A king of this empire issued coinage that featured the motto “May this please the people.” Zoscales was listed as the leader of this empire in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea.

It’s not Medina, but early Muslims sheltered in this city during the First Hijra.

During the reign of King Kaleb, this ancient kingdom invaded the Himyarite Kingdom to end a campaign of religious persecution.

Byzantine historian Procopious documented a leader of this kingdom, Abraha, and his campaign against King Dhu Nuwas in Yemen.

In 960, a woman named Gudit legendarily conquered this kingdom.

A state ruled from this city was overthrown by the warrior queen Gudit according to legend.

This kingdom invaded a nearby Jewish kingdom after Dhu Nuwas massacred the Christian population of Najran.

The Zagwe Dynasty succeeded this frst powerful kingdom in Ethiopia, whose king Ezana was converted to Christianity by Frumentius.

This exporter of ivory traded extensively with the Himyarites of Yemen.

Starting around 800 CE, this kingdom’s capital was relocated from a namesake city to Kubar.

This empire was conquered by Gudit, who established the Zagwe dynasty.

This kingdom’s leader Ezana adopted Christianity after he was baptized by St. Frumentius.

A church in this kingdom’s namesake capital claims to hold the original Ark of the Covenant. name this early Christian Kingdom based in northern Ethiopia.

A tutor to a king of this empire named Frumentius became the first head of this empire’s church after it converted to Christianity in the fourth century.

The capital of this empire is said to contain the Ark of the Covenant, and it was located along the Red Sea. name this early African Empire in modern-day Eritrea and Ethiopia.

Name some rivers of Africa, .This river has its origins in the Blue and White rivers and, thanks to the Aswan Dam, is not flooding as much as it used to.

The Montu and Mut complexes sit next to this body of water.

The cities of Jinja and Juba lie on this river, and Khartoum lies at the confluence of this river’s Blue and White tributaries.

An enormous cache of ancient Aramaic documents was discovered on this river’s Elephantine Island.

The second of this river’s six major cataracts, located near Wadi Halfa and the Abu Simbel temple complex, was the historical region of Nubia before being submerged beneath Lake Nasser.

This river appears with representations of the Ganges, Rio de la Plata and Danube in the Fountain of the Four Rivers by Bernini and in another sculpture in the Vatican collection with crocodiles and hippos on its pedestal.

Another depiction of this location found in the remains of Rome’s Campus Martius shows sixteen babies to represent its yearly floods.

The Aswan High Dam is on this major river of Sudan and Egypt.

Long, northbound river along which Egyptian civilization was centered.

Alodia and Makuria were both kingdoms along this river. The Coptic Church was based in Egypt, primarily in cities along this river.

The kingdom of Kush controlled Gebel Barkal along this river, which flowed through the Nubian capitals of Napata and Meroe.

The Battle of Omdurman was fought next to this river, while a different battle named for this river actually took place in Aboukir Bay. name this river, on whose banRks the Valley of the Kings contains the tombs of the Pharaohs.

This river is divided into Blue and White tributaries, and its source is at Lake Victoria. name this longest river in Africa, around which ancient Egypt flourished.

This body of water contains the islands of Agilkia and Philae, which were home to archaeological sites before the construction of the Aswan High Dam.

River that ran through Ancient Egypt, whose annual floods fertilized the fields.

The Mali capital of Timbuktu contained one of these institutions at Sankore, which held Africa’s largest collection of books since the Library of Alexandria.

Herman Marion Sweatt sued one of these institutions in Texas led by zoologist Theophilus Painter.

The plaintiff in a case against one of these institutions, Lloyd Gaines, disappeared, possibly to Mexico City.

Bollinger involved one of these institutions in Michigan and argued against racial preferences in admission.

Roscoe Dunjee aided George McLaurin in a suit against one of these institutions in Oklahoma.

Identify the following about King Denis of Portugal, .Denis and his wife Elizabeth established one of these institutions in Lisbon, although it’s since moved to Coimbra. One of these institutions in Paris is commonly named for Robert de Sorbon.

The Sassanid ruler Khosrau I invited banished Greek pagan scholars and philosophers from Byzantium to one of these institutions of higher learning at Gondishapur.

After Mansa Musa returned from his Hajj, he constructed one of these places named Sankore , where Ahmad Bamba al-Timbukti worked.

Former Marine Allan Bakke sued this type of institution over affirmative action.

Name these medieval universities, .Built around a namesake mosque designed by Abu Ishaq as-Sahili, this center of learning was patronized by Mansa Musa in Timbuktu.

Mansa Musa's Djinguereber Mosque became part of the University of Timbuktu with the Sidi Yahya and what other university?

West African university which was purported to have a larger collection than the Library of Alexandria.

Third level scholars at this institution such as Ahmad Baba could be admitted to a “circle of knowledge” if they impressed their sheikh. :Name this religious institution restored in 1578. This center of learning was designed by an Andalusian architect with a wooden frame supporting mud walls that could be repaired after rain.

This institution’s legal scholar Ahmad Baba as-Sudane denounced the association of Africans with slaves and argued against the slavery of Muslims in the treatise Mi‘raj al-Su‘ud. :Name this institution constructed by the Granadan architect al-Sahili, which was home to the Fula scholar Modibo Mohammed Al Kaburi.

Mansa Musa provided a great deal of financial support for this institution, allowing it to hold the largest collection of manuscripts in Africa at the time. One of its main centers, Sidi Yahya, was recently damaged.

Madrasa that contained the largest collection of books in Africa since the Library of Alexander.

Mansa Musa constructed this large institute of learning, whose name means “white nobles” in Timbuktu. It was home to the largest library in Africa since the destruction of the Library of Alexandria.

Mansa Musa established this center of learning designed by the architect al-Sahili. This university may have contained the largest collection of books since the Library of Alexandria.

The Great Enclosure is part of this 15th century city ruins near the town of Masvingo that lends its name to an African country with capital at Harare.

Karl Mauch popularized a theory that structures at this location were meant to replicate the palace of the Queen of Sheba.

The Shona in the Rozvi Empire built many cities in emulation of this “Great” city built by their ancestors. Eight soapstone birds were found in this city, which shares its name with a landlocked country in southern Africa.

This complex is home to the Great Enclosure. :Name this site built by ancestors of the Shona people, whose soapstone bird sculptures were often stolen over the ages.

Residents of this city carved namesake birds out of soapstone.

One archaeological site that shares its name with this country contains an 820 foot long wall called the Great Enclosure.

Archaeologists divided this site into the Hill Complex, Valley Complex, and Great Enclosure. :Name this ancient city built by the ancestral Shona people, the most prominent ruin in a namesake southern African country.

After being sited by Adam Render, this place was speculated by Karl Mauch to be associated with King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba.

Sites at this settlement include the Great Enclosure and the Hill Complex, where eight birds carved of soapstone were once supposed to have stood.

This city’s walls were over five meters high and constructed without mortar, likely by the Gokomere people.

What complex of large monuments and carved soapstone bird figurines gave its name to a modern-day African country?

A subgroup of the Bantu named the Shona constructed this ancient city known for its stone enclosures made from granite blocks without the use of mortar.

Sites in this city include the Great Enclosure and Hill Complex.

The Shona built this medieval stone city which shares its name with an African country governed from Harare [[hah-RAH-reh]].

The Kingdom of Mutapa succeeded this city, known for its soapstone bird carvings.

After the sack of Napata, Aspelta moved the capital of the Kingdom of Kush to this city on the Nile. It eventually got destroyed by Axum.

In the 4th Century CE, an Aksumite ruler conquered this Kush city, which is home to over 200 pyramids. Psamtik II of Egypt had earlier sacked this city, which succeeded Napata as the Kush’s capital.

Sitting at the edge of Butana, more than 200 short, steep pyramids were used for burials of rulers in this city.

The head of a statue of Emperor Augustus buried under the door of a temple in this city is now housed in the British Museum.

Queen mothers of this city were known as kandakes [[kahn-DAH-keez]], and this city succeeded Napata as a capital.

According to legend, a queen from this city was able to halt Alexander the Great's conquests south of Egypt. :Name this city, whose queens took the title kandake, from which the name Candace is derived. It was the longtime capital of the Kingdom of Kush.

Despite being in the middle of a desert, its position bounded by three rivers led people to refer to it as an “island” that also includes the sites of Naqa and Musawwarat es Sufra.

Ella Amida invaded and sacked this ancient center of the Kush kingdom, which had succeeded the previous capital Napata after the invasion of Psamtik II. A later ruler of this city Queen Candace supposedly met Alexander the Great on an elephant.

Sāqiyah water wheels enabled intensive sorghum-based agriculture after the period named for this city, whose “island” produced charcoal and smelted iron. This Kushite capital near Napata names two partially deciphered scripts.

This site was the capital of the Kingdom of Kush, on the east bank of the Nile. This location is most notable for its over two hundred pyramids, which were built starting in the 3rd century BC to serve as tombs for Kushite kings.

Romans traded with the Candace queens of this Nubian city who built steeper pyramids than those in Egypt. This city was known for its ironworking and developed a namesake script for Nubian which replaced Egyptian hieroglyphics.

The capital of the Kingdom of Kush was located along the Nile River, and is notable for its distinctive pyramids, whose shapes are steeper and narrower than the Egyptian style pyramids.

Axum had plenty of beef with the Kush kingdom built around this city, which Axum’s leader Ella Amida conquered and nearly destroyed.

It supplanted Napata as the capital of a kingdom that ruled the 25th Dynasty of Egypt, and it was eventually conquered by Axum. name this capital of the Kingdom of Kush.

The Egyptian Twenty-Fifth Dynasty was, at times, ruled from this Nubian city, the last capital of Kush.

One book about this figure, written and illustrated by Gail Haley, tells of his completion of three difficult tasks to give all the stories of the world from the Sky God to the children of Earth.

A Story a story depicts the tale of this figure capturing the she-fairy Mmoatia [MWAH-tyah]] with a doll covered with gum, likely inspiring the story of the Tar-Baby and Br'er Rabbit.

From both West African and Caribbean folklore, who is this trickster who often takes the form of a spider?

An object named for this material descended from the sky to land on Osei Tutu’s lap; that object, the royal throne of the Ashanti, is a stool made from this material.

Frederick Hodgson's demands to be given an object made of this substance were resisted by Queen Yaa in a 1900 revolt.

In 1857, the price of this commodity skyrocketed after the sinking of the SS Central America. James Fisk and Jay Gould attempted to corner the market for this commodity in an event labeled "Black Friday." William Jennings Bryan delivered a pro-bimetallism speech named for a "Cross" of this commodity. name this precious metal stored at Fort Knox that, until 1971, backed the price of the dollar.

Precious metal extracted by the miners who led the Eureka Stockade uprising.

This material was used to make the death mask of Agamemnon, which Heinrich Schliemann found in 1876.

Great Zimbabwe merchants often traded this commodity for porcelain and silk with the Sultanate of Kilwa.

was mined by the Romans in Las Medulas in Spain and Dolaucothi in Wales?

Cairo took twelve years to recover from inflation caused by the immense spending of this resource during Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage to Mecca. The trading of this resource and salt across the Sahara contributed greatly to the wealth of the Mali Empire. name this precious metal.

An object that legendarily descended from the heavens in a cloud of dust to Osei Tutu was made from this material and was owned by the leader of the Ashanti people.

An 1869 "Panic" over this good occurred after investors Jay Gould and James Fiskattemptedtocorneritsmarket.

Jim Fisk and Jay Gould’s attempt to corner this commodity’s market caused a Black Friday in 1869.

The slogan “Pike’s Peak or Bust!” was used by people who traveled to Colorado to mine this material. what precious metal is stored in bullion form at Fort Knox and was found, with silver, in the Comstock Lode?

This good and salt enriched West African empires like Ghana, which the British called its namesake coast. name this precious metal.

The salt produced at Taghaza was mainly traded for this commodity. name this commodity, which Mansa Musa used to tank the economy of Egypt during his hajj.

The funerary masks of Agamemnon and Tutankamun were made of this precious metal that is found in electrum coins with silver.

This good was transported from Rome to the Adriatic Coast by the Via Salaria.

Nantwich, England was a center of the open-pan method of making this good, which was subject to France’s hated gabelle tax.

Before winning the Battle of Tondibi, Judar Pasha destroyed a production center for this good at Taghaza.

It's not fish, but the Matafère [[mah-tah-FEHR]] Tower was constructed to protect workers who collected this good.

Venice and Ferrara feuded over the production of this good in the Commachio, leading to a namesake war. name this good, which comes in rock and sea varieties and is used to preserve fish.

A protest by workers who produced this good was led by Abbas Tyabji [t’yahb-jee].

In the Sahara Desert, this commodity was traded for gold.

This good was collected in provincial granaries before it was sold with a tax known as the gabelle.

The gabelle was a controversial French tax on this good.

Commodity that was taxed by the British, prompting a nonviolent march to Dandi.

This commodity was said to have been plowed and sown into the soil of Carthage after its destruction in the Third Punic War.

A debate known as the Discourses on this substance and iron was held by regent Huo Guang after the death of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.

An Indian tax on this good was protested in 1930 with a march to the sea led by Mahatma Gandhi. name this mineral often used to preserve meat.

The trans-Saharan trade centered on gold and this other commodity. Much of the Songhai’s wealth came from mining this commodity at Taghaza.

This resource was cut into slabs in West African empires that traded it for gold. name this resource used to preserve food.

This empire was governed by the Gbara, which drew delegates from its territories across the “Twelve Doors” and was formed by the Kouroukan Fouga constitution.

This empire made its conquered lands part of the Twelve Doors.

A ruler of this empire commissioned the Andalusian architect al-Sahili to complete construction of an audience chamber that was called an “admirable monument” by Ibn Khaldun.

One map of this empire in the Catalan Atlas shows its leader holding a fleur-de-lis staff in one hand and looking to the left at a gold nugget he holds in the other.

This empire was splintered into the Joma and Hamana spheres shortly after its final ruler, Mahmud IV, was defeated at the Battle of Djenne.

The rooster was sacred to this empire’s founder because he used an arrow with the point of a cock’s spur to slay his archrival at the Battle of Kirina.

The architect al-Sahili [[sah-HEE-lee]] served a leader of this empire.

A victory at the Battle of Kirina solidified this empire’s rule over the Sosso leader Sumanguru.

Another ruler of this empire allegedly founded it after using a rooster-tipped arrow at the battle of Kirina to defeat Sumanguru.

The Kouroukan Fouga constitution and the Gbara assembly were central to this empire, whose founder defeated Sumanguru at the Battle of Kirina.

This empire was founded by Sundiata and its lands were later ruled by the Songhai Empire.

Sundiata Keita founded this dynasty in Western Africa. It shares its name with a modern country with a capital at Bamako.

Another ruler of this empire devalued gold along the Mediterranean thanks to his lavish gifts while undertaking the hajj. name this West African empire once ruled by Mansa Musa.

This empire’s most famous ruler caused inflation by spending tons of gold on his way to Mecca. name this West African empire led by Sundieta Keita and Mansa Musa.

Mansa Musa was one of the rulers of this African empire founded by Sundiata Keita. It shares its name with a modern-day country led from Bamako.

The Dendi Kingdom formed out of the collapse of this empire.

Ibn al-Mukhtar chronicled the early monarchs of this empire in his Tarikh al-fattash.

This state's police force was known as the assara-munidios, or "Enforcers," who not only arrested criminals but also acted as jurists.

al-Mansur raided this empire, which succeeded Mali as the hegemon of West Africa. It was founded by Askia Muhammad.

Most information about it comes from Al-Sadi’s Tarikh as Sudan. :Identify this empire led by people such as Askia Mohammed Touré and was centered around Gao near he Niger river.

The Tarikh al-Fattash and the Tarikh al-Sudan are the main sources of this state’s history, which includes its victory in the Battle of Anfao and its succession by the Dendi Kingdom after Ahmad al-Mansur defeated it in the Battle of Tondibi.

A rebellious general established a ruling dynasty in this empire after winning the Battle of Anfao.

Due to his superior gunpowder-based weapons, a Spaniard named Judar Pasha managed to conquer this empire at the Battle of Tondibi.

This empire was defeated at a battle where a gunpowder explosion led to a chaotic cattle stampede; the scholar Ahmad Baba was exiled at that 1591 battle, in which this empire’s Issaq II lost to the forces of Judar Pasha.

The defeat of the Askias at the Battle of Tondibi led to the downfall of this empire, which was ruled from Gao after it was founded by Sonni Ali.

Gao was the capital of this successor empire to Mali in West Africa that thrived in the 15th and 16th centuries.

This predecessor of the Dendi Kingdom was brought to an end in a battle where the enemies redirected a cattle stampede with gunpowder weapons.

That founder was Sunni Ali, and this empire reached its height under Askia Muhammad II. name this West African empire centered at Gao which succeeded the Mali Empire.

The Battle of Tondibi marked the end of this empire, which peaked under Askia Mohammad I. Sonni Ali Ber founded this west African empire that had its capital at Gao and succeded the Mali Empire.

It was defeated at that battle by Judar Pasha of the Saadi dynasty who razed the salt mines at Taghaza.

Its greatest ruler, Yusuf ibn Tashfin, established its capital at Marrakesh. name this Berber dynasty from Morocco that ruled from 1040-1147 when they were supplanted by the Almohads.

This dynasty won a battle that gained its common name because so many soldiers died that the ground became slippery with blood.

dynasty of that ethnic group that led Morocco until its defeat by the Almohads?

A highly-decorated qubba made out of stone, brick, and cedar wood is one of the only remaining architectural works by this dynasty. :Name this dynasty, which was founded by the Maliki scholar ibn Yasin, a member of the Sanhaja tribal confederation. This dynasty defeated two kingdoms at the Battle of Sagrajas.

This dynasty's Sanhajah branch conquered the gold-trading center Audaghost from Ghana in 1055. :Name this dynasty, which was led by Yusuf ibn Tashufin during its eleventh-century conquest of Spain that featured the end of the taifa kingdoms and the maleable loyalties of El Cid.

This dynasty employed a company of mercenaries commanded by one of its former prisoners, Reverter de la Guardia.According to some accounts, the five shields on the coat of arms of a foreign king who defeated this dynasty in battle represent five of this dynasty’s kings.

Answer the following about a Berber dynasty, FTPE.They originated in Mauritania, but after a period of expansion in the 11th Century, they built the city of Marrakech and based themselves in Morocco.

Earlier, at the earlier battle of Sagrajas, its most successful leader, Yusuf ibn Tashfin, won a decisive victory over forces under Alfonso VI.

At the Battle of Ourique, Alfonso I defeated this Moorish empire, which was led by Ali Ibn Yusuf.

The Islamic conquest of Africa was taken even further west by this ruling dynasty of Morocco, which was founded as part of a revivalist movement by Abdallah ibn Yasin in the mid-11th century.

A regional branch of this dynasty called the Banu Ghaniya held out for more than 50 years after it fell to a revolt of the Masmuda tribe, who were led by Ibn Tumart.

According to most stories, Ndiadiane Ndiaye’s father was a ruler of this dynasty from modern Morocco. This dynasty’s rule ended with the fall of Marrakesh in 1147, and it may have conquered Ghana.

Ghana was temporarily conquered by this dynasty of Berbers, which also controlled Spain until the rise of the Almohads. One of its rulers, Yusuf ibn Tashufin, won the battle of Al-Zallaqah.

Guided by the preaching of Waggag ibn Zallu and Ibn Yasin, this dynasty expanded to take Kumbi Saleh, fought Portugal at Ourique, and defended al-Andalus from Alfonso the Brave at Sagrajas.

The taifa kingdoms were abolished when this Muslim empire of North Africa invaded under Yusuf ibn Tashfn at Zallaqa. Centered in Marrakesh, this dynasty was replaced by the Almohads in 1147 CE. 7

This kingdom, which profited from the sale of raffia cloth, was ruled by kings called manis; one such king was Nzinga a Mvemba, who became known as Afonso I upon his conversion to Christianity.

An 18th century religious figure in this kingdom, Dona Beatriz, claimed to be an incarnation of St. Anthony.

Central African kingdom under influence of the Portuguese, later incorporated into the colony of Angola.

This kingdom faced a religious uprising that was led by Beatriz Kimpa Vita and named for Saint Anthony.

Afonso I was also the name of the first Christian king of this African kingdom, where Portuguese missionaries persuaded him to convert.

A monarch of this kingdom credited a win over his half-brother to the heavenly apparition of five horsemen led by Saint James the Great.

Works by Capuchin friars such as Giovanni Cavazzi da Montecuccolo are an important source for the history of this state.

A ruler of this kingdom, Henrique, was made Bishop of Utica. The first European to meet with this kingdom was Diogo C˜ao [cow] in 1482, after which its king took the name Jo˜ao.

A prophet who claimed that Jesus was born in this kingdom was burned at the stake for claiming to be possessed by Saint Anthony of Padua.

This state was harassed by bands of warriors called Jagas and it was first discovered by explorer Diogo Cao, who converted its king.

The Imbangala people produced a group of Jaga warriors who attacked this kingdom.

This kingdom was administered from towns called mbanzas, the largest of which shared its name with this kingdom.

Afonso I cemented this polity’s conversion to Christianity, which began under Nzinga-a-Nkuwu. name this south-central African Kingdom located at the south of a namesake river.

The first Christian ruler of this kingdom was João I, whose son Afonso I established Christianity as its state religion.

In 1914, Portugal abolished the monarchy of this kingdom that flourished from the 14th century along a namesake river in central Africa.

After one event, Abraham Cresques depicted this leader sitting on a throne while holding a scepter with a fleur-de-lys in the Catalan Atlas.

This ruler educated the hostage Ali Kolon after his general Sagmandia led a successful reconquest of Gao.

This man built a mosque every Friday along his route. :Name this ruler who inadvertently caused massive inflation by giving away gold in Egypt.

This man’s brother Sulayman was a disappointing host to Ibn-Battuta.

After his general Sagmandia captured the city, this ruler returned to his kingdom with the sons of the Gao king as hostages.

This man ascended to the throne after his predecessor disappeared while trying to find the ends of the Atlantic Ocean.

This leader is depicted in the Catalan Atlas sitting on a throne and inspecting a gold nugget.

Djingeureber Mosque was built by this man’s architect as-Saheli, as was Sankore University.

This ruler’s predecessor, Abu Bakr II, disappeared after exploring a “river with a powerful current,” the Atlantic Ocean.

The empire Sundiata founded was later led by this man, who notoriously carried thousands of gold bars with him on a 1324 pilgrimage to Mecca. On his trip, he reportedly gave away numerous gold bars and built a mosque every Friday.

The architect Al-Sahili was hired by this man, whose reign featured the construction of the Djingareyber Mosque and Sankore University in Timbuktu.

This ruler of the Mali was Sundiata’s grandnephew; he gave away so much gold during his pilgrimage to Mecca that the world price of gold dropped.

The Sankore University in Timbuktu was also commissioned by this man, whose 1324 pilgrimage to Mecca was so lavish it devalued the price of gold throughout North Africa. name this wealthy ruler of the Mali empire.

This leader hired the Andalusian architect Al-Sahili to build the Djinguereber mosque in a city that also contained the University of Sankore.

This man allegedly devalued gold while on his travels in North Africa. name this Mali king who performed a lavish hajj.

Former member of French West Africa which is named for a medieval African empire led by mansas.

This country shares its name with an empire founded by Sundiata. :Identify this modern-day country home to Timbuktu. It has a capital at Bamako.

The founder of this empire defeated the Sosso ruler Sumanguru at the Battle of Kirina.

By the time of Ibn Battuta’s trip, Oualata was a Saharan caravan city owned by this Empire, whose rulers included Mansa Musa.

answer the following about an African kingdom.This kingdom was centered around Niani, and it had rulers who had the title “mansa”. One of the cities in this empire was Timbuktu.

The origin of this empire lay in the battle of Kirina, in which Sumanguru Kante of the Soso Kingdom was defeated by its legendary first ruler, Sundiata Kieta.

This nation was a colony containing the city of Kayes called French Sudan until Modibo Keita became its first president in 1960.

The MNLA lost control of the north of this country to Ansar Dine after attempting to make Azawad an independent Tuareg nation.

Name these African empires .This trading empire flourished in West Africa from the thirteenth to the sixteenth century. Its most important city was Timbuktu.

Sundiata was the first ruler of this African empire that had its capital at Niani. It was largely conquered by the Songhai in the 15th century.

Ibn Battuta also visited this empire, whose King Mansa Musa made a lavish pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324. This empire had major urban centers at Djenne and Timbuktu.

This empire was partially governed by an assembly called the gbara whose role was set out in the Kouroukan Fouga.

The Ghana Empire once ruled in what is now this arid West African country, the home of Timbuktu and Bamako.

Once led by Sundiata, another ruler of this empire spent so much gold on a pilgrimage to Mecca that he devastated the economies of Cairo and Medina.

In 2012, Kidal, Gao, and Timbuktu fell in three days to rebels in this West African country whose government rules from Bamako.

This man legendarily was forced into exile to the Mema Kingdom with his sisters and mother due to a jealous wife of his polygamous father, Sassouma Bereté [[sah-SOO-mah beh-reh-TEH]].

He was the first king of an empire later ruled by Mansa Musa, and his life is told in a namesake epic. name this founder of the Mali Empire.

During one battle, this man told his opponent, “My army will feast upon yours as upon yams.” A hunter prophesied that this man would be born if Maghan the Handsome married an ugly woman.

The son of Nare Maghann Konate, this man is famed for his defeat of the Sosso king, Soumaoro Kante. :Name this victor of the 1253 Battle of Kirina.

That ruler with this name was supposedly helped by the marriage of his sister Nana Triban, who discovered the totem of an enemy ruler was a white cockspur.

This ruler's defeat of the sorcerer-king and Sosso leader Soumaoro Kanté was recounted by oral poets known as djeli [[JEH-lee]] in the Epic of this monarch.

After this ruler’s mother was insulted, he requested an an iron bar, which he used to pull himself to his feet and overcome his lameness.

The story of how this Mandinka man defeated the Sosso king Sumanguru at the Battle of Kirina is told in his namesake epic.

Mandinka king who established the Mali Empire.

He did not and, at the 1235 Battle of Kirina, took revenge. name this first king of the united Mali empire.

Stories concerning which man include that he was born lazy, but asked a blacksmith to make a rod to hold himself up, which he later turned into a bow?

After sacrificing 100 oxen, 100 rams, and 100 cocks, this man learned that his enemy's mortal weakness was the cock and fashioned an arrow with a white cock's spur that would later defeat him.

This ruler, who was born to the “buffalo woman” Sogolon, used an arrow tipped with a rooster spur to defeat the evil sorcerer Sumanguru at the Battle of Kirina. name this founder of the Keita dynasty, the first mansa of the Mali Empire.

This “Lion of Mali” won the Battle of Kirina, founded the Mali Empire, and was an older relative of Mansa Musa.

This mansa, who founded the Keita Dynasty, names a Mandinka epic passed down via oral tradition by Malian griots.

The Nok Culture of modern Nigeria was the first in Africa to make use of this metal.

Emperor Wu Di of Han placed a monopoly on salt and this material.

The Bronze Age preceded, an age named for what metal?

This commodity’s production, which is evidenced by pits from Tanzania’s KM2 and KM3 sites, may have been spread by “Chifumbaze complex” in Mozambique.

During the Yuan Dynasty, Wang Zhen published a pamphlet that outlined how waterwheels were used to operate furnaces, creating the pure form of this product.

Chandragupta II erected pillars of this substance that tell of his conquest of the Vanga people and his crossing of the seven rivers of India.

Metal supposedly used as currency instead of gold and silver to prevent hoarding.

Some historians believe the Bantu expansion was accelerated by the ability to make tools out of this metal. This metal names an “age” after the Stone and Bronze Ages.

The innovation of Henry Cort’s puddling and rolling system improved the quality of this good so much that formerly prominent imports of it from Sweden ceased.

The region around the Nubian city of Meroë was deforested for fuel to produce this commodity at the requisite high temperatures.

Around 1000 BCE, this commodity may have been independently manufactured by the Nok culture in Nigeria.

The German word for this concept, eisen, was paired with blut in an 1862 speech against Max von Forckenbeck that argued the “great questions of the day” will not be decided through “speeches and majority decisions,” but instead through blood and fighting. name this metal used in the epithet for Chancellor Otto von Bismarck.

The Vedic Age is coterminous with an age named for this metal. what metal names an Age succeeding the Bronze?

Abraham Darby created amethod to create the “pig”type of this substance usingcoke insteadof charcoal. and its “wrought” form was used to construct the Eiffel Tower. name this metal whose use ended the Bronze Age.

It is refined using a material called coke in blast furnaces. name this metal which has been used since Zhou dynasty China in its "pig" form, which, with carbon, is turned via the Bessemer process into steel.

Leo Africanus wrote about this city in Mali, which was the scholarly center of Africa. It was home to the Sankore Madrasah, a university.

A library in this city is named for scholar Ahmed Baba, who was exiled after this city was conquered by Ahmad al-Mansur’s Moroccan forces.

In this city, Major Alexander Gordon Laing was reportedly killed shortly after arriving, while Rene Caillie won 10,000 francs for successfully returning from here.

A history written in this city, the Chronicle of the Seeker, tells how a king undertook a journey after accidentally killing his mother.

This city was displayed prominently at the southwest corner of the Catalan Atlas, and was the destination of salt caravans from Taoudenni .

Joseph Joffree's late 19th century conquest of this city led to its coverage in western media by Felix Dubois [[doo-BWAH]], who claimed it had "unimpressive buildings" outside of the University of Sankore.

While searching for the source of the Niger, Alexander Gordon Laing was the first European to reach this city, but was killed weeks later by Tuareg raiders.

This city was home to the Sidi Yahya and Djinguereber mosques.

Ahmad Baba is considered to be the greatest scholar from this city. The Sankore Madrasah, one of this Malian city's foremost centers of learning, was constructed under Mansa Musa.

City, a center of learning in Mali, that served as a crossroads on the trans-Saharan caravan trade and was legendarily hard to find.

Home to the Sankore Madrasa, name this major centre of Islamic learning under the Mali Empire.

Sankore University was founded in this city, the capital of the Mali Empire. The Songhai Empire eventually took over this city in the late 1460s.

The University of Sankore was built, an ancient city with a reputation of being very hard to find.

The capital of the medieval Mali Empire was this city.

Mansa Musa also restored the Sankore Madrasah and built the Djinguereber Mosque in this city, which became the center of learning and trade during the Golden Age of Mali.

A Christian leader of these people named Kusaila was killed near Mems while resisting an invasion led by Zuhayr ibn Qays.

These people invented the Tifinagh script, and Gibraltar is named after one of these people.

Abd el-Krim declared the Republic of the Rif, which consisted mainly of this ethnic group and was defeated by French and Spanish forces in 1926.

al-Kahina was probably from a tribe of this broad North African ethnic group, whose Muslim converts produced the Almohad Caliphate that took over much of Spain.

Over four million Algerians are members of this ethnic group, the pre-Arab North Africans, whose divisions include the Haratin, Rif, and Tuareg.

Orientalist scholar Amédée Caix de Saint-Aymour characterized a subgroup of these people as “hardworking, enterprising, practical,” and less religious, making them easier to assimilate than Arabs. :Name these people whose subgroups include the Kabyle, who were subject to an imperial myth portraying them as ideal colonial subjects.

The origin of a major subgroup of these people has been dated to the decline of the Garamantes, who used their control of the regional slave trade to build foggara irrigation systems. :Name these people who formed the ancient Numidian and Mauretanian kingdoms prior to assimilating through waves of Arab migration.

Francisco Franco first rose to prominence while fighting in the Rif Wars against this group of indigenous Moroccan Muslims who had once ruled the Almoravid Empire.

The Umayyad conquest of al-Andalus was led by one of these people, Ṭāriq ibn Ziyad, who also names the Strait of Gibraltar.

That leader of these people defeated the forces of Hassān ibn al-Nu‘mān at the Battle of Meskiana, and is often rumored to have been Jewish.

The trade routes whose northern terminus was in the city of Sijilmasa linked this people to the salt mines of Taghaza.

al-Hakim’s rule was troubled by ethnic disputes in the Fatimid army between Turks and these people, whose Kutama group was prominent under the Fatimids. Commanders like Tariq ibn Ziyad were part of this ethnic group.

north African ethnic group that ruled Morocco from the 11th century?

Islam was brought to Senegal by these indigenous peoples of North Africa, who established the Almoravid and Almohad kingdoms in Morocco.

Ibn Tumart started a religious movement among the Masmuda subgroup of these people who overthrew the ruling Almoravids. name this North African ethnic group that composed the Almohad Dynasty.