A ruler of this country declared independence through the Fico, or “I am Staying” speech.

After the Civil War, thousands of pro-slavery southerners founded the city of Americana in this country, where they became known as confederados.

The bandeirantes crossed the Tordesillas line and led settlement expeditions on behalf of this modern-day country. They added the Mato Grosso region, among others, to their homeland.

The Inconfidência Mineira resulted in a man named Tiradentes’s quartering in the Minas Gerais region in this nation.

A “conservative regression” dominated late 1830s politics in this country, where the Balaiada took place.

The Cry of Ipiranga declared this country’s independence from Portugal, and in 1960 it moved its capital from Rio de Janeiro. name this country whose modern capital is Brasilia.

The first ruler of this country fought the Confederation of the Equator and supposedly declared its independence with the Cry of Ipiranga.

A composer from this country who wrote a series of Chˆoros [SHO-roos] and took inspiration from Bach for his Bachianas was commissioned to write his Third Symphony, subtitled “War,” as a celebration of the Treaty of Versailles.

A religion that developed in this country exclusively uses oral tradition and syncretizes the Orishas of Yoruban belief with the vodun of West Africa. That faith of this country, Candomblé, is practiced by the povo de santo and incorporates aspects of Roman Catholicism, this country's majority religion.

Portuguese-speaking country, ruled by Pedro I, that claimed the Cisplatine Province, now Uruguay.

This nation’s May Revolution of 1810 came about after the 1806 and 1807 invasions of its capital, and its independence was declared at the Congress of Tucuman.

A French-born pirate who fought for this country captured Monterey, California for six days and was named Hippolyte Bouchard [[ee-poh-LEET boo- SHARD]].

Lewis Jones led a fleet of Welsh settlers to the southern region of this nation, founding a colony along the Chubut River that grew into the city of Puerto Madryn.

In this country’s win over England at the 1986 World Cup, the “Hand of God” scored one goal for Diego Maradona. name this country whose soccer team, led by Lionel Messi, placed second in the 2014 World Cup.

The Generation of ‘80 dominated this country’s government until the Saenz Pena Law guaranteed universal male suffrage.

One leader of this country, Justo Jose de Urquiza [[uhr-KEE-zah]] fought Manuel Oribe [[oh-REE-beh]] and beat Juan Manuel de Rosas at Caseros [[kah-SEH-rohs]].

This country experienced the Infamous Decade after the overthrow of Hipolito Yrigoyen.

After Hipólito Yrigoyen was ousted, this country was ruled by a political coalition known as the Concordancia during “the Infamous Decade”.

Members of this country’s military were absolved from prosecution by the Law of Due Obedience.

Mario Kempes led this country to a 1978 World Cup win as the host nation.

Alan García, a former president of this country, committed suicide in 2019 before he could be arrested for his involvement in the Odebrecht [[OH-duh-brekt]] scandal.

Jose Bustamante became president of this country with the assistance of the APRA.

One president of this country was known as “el Chino” despite being of Japanese origin.

One civilization from this modern-day country used shicra-bags to reinforce structures at Caral.

During this country’s rule by the Cambio 90 party, Vladimir Montesinos operated the SIN secret police.

That empire in this country had its capital at Cuzco and was conquered by Francisco Pizarro. name this modern-day country where the Incas built Machu Picchu.

The Band of Holes appears on a plateau in this country.

This country’s communist party was founded by Jose Mariategui.

In this country, controversy over an American oil company’s claims to the La Brea oil fields led to a military coup against president Fernando Belaúnde.

NOTE TO MODERATOR: “VRAEM” rhymes with “frame” A terrorist group in this country had its headquarters in a region called VRAEM and was temporarily led by Comrade Artemio.

The Seguro Obrero Massacre took place in this country in response to an attempted 1938 National Socialist coup.

In this country, Project Fubelt led to the murder of Rene Schneider, while another general from this country, Carlos Prats, was assassinated with a car bomb.

Pedro de Valdivia was killed by native Mapuche in this country, which won a war caused by a tax on saltpeter mining.

Answer the following about South American independence movements, :This country’s independence movement from Spain was led by Bernardo O’Higgins.

Mariano de Osorio aided the colonial “reconquista” of this country for Spain following the Royalist victory at the Disaster of Rancagua.

European potatoes may also originate from an island governorate of this former Spanish colony. Amédée-François Frézier introduced Europe to the giant strawberries grown by this country’s cattle-raiding Mapuche people.

A dissident from this country, Orlando Letelier, was killed by a car bomb in Washington D.C. A leader of this country was supported by the Schneider Doctrine and was the subject of the CIA's Project Fubelt.

After the Disaster of Curalaba, colonizers of this country gradually abandoned settlements in the Destruction of the Seven Cities.

On the so-called “Day of National Dignity,” one leader of this country passed a law to nationalize its copper industry.

The independence movement in this South American nation began in 1810 and one leader of that movement in this nation was Bernardo O’Higgins.

This country’s 19th of April movement is often called M19, and laid siege to its Palace of Justice in an attempt to try President Belisario Betancur.

In this country, a decade-long civil war between Liberals and Conservatives was known as La Violencia.

In this country, the Wisconsin and Neerlandia treaties ended the Thousand Days War.

This country’s Liberal and Conservative parties agreed to trade off the presidency in a 16-year period called the National Front.

In this country, the 19th of April Movement formed after the possibly fraudulent election of Misael Pastrana as president.

Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada conquered the Muisca in this country, leading to a colony called New Granada.

Shortly after becoming a republic, this country’s Liberal Party and Conservative Party fought each other during the Thousand Days’ War.

Alberto Lleras Camargo was the first Liberal leader to take power in this country’s power sharing agreement from 1958 to 1974, the National Front.

The M-19 guerrilas became active in this country after Gustavo Rojas Pinilla lost a 1970 election.

The state of Cundinamarca [koon-deen-uh-mark-uh] was set up in this modern-day country, whose capital was recaptured at the end of the “Foolish Fatherland” period.

A brackish inlet in this country was home to a 1914 oil discovery and an 1823 naval battle that earned this country’s independence from Spain.

This country suffered an outburst of violence known as the sacudon in 1989 after the election of the rightist president Carlos Andres Perez.

Francisco de Miranda failed to earn the independence of this country, which was later won at the Battle of Carabobo.

The British Legions under Miguel de la Torre lost to Jose Antonio Paez, who led this nation’s forces at the Battle of Carabobo.

From 1945 to 1948, it was led by the Democratic Action party in a period called “El Trienio Adeco.” The so-called “Father of Democracy” in this country was longtime president Romulo Betancourt.

An economic boom caused by oil in this founding member of OPEC lasted until the 1980’s.

Domingo de Monteverde led troops against this nation at the battle of La Victoria.

One leader of this country had a namesake doctrine of denying diplomatic recognition to regimes that used force to come to power, although it was reversed by later successor Rafael Caldera.

Following atrocities committed by the enemy, an independence fighter from this country issued the Decree of War to the Death.

During the Wars of Independence, Jose Tomas Boves fought for Spanish control of this country by commanding its grassland cowboys, the llaneros.

Eliza Lynch was a mistress to a ruler of this country who lost the fort of Humaita .

Fulgencio Yegros was the first man to hold the role of "consul" in this country.

The indigenous Guarani language is the most widely spoken language in this country. During the rule of Alfredo Stroessner, this country’s Aché people were openly massacred and enslaved.

This other South American nation governs most of the Gran Chaco from its capital of Asuncion (ah-SOON-see-ohn).

In another war, forces from this nation routed an army in the Campo Vía pocket led by German World War I veteran Hans von Kundt.

One leader of this country delayed a shipment from England until he could learn English and read the ship's books, which he did for all incoming ships.

In a speech on the Senate floor, Huey Long supported the war effort of this country and accused Standard Oil of backing its northwestern neighbor.

Rafael Franco led this country during the short-lived Febrerista Revolution, which overthrew Eusebio Alaya and his general José Félix Estigarribia.

Prior to her involvement in the Civil War, the USS Water Witch was involved in a diplomatic incident after being fired upon by a fort in this country.

Like its southern neighbor, this country also has a Colorado Party, which dominated national politics until 2008.

Following its defeat in the War of the Pacific, this nation became landlocked after ceding its only maritime department to Chile.

Guevara died in what country this also sheltered Klaus Barbie, who may have helped capture Guevara.

This country's dictator Hilarión Daza sparked a war by instituting a saltpeter tax, leading to this country losing its coastline in the Treaty of Ancón.

That loss along with others led this country’s President Daniel Salamanca to remove General Hans Kundt from command.

The United Restoration Army defeated this country in the War of the Confederation, in which it lost control of its northern neighbor.

You are only going to kill a man.” While leading this country’s Ñancahuazú Guerrilla against René Barrientos, Che Guevara died here.

Czechoslovak military advisers were hired by this country to assist the German confidante Hans Kundt after the disastrous battle of Campo Via.

This country’s Foreign Minister Mariano Baptista signed an 1874 treaty settling its western border, but this country reneged on the agreement a year later.

Prisoners of war in this country built the Unduavi-Yolosa highway in the 1930s, which is one-way and has an extremely high fatality rate.

This country lost land in a war that has been theorized as a proxy conflict between Royal Dutch Shell and Standard Oil.

Though not Chile, this country's Santa Elena Province was the home of the Valdivia culture, which succeeded the Las Vegas culture.

In 2016, an earthquake in this country devastated the provinces of Manabi and Esmaraldas.

A land dispute between this country and its eastern neighbor led to the 1981 Paquisha War.

Manuela Saenz was born in what is now this modern-day country. Forces led by Antonio José de Sucre defeated Spanish royalists at the battle of Pichincha in what is now this modern-day country.

In this modern-day country, Stephen Rosain used LIDAR to uncover the cities of Kilamope and Sangay in its Upano Valley.

A pair of skeletons known as the Amantes de Sumpa were found buried together in a cemetery belonging to this country’s Las Vegas culture.

This country’s Las Vegas culture preceded a culture that Betty Meggers falsely claimed had contact with the Jōmon, the Valdivia culture.

After a 1972 coup, this country implemented a "Return to the Constitution Plan.” One party in this country was named "Alfaro Lives, Dammit!” In 2017, this country's president, Lenín Moreno, succeeded Rafael Correa. name this South American nation, the first to call for independence in 1809.

In a letter to Pope Pius IX [ninth], a leader of this country noted that Masonic Lodges, “instigated by Germany, are vomiting against me all sorts of atrocious insults and horrible columnities;” that leader of this country predicted his own assassination, which came by machete at the hands of Faustin Rayo.

This country defaulted on $3 billion of debt in 2008 under a president who also supported a 2011 lawsuit judgment demanding $19 billion from Chevron; that president is Rafael Correa.

This country’s founding fathers are known as the thirty-three Orientals, a reference to its colonial name, Banda Oriental.

Raul Sendic led communist revolutionaries known as the Tupamaros in this country; this country's former president Jose Mujica used to be a Tupamaro.

Independence from its neighbors was secured when the 33 orientales of Juan Antonio Lavalleja took power.

This country was riven for years by civil war between its Red and White Parties, and a guerrilla group named for an Incan rebel leader operated in this country.

The words “LIBERTY OR DEATH” appear on a flag flown by this country’s Thirty-Three Orientals.

To combat the urban guerilla group known as the Tupamaros, the Colorado party president Juan María Bordaberry called a state of emergency and later dissolved Parliament.

The pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee hid in this nation's port after being pursued by the British navy, but was ordered to leave after 72 hours by the Hague Convention.

Following his decisive victory at Arroyo Grande over Fructuoso Rivera, Manuel Oribe commenced a nine-year naval siege of this country’s capital.

Jose Artigas secured independence for this country at the Battle of Las Piedras, only for it to be absorbed into its neighbor’s province of Cisplatina a decade later.

After fleeing a death sentence, Garibaldi joined the Colorados during the Ragamuffin War to liberate this country, then known as Rio Grande do Sul.