made using tortoise shells and they were plunged into fires to see how they would crack. :Name these objects used in ancient China that people believed showed the future.

H

The names of the Xia dynasty rulers have not been discovered written on these pieces of turtle shell or bone used for divination purposes during the Shang dynasty. Inscriptions on these things do list Shang rulers.

H

The so-called “Waste of Yin” was an important site for the collection of these items, which sometimes bore messages about toothache, the success of deer-hunting, or appropriate dates for the birth of a child.

H

The discovery of these objects around Anyang in the early 1900s led scholars to correlate the area with the Shang dynasty capital of Yin. :Name these objects which were burned in ancient Chinese divination ceremonies.

H

The oldest of these objects were made during the reign of King Wu Ding. :Name these objects used by diviners by anointing with blood and applying intense heat. The majority of these objects with certain markings were found at Anyang.

Watch out: Xia dynasty rulers are not found inscribed on oracle bones, only Shang rulers
#1966 · Technologies, Inventions, and Scientific Discoveries · Level 3

Paper

Paper
Meganbeckett27 · CC BY-SA 3.0

writing material · invented 2nd century BCE China · China, spread to Islamic world

Paper is a writing material invented in Han dynasty China from plant pulp that replaced silk and parchment.

The kit

  • Invention — Paper was traditionally credited to Han eunuch Cai Lun, who used mulberry bark, rags, and hemp as pulp.
  • Spread — Paper technology reached the Islamic world after two prisoners from the Battle of Talas taught papermaking in Samarkand.
  • Song uses — Paper enabled Song dynasty innovations including jiaozi promissory notes with two-dimensional seals to prevent fraud.
  • Industrial production — Paper manufacturing was industrialized by the Fourdrinier machine, which used a form-press-dry method for continuous production.

Runs with

Nanda Empire
No connection evident in clues open card →
Rongorongo Script
No connection evident in clues open card →
Strategic Hamlet Program
No connection evident in clues open card →
Bakumatsu Period
No connection evident in clues open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

Two prisoners captured at the Battle of Talas were brought back to Samarkand to teach the creation of this product to the Islamic world.

H

Marco Polo recounted that the Chinese would burn effigies of servants made out of this material while at funerals for prominent people.

M

Technology traditionally attributed to court official Cai Lun, who used pulp from the mulberry tree.

M

In Jiaozi, this material was used to create a product that featured two-dimensional seals to prevent fraud, and this material was put to its most significant use during the Song Dynasty to make promissory notes.

E

Historians speculate that this material reached the Arab world via the Battle of Talas between the Umayyads and the Tang.

E

The Han dynasty invented this material that replaced silk and parchment as a medium for writing.

10 more clues from the record
H

A New World variant of this material named Amate was banned by the Spanish as it played a key role in native customs.

H

Later in the Han dynasty, the eunuch Cai Lun was credited with inventing this thin flat substance from mulberry tree bark.

H

Paul Pelliot studied items made of this material that were discovered by Wang Yuanlu in the Mogao [muo-gow] Caves.

H

Pieces of this versatile material from second-century B.C.E. China predate the oft-repeated credit given to Han dynasty eunuch Cai Lun for developing it.

H

A high lignin content in the pulp will weaken this good, so the kraft process is used to separate out the needed cellulose.

H

Charles Kinsey, John Ames, and Thomas Gilpin created early American machines for continuous production of this good.

H

Bryan Donkin built a prototype of the Fourdrinier machine, which creates this good via a “form, press, dry” method.

H

After watching wasps, Cai Lun was inspired to make this product, which used rags, hemp and mulberry.

H

Song dynasty Jiaozhi and Huizhi money was the first to be made of this material.

H

Henry Fourdrinier invented a namesake machine to industrialize making this product.

Watch out: Cai Lun is often credited as sole inventor, but archaeological evidence shows second-century BCE examples predating him
#1983 · General · Level 3

bronze

bronze
CC0

copper-tin alloy · c. 3300–1200 BCE age · global

Bronze is a copper-tin alloy that defined a major prehistoric age and was used for weapons, tools, and ritual objects.

The kit

  • Ancient uses — Bronze was used by the Hyksos, Assyrians, and Middle Kingdom Egypt for weapons and tools.
  • Chinese ritual art — Bronze was used for ritual vessels including dǐng and zūn throughout the Shang and Zhou dynasties.
  • Sculpture medium — Bronze sculptures were often made using the lost-wax method in ancient Greece and other cultures.
  • Age's endBronze Age ended around 1200 BCE with collapse of Mycenaeans, Hittites, and Egyptian New Kingdom.

Runs with

Equestrian Statue
Copper
copper is primary component alloyed with tin open card →
Rongorongo Script
no connection evident in clues open card →
Iron
Iron Age succeeded Bronze Age open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

The Indus Valley Civilization created the Dancing Girl sculpture from this material. This metal alloy names an age preceding the Iron Age.

H

The tāotiè is a motif appearing on objects made from this material, which include dǐng and zūn. :Name this material used to make a wide variety of ritual vessels throughout the Shang and Zhou dynasties.

M

An artwork made from this material known as The Dancing Girl and found in the city of Mohenjo-Daro was known as the "Mona Lisa" of the Indus River Civilization.

M

The tomb of the Marquis Yĭ of Zēng contained a set of 65 bells made of this material. name this material commonly used in Shāng and Zhōu art, an alloy of copper and tin.

E

Along with tin, copper is a component of this alloy. The Copper Age gave way to the age named for this alloy, which itself gave way to the Iron Age.

E

Sculptures in this artistic medium were often made using the lost-wax method.

10 more clues from the record
H

Despite being known as the "Iron Man of India," Vallabhbhai Patel is depicted using this substance in the tallest statue on Earth, the Statue of Unity.

H

Rodin [[roh-DAHN]] faced false accusations that he used a real person as the mold for his lifelike sculpture, The Age of [this metal].

H

The Dying Gladiator is a Roman copy of a Greek statue believed to have been originally sculpted from this material.

H

To create votives of this substance, the Ancient Greeks used the Sphyrelaton, or the "Hammer Elongated" method.

H

This material was used for the Capitoline Museum’s sculpture of a she-wolf with the infant Romulus and Remus.

H

The Serpent Column is made from this metal, using melted-down Persian weapons. The ancient period named for this metal ended around the 11th century BC with the concurrent collapse of the Mycenaeans, the Hittites, and the Egyptian New Kingdom.

H

This metal alloy was used by cultures like Hyksos, Assyrians, and the Middle Kingdom of Egypt. :Name this alloy, primarily made with copper and tin, that was used throughout the ancient world to make weapons and tools.

H

The Sea Peoples’ conquests marked the end of the “age” named after this metal alloy. Much of this alloy was produced at that time using copper from Cyprus and tin from Cornwall.

H

The Dong Son drums are made of this alloy of tin and copper, which was the primary metal for making weapons and ritual objects in the Shang and Zhou eras.

H

One paraplegic king most famously depicted using this material traditionally has his legs replaced by mudfish fins in iconography.

Watch out: Despite his nickname, the Iron Man of India (Vallabhbhai Patel) is depicted in bronze in the Statue of Unity
#1995 · Infrastructure Projects, Routes, and Railways · Level 3

Grand Canal

Grand Canal
EditQ · CC BY-SA 4.0

Chinese artificial waterway · begun Spring and Autumn Period, connected under Sui Dynasty (6th–7th century) · China, Beijing to Hangzhou

Grand Canal is the world's longest canal, connecting Beijing to Hangzhou and linking the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers.

The kit

  • Construction — Grand Canal work began during the Spring and Autumn Period and was fully connected during the Sui Dynasty to ship grain and expedite trade.
  • Engineering — Grand Canal's navigability was greatly improved by lock gates in the sixth century, and a summit section was created under engineer Oqruqci.
  • Economic impact — Grand Canal made Kaifeng a major commercial hub, and disruptions along the route could be seen as a loss of the Mandate of Heaven.
  • Later history — Grand Canal was rebuilt by the Ming Dynasty and blocked by the British during the Opium Wars.

Runs with

Sui Dynasty
Beijing
northern terminus of the canal open card →
Ming Dynasty
rebuilt the canal linking Beijing to southern China open card →
grain
canal enabled grain shipments on barges from south to north open card →

The ladder · 6 clues

H

Structure that connected Beijing and Hangzhou, the oldest artificial river in the world.

H

Waterway, first connected during the Sui Dynasty, that the British blocked during the Opium Wars.

M

Lock gates in the sixth century greatly improved the navigability of this feature, which ends in Hangzhou. name this project, begun under the Sui [swee] Dynasty, that connected the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers.

M

Work on this route began during the Spring and Autumn Period, and it was fully connected during the Sui Dynasty to ship grain and expedite trade. name this great work of Chinese infrastructure that starts in Beijing and connects the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers, the longest canal in the world.

E

Another waterway with this name, originally built by the Sui, was rebuilt by the Ming Dynasty; it began in Beijing and linked the Yangtze and Yellow rivers. give this name of two massive artificial waterways, one in China and one in Venice.

E

This other construction project, started by the Sui dynasty, links Beijing in the North to Hangzhou in the south. It allowed for grain shipments on barges.

10 more clues from the record
H

This project was carried out simultaneously with the reconstruction of Luoyang under Emperor Yang of Sui.

H

In one city, locals cross a waterway with this name as part of a route that ends at the church Santa Maria della Salute to celebrate the Virgin Mary alleviating a 17th century plague.

H

The saying “Mahu will get you” was inspired by an authoritarian overseer of this project who allegedly ate children.

H

A summit section of this feature was created under the oversight of an engineer named Oqruqci [oak-ruk-chee].

H

The shipwrecked Korean official Choe Bu studied this system in the 15th century during his travels from Suzhou to Tongzhou.

H

The Kaiheji records the construction of this feature, which was initiated under Emperor Wen.

H

The city of Kaifeng became a major commercial hub due to this route.

H

Disruptions along this route could be seen as a loss of the Mandate of Heaven.

H

Older predecessors of this route include the Hong Gou and Han Gou.

H

The creation of this route was documented in the Kaiheji.

Watch out: Venice also has a waterway called the Grand Canal