During a council called by this Pope, clergymen were forbidden from being involved in trials by ordeal, and Jews were mandated to wear identifying clothing.

This man issued the decree Venerabilem to Berthold V, Duke of Zahringen, declaring that the German princes could determine their king.

This pope illustrated the sun and moon allegory in which kings derive their power from the papacy.

Pope who annulled the 1215 document.

Answer the following about the career of Peter II of Aragon, FTPE:Peter was crowned in Rome by this man, born Lotario de Conti di Segni; he decreed the Fourth Crusade, initiated the pursuit of the Albigensians, and wrote the tract On the Miserable Condition of Man.

He’s not Clement XI, but this man compared the Church to a diseased grapevine in the bull Vineam Domini, and called for the liberation of the Holy Land in Quia Maior.

The Hospital of the Holy Spirit, Europe's oldest hospital, was founded with efforts from this pope. He decreed a crusade that was assisted by Enrico Dandolo in his bull Post miserabile .

This pope laid an interdict against a king who was opposed by the Bagler Party led by Bishop Nicholas and Archbishop Eirik.

In the decree “Venerabilem” this Pope conceded German princes the right to elect emperors, but preserved the power of the Pope to reject nominees.

In addition to his conflict with King Sverre, this Pope restored Papal authority over the duchy of Spoleto and the march of Ancona in the Papal States.

Born Odo of Châtillon, this pope studied at Reims under Bruno of Segni.

This pope convened the 1095 Council of Clermont to advocate for the launching of the campaign.

Historians debate whether credit for starting the Crusades should be give to Peter the Hermit or to this French pope who promised pardon for sins to those who fought the Muslims.

This leader’s letter to the people of Vallombrosa says they “made the right kind of sacrifice planned by the wrong person.” This leader regained his capital thanks to Hugh of Vermandois's assistance in expelling Guibert of Ravenna.

An ally of Gregory VII while Cardinal of Ostia, he launched the First Crusade after convening the Council of Clermont. He also aided Roger I of Sicily in his conquest of Campania.

The Councils of Piacenza and Clermont were convened under the authority of this Pope, who also began the Roman Curia to govern the Church.

At another synod, this pope received the confession of Eupraxia of Kiev, who claimed that she was forced into orgies and a black mass.

This leader wrote a letter of instruction to the Flemish mentioning Adhemar of Le Puy, as reported on by Baldric of Dol and Robert the Monk.

He excommunicated one ruler for his illegal marriage to Bertrade de Montfort, and another ruler for supporting his rival Clement III.

This pope called a synod at Melfi where he controversially appointed the monk Rangerius to the see of Reggio.

The Mitrokhin Commission investigated an earlier attempt by a Grey Wolves member to kill this man.

A 2014 Jason Evert book describes the Five Loves of this man, which include young people, human love, and the Eucharist.

Maurizio Cattelan’s The Ninth Hour depicts this pope sprawled on the floor under a massive rock.

The first phase of the Bojinka plot consisted of assassinating this figure, and he was also later the target of an assassination attempt by the Turkish Grey Wolves.

This man argued for the importance of sexuality in marriage in the book Love and Responsibility and also claims that faith and reason are both essential in his work Fides et Ratio.

Following the consecration of four priests against his orders in Econe, this man excommunicated Marcel Lefebvre .

This man’s 1987 visit to Chile led to the decline of Augusto Pinochet’s rule after describing it as “dictatorial,” and he later ordered the dismissal of Marcel Lefebvre [le-feh-vrah] from an organization he ruled.

Augusto Pinochet [pee-noh-SHAY] once tricked this man into appearing in public with him, and this man once used the name “Wujek” to hide the fact that he was a priest.

This man formally apologized to Archbishop Christodoulos, the head of the Church of Greece, for offenses committed by Catholics against Orthodox populations during the Fourth Crusade.

A bank connected to this man run by Roberto Calvi faced controversy after it funneled money to both sides of the Nicaraguan Civil War.

This Spanish-born pope instigated the treaty’s creation with bulls that declared the Spanish rights. This man was the father of Cesare and Lucrezia Borgia.

This pope might have died from malaria after an event chronicled in Johann Burchard’s Liber Notarum. This pope had dozens of Roman homes razed in preparation for the Jubilee Year 1500.

Among this man's mistresses was Vannozza dei Cattanei, with whom he sired his most notable children.

He made a controversial move in adding twelve cardinals to the College of Cardinals, including one of his sons.

This man gave a cardinalship to Guillame Briconnet, who later gained the Bishophric of Nimes (pr.

Johann Burchard claimed that he held the Banquet of Chestnuts.

This pope issued the bull Dudum siquidem , which automatically granted “discovered” territories to Spain and Portugal. :Name this pope who issued three Bulls of Donation, granting Spain and Portugal rights to colonize the New World. Exaggerated accounts of the Banquet of Chestnuts were likely intended to attack this pope.

He sanctioned the partitioning of Naples in the Secret Treaty of Granada and approved a divorce from Jane of Valois to one of its signatories, Louis XII, in order to win support from France after its earlier ruler, Charles VIII, had invaded Italy.

Created a cardinal by his uncle Pope Calixtus III, this pope presided during the reign of Savonarola in Florence and drew the line of demarcation that served as the basis for the Treaty of Tordesillas. :Identify this notably corrupt Borgia pope.

One event during this man's papacy involved naked prostitutes eating food from off a floor followed by an orgy. :Identify this corrupt pope whose papacy saw the Feast of the Chestnuts.

This man's illegitimate daughter, Felice, appears on the left side of one work depicting this man kneeling before a eucharistic miracle.

The Conciliabulum of Pisa was opposed by this pope’s calling of the Fifth Council of the Lateran.

Known as the Warrior Pope, this man organized the League of Cambrai to weaken Venice. :Name this Pope, a great of patron of the arts who commissioned Michelangelo, Raphael, and Bramante, and who began the construction of St. Peter’s Basilica.

This ruler convened a meeting that had been organized at Pisa and brought into question the Pragmatic Sanction of France.

This man excommunicated Alfonso I d'Este [[the FIRST DEH-steh]] who then defeated this man's forces at the Battle of Polesella [[poh-leh-SEH-lah]].

One of the most prolific art patron popes was this della Rovere pope, who was painted by Raphael and commissioned the ceiling frescoes of the Sistine Chapel.

Erasmus wrote a dialogue that features this man trying to convince Peter to let him into heaven, threatening Peter with papal bulls and excommunication.

This man conquered Ferrara from his former ally, Alfonso d’Este [DESS-tay], and took personal command during the Siege of Mirandola.

This man issued a bull confirming the Treaty of Tordesillas [torr-de-SEE-yes].

The League of Venice's victory at Fornovo began a rapid ascent for the Italian republic, which by 1508 prompted this man to form the League of Cambrai, triggering a namesake war. This "Warrior Pope" is also remembered for his patronage of Michaelangelo.

This figure fought Francesco Maria I in the War of Urbino to secure his nephew’s rule over the city.

Bembo and Sadoleto were secretaries to this man, who waged a war against Francesco Maria della Rovere, duke of Urbino. In Raphael’s portrait of this man that stands in the Pitti Palace, Cardinal Luigi de Rossi and future Pope Clement VII stand by this man, who wrote the papal bull Exsurge Domine refuting the propositions of a man whom he excommunicated via the bull Decet Romanum Pontificem.

Wolsey was made a cardinal in 1515 by this Pope, who later appointed him papal legate to Britain. This Pope was in office when Luther posted the ninety-five theses.

At the time, the Church was led by this flamboyant, heavy-spending Pope who excommunicated Luther after his refusal to back down at the Diet of Worms.

This son of Lorenzo de Medici became pope in 1513. He excommunicated Martin Luther from the Catholic Church, and reconstructed St. Peter’s Basilica.

He reopened the Fifth Lateran Council in order to complete the Pisan schism, and he formed alliances with both Francis I and Ferdinand II.

This pope issued a bull that forbade Latin clergy to ordain Greek clergy or pray with Greek clergy and in Greek churches.

In response to the 95 Theses, this pope issued the bull Exsurge Domine, which demanded that Luther retract a number of errors within 60 days.

This Pope from 1846 to 1878 convoked the First Vatican Council and propounded the doctrine of immaculate conception.

Vatican One was called by this Pope, the longest reigning in Church history, who in 1854 had declared ex cathedra the Immaculate Conception of Mary to be dogma.

This leader’s government abducted a six-year-old Jewish boy after it had discovered that he had been baptized; that boy was Edgardo Mortara.

The Law of Guarantees attempted to appease the demands of this man, who later issued the encyclical Etsi multa, criticizing Otto von Bismarck’s Kulturkampf as a war against the church.

A revolution led this man to issue the Fundamental Statute for the Secular Government of the States of the Church.

A doctrine promulgated by this pope was protested by Johann Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger.

Early in his reign, this pope had to flee to Gaeta.

The Franco-Prussian War caused Napoleon III to withdraw a garrison of troops he had earlier sent to the Vatican during this Pope’s papacy. This Pope is the longest-serving of all time.

In one tract, this man made a repeated distinction between true and false civilization, warning that merely moving forward is not progress.

This pope during the Kulturkampf published encyclicals like Quanta cura and Etsi multa, the latter of which partly blamed Freemasonry for the Kulturkampf and other attacks on the church.

In his conflicts with the emperor he found allies in the princes of Germany who desired a religious justification for combating imperial centralization; the emperor allied himself with bishops who resented the growing papal power and many of whom had been appointed by the emperor, the basis for the lay investiture controversy.

The investiture controversy began in earnest when this pope forbade the practice of investment in 1075. This led to Emperor Henry IV to declare the deposition of this pope, which in turn led to Henry's excommunication.

This man succeeded to the papacy in 1076. Born Hildebrand, this man is most famous for making Henry IV stand outside the castle of Canossa barefoot in the snow for three days.

This man's most notable efforts were validated in the century after his death through the First Lateran Council and the Concordat of Worms thanks to the work of Callixtus II.

This man's partisan, Gebhard of Salzburg, was successfully kept away from a meeting targeting this man by his long-time foe, Hugo Candidus.

He was elevated to his highest office after a mixed crowd of clergy and laymen began angrily demanding his election during the funeral service of his predecessor, Alexander II.

That the Church failed to get the input of the German emperor proved an accurate omen for this pope's contentious relations with the Holy Roman Empire.

After his defender Rudolf of Rheinfelden was killed at the Elster, he was compelled to hide in the castle of St. Angelo and watched Clement III crowned in his place.

One of his teachers at the Schola Cantorum, Giovanni Graziano, inspired him to choose the name he would later assume.

Recalled to Rome by Leo IX, he served as legate to the Synod of Tours at which the nature of the Eucharist was discussed by Berengarius.

John Cassian wrote On the Incarnation for this pope, who led a peace envoy along with Avienus and Trygetius during which the apostles Peter and Paul allegedly appeared magically and put swords over this man’s head.

In 452, Emperor Valentinian III sent this pope to meet with Attila near Mantua, where this pope legendarily convinced him to turn back. This pope also issued a namesake tome following the Council of Chalcedon.

The stance taken by this pope in his letter to Flavian led his views to be rejected by Eutyches in the “Robber Synod,” but at the subsequent Council of Chalcedon, this pope’s namesake “tome” was reinstated.

This pope, one of only two to have the title “The Great,” famously stopped the Huns from invading and sacking Rome in 452

After the bishops Celidonius and Projectus appealed to this pope, he responded by stripping Hilary of Arles of his jurisdiction over the province of Vienne.

Attila went on to invade Italy, but was stopped from sacking Rome by Valentinian III's envoys, which included Avienus, Trigetius, and this pope.

This man served as Archbishop of Munich and Freising before ascending to the papacy, and in 2013, made an announcement that hadn’t been made since Celestine V in 1294.

He restored papal use of red shoes while serving as Pope, and he served as a consultant at Vatican II to Pope Paul VI.

This man decried a “dictatorship of relativism” while condemning science’s purported claim to knowledge.

Papal name of Joseph Ratzinger, a one-time member of the Hitler Youth.

This pope justified not appointing female bishops by saying that Jesus set the form of the Church by choosing male Apostles. :Name this pope who died in 2022. He was the first German pope since 1057.

Gianluigi Nuzzi published the confidential letters of this man and his secretary. :Name this man, whose butler, Paolo Gabriele, was arrested in 2007 for leaking information to Nuzzi. He was succeeded by Jorge Mario Bergoglio.

This man’s Regensburg Lecture drew outcry in the Muslim world after being mistranslated as saying that Muhammad brought “evil and inhuman” things.

This future Pope, the first to resign from the Papacy in nearly six hundred years, served as a theological consultant at Vatican II.

No pope had resigned for nearly 600 years when this pope resigned in 2013. He was the sixteenth pope of his name which means “blessed.”

Another theologian present at Vatican II was this German who went off liberal theology after the Council. Forty years later, he became, then un-became, Pope under the name “Benedict XVI”.

The Avignon Papacy started when this Frenchman refused to move back to Rome. He also repressed the Dulcinian movement and summoned the Council of Vienne to investigate the Templars.

The fifth pope to take this name suppressed the Templars at the Council of Vienne and moved the papacy to Avignon, thus beginning the Babylonian Captivity.

He rescinded an earlier papal bull which proclaimed that outside of the church, there is no salvation.

According to legend, this pope was cursed by another man he persecuted, Jacques de Molay.

Elected pope in 1305, this archbishop of Bordeaux was the first pope to serve from Avignon.

This pope absolved Guillaume de Nogaret for the latter’s actions at Anagni.

In a literary work, Saint Peter blasts this ruler, accusing him of turning his “burial place into a sewer of blood, a sewer of stench.” Archbishop of Canterbury Robert Winchelsey supported this pope’s decree forbidding the taxing of clergy without his consent.

Answer the following about the adventures of a certain pope, FTPE.This pontiff, an enemy of Dante, promulgated the bull Unam Sanctam, and rose to the papacy after the abdication of Celestine V.

A pope with this name allegedly used a hidden speaking tube to torment his predecessor, a peasant who once tried to hang his hat on a sunbeam.

This ruler, who was known as “the Great-Hearted Sinner,” arrested his 80-year-old predecessor Celestine V after he resigned.

Bernard Saisset served under this man and Clement V authorized a posthumous trial of this man, however it was never held.

Clericis Laicos was issued by this Pope, who took office after hastening the abdication of Celestine V.

Palestrina was razed and sown with salt by a pope of this name as part of his war with the Colonna family.

In 1300 he invited Catholics to visit Rome, declaring the first Jubilee year.

He was captured by forces led by the Collonna family and Guillame de Nogaret.

A pope with this name had heralds yell “I am caesar!